Kočoson
Kočoson 고조선(Gojoseon) Stari Čoson | |||
---|---|---|---|
Stari Čoson oko 108. p. n. e. | |||
Geografija | |||
Kontinent | Azija | ||
Regija | Istočna Azija | ||
Zemlja | Koreja | ||
Glavni grad | Pjongjang | ||
Društvo | |||
Službeni jezik | korejski | ||
Religija | politeizam | ||
Politika | |||
Oblik države | monarhija | ||
Istorija | |||
— Osnivanje | 1120. p. n. e. | ||
— Ukidanje | 108. p. n. e. | ||
Zemlje prethodnice i naslednice | |||
Prethodnice: | Naslednice: | ||
Kočoson (engl. Gojoseon, korej. 고조선), poznat i pod nazivom Stari Čoson, bio je antičko kraljevstvo na korejskom poluostrvu. Prefiks Go (korej. 고), koji znači antički, koristi se da bi se ova država razlikovala od kasnijeg kraljevstva Čoson (1392–1897).
Prema Uspomenama tri kraljevstva (iz 1281) Kočoson je 2333. p. n. e. osnovao kralj Dangun, sin boga neba (Hwanung) i žene-medveda. Iako je Dangun legendarna ličnost o kojoj nema materijalnih dokaza[1], ova legenda je važan deo korejske kulture. Danas, datum osnivanja Kočosona slavi se u Severnoj i Južnoj Koreji kao Dan Osnivanja Nacije.
Isti izvori navode da je u 12 veku p. n. e. kineski mudrac Gija iz carske dinastije Šang došao u Koreju i osnovao državu Gija Čoson (1120-194 pre n.e).[2][3]
Kočoson se prvi put pominje u kineskim izvorima početkom 7. veka p. n. e. U ranom periodu, prestonica Kočosona bio je Liaoning; oko 400. p. n. e. premeštena je u Pjongjang, dok se na jugu Korejskog poluostrva u 3. veku p. n. e. uzdigla država Jin.[4]
108. p. n. e. kineska dinastija Han osvojila je Viman Čoson (194-108 pre n.e). Han je podelio teritoriju Kočosona na 4 komande. Tu oblast je 313. osvojila kraljevina Kogurjo (engl. Goguryeo, 37. p. n. e.–668. n.e), jedna od Tri kraljevine Koreje.
Istorija[uredi | uredi izvor]
Teritorija Koreje naseljena je od najstarijih vremena. Prvu državnu formaciju, kneževinu Čoson (Joseon), stvaraju oko 1122. p. n. e. plemena na severu Koreje pod uticajem ekonomski i kulturno razvijenijih suseda Kineza. Skoro jedini izvor podataka o ovoj kneževini do 5. veka p. n. e. su legende. Od tada, zahvaljujući prvenstveno kineskim hroničarima, čije informacije najčešće potvrđuju arheološka otkrića novijeg vremena, može se sa dosta istorijske pouzdanosti pratiti razvoj Koreje.
Kroz čitavu svoju istoriju, a naročito od 3. veka pre n.e, kneževina Čoson morala je odolevati pritisku Kineza, ali ekspanziji agresivne kineske dinastije Han nije se mogla odupreti. Kneževina Čoson, i pored dvogodišnjeg otpora (109—107. p. n. e.) podlegla je velikoj (50.000 ljudi) i dobro organizovanoj vojsci kineskog cara Kuang Vu-tija (Kuang Wu-ti). Teritoriju kneževine Čoson Kuang Vu-ti je podelio u četiri okruga, na čije čelo je postavio Kineze; kineska vlast u koreji potrajaće sve do 1. veka, kada će je zameniti Tri Kraljevine.[5]
Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]
- ^ * Seth, Michael J. (2010). A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. str. 443. ISBN 978-0-7425-6717-7.
- "An extreme manifestation of nationalism and the family cult was the revival of interest in Tangun, the mythical founder of the first Korean state... Most textbooks and professional historians, however, treat him as a myth."
- Stark, Miriam T. (2008). Archaeology of Asia. John Wiley & Sons. str. 49. ISBN 978-1-4051-5303-4.
- "Although Kija may have truly existed as a historical figure, Tangun is more problematical."
- Schmid, Andre (2013). Korea Between Empires. Columbia University Press. str. 270. ISBN 978-0-231-50630-4.
- "Most [Korean historians] treat the [Tangun] myth as a later creation."
- Peterson, Mark (2009). Brief History of Korea. Infobase Publishing. str. 5. ISBN 978-1-4381-2738-5.
- "The Tangun myth became more popular with groups that wanted Korea to be independent; the Kija myth was more useful to those who wanted to show that Korea had a strong affinity to China."
- Hulbert, H. B. (2014). The History of Korea. Routledge. str. 73. ISBN 978-1-317-84941-4.
- "If a choice is to be made between them, one is faced with the fact that the Tangun, with his supernatural origin, is more clearly a mythological figure than Kija."
- ^ Kim, Djun Kil (2014). The History of Korea, 2nd Edition (na jeziku: engleski). ABC-CLIO. str. 8. ISBN 9781610695824.
- ^ Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne (2013). Pre-Modern East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Volume I: To 1800 (na jeziku: engleski). Cengage Learning. str. 100. ISBN 9781285546230.
- ^ „Timeline of Art and History, Korea, 1000 BC – 1 AD”. Metropolitan Museum of Art.
- ^ Gažević, Nikola (1972). Vojna enciklopedija (knjiga 4). Beograd: Vojnoizdavački zavod. str. 596.
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- 서대석 (Seo Daeseok); 박경신 (Park Gyeong-sin) (1996). Seosa muga il 서사무가 1 [Narrative shaman hymns, Volume I]. Han'guk gojeon munhak jeonjip. Research Institute of Korean Studies, Korea University.
- 서대석 (Seo Daeseok); 박경신 (Park Gyeong-sin) (2006). Seosa muga i 서사무가 2 [Narrative shaman hymns, Volume II]. Han'guk gojeon munhak jeonjip. Research Institute of Korean Studies, Korea University.
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- 신동훈 (Shin Dong-hun) (2002). „Gujeon iyagi-ui gallae-wa sangho gwangye-e daehan yeon'gu” 구전 이야기의 갈래와 상호관계에 대한 연구 [A study on the genres of orally transmitted stories and their mutual relationships]. Bigyo Minsokhak. 22: 365—402. ISSN 1598-1010. Pristupljeno 29. 6. 2020.
- 신연우 (Shin Yeon-woo) (2017). Jeju-do seosa muga Chogong bon-puri-ui sinhwa-seong-gwa munhak-seong 제주도 서사무가 <초공본풀이>의 신화성과 문학성 [The Mythological and Literary Nature of the Jeju Shamanic Narrative Chogong bon-puri]. Seoul: Minsogwon. ISBN 978-89-285-1036-8.
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- 이수자 (Lee Soo-ja) (2008). „Im Seokjae-ui "Gwanbuk jibang muga"-e natanan musok sinhwa-ui teukjing-gwa uiui” 임석재의 <관북지방무가>에 나타난 무속신화의 특징과 의의 [The characteristics and significance of the shamanic mythology of Im Seok-jae's Shamanic songs of the Gwanbuk region]. Gubi Munhak Yeon'gu. 27: 38—87. ISSN 2713-7775. Pristupljeno 25. 6. 2020.
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- 홍태한 (Hong Tae-han) (2016). Han'guk seosa muga-ui yuhyeong-byeol jonjae yangsang-gwa yeonhaeng wolli 한국 서사무가의 유형별 존재양상과 연행원리 [Forms per type and principles of performances in Korean shamanic narratives]. Seoul: Minsogwon. ISBN 978-89-285-0881-5. Anthology of prior papers.
- 홍태한 (Hong Tae-han) (2016). „Musok daejung-hwa-ui banghyang-gwa musok yeongu-ui banghyang chatgi: Seoul-gut-eul jungsim-euro” 무속 대중화의 방향과 무속 연구의 방향 찾기-서울굿을 중심으로- [Searching for directions in the popularization of shamanism and scholarship on shamanism]. Han'guk Musokhak. 33: 57—79. ISSN 1738-1614. Pristupljeno 23. 6. 2020.
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- Walraven, Boudewijn (2001). „Popular Religion in a Confucianized Society”. Ur.: Kim Haboush, Jahyun; Deuchler, Martina. Culture and the State in Late Chosŏn Korea. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center. str. 160—199. ISBN 978-0-674-17982-0. Pristupljeno 24. 6. 2020.
- Walraven, Boudewijn (2007). „Creation of the World and Suffering”. Ur.: Buswell Jr., Robert E. Religions of Korea in Practice. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. str. 244—258. ISBN 978-0-691-11347-0. Pristupljeno 24. 6. 2020.
- Walraven, Boudewijn (2019). „A Meeting of Extremes: The Symbiosis of Confucians and Shamans”. Ur.: Ro, Young-chan. Dao Companion to Korean Confucian Philosophy. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. str. 310—335. ISBN 978-90-481-2932-4. Pristupljeno 27. 6. 2020.
Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]
- „A Tripolar Approach to East Asian History” (PDF). Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 4. 7. 2015. g. Pristupljeno 29. 4. 2015.