Treća pandemija kuge
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Treća pandemija kuge bila je velika pandemija bubonske kuge koja je počela u Junanu, u Kini,[1] 1855. godine. Ova epizoda bubonske kuge proširila se na sve kontinente i na kraju dovela do više od 12 miliona smrtnih slučajeva u Indiji i Kini[2] (i možda preko 15 miliona širom sveta)[3], i najmanje 10 miliona Indijaca je ubijeno u Britanskoj Indiji, što je čini jednom od najsmrtonosnijih pandemija u istoriji.[4][3][5] Prema Svetskoj zdravstvenoj organizaciji, pandemija se smatrala aktivnom do 1960. godine kada je broj žrtava u svetu pao na 200 godišnje. Smrtnost od kuge nastavlja se na nižem nivou svake godine od tada.[6]
Naziv se odnosi na treću od najmanje tri poznate velike pandemije kuge.[7] Prvi je započeo Justinijanovom kugom, koja je poharala Vizantijsko carstvo i okolna područja 541. i 542. godine; pandemija je opstajala u uzastopnim talasima sve do sredine 8. veka. Drugi je počeo sa crnom smrću, koja je ubila najmanje jednu trećinu evropskog stanovništva u nizu rastućih talasa zaraze od 1346. do 1353. godine; ova pandemija se redovno ponavljala sve do 19. veka.[8]
Obrasci žrtava ukazuju da su talasi ove pandemije iz kasnog 19./ranog 20. veka možda dolazili iz dva različita izvora. Prvi je bio prvenstveno bubonski i raznošen je širom sveta preko okeanske trgovine, transportom zaraženih osoba, pacova i tereta sa buvama. Drugi, virulentniji soj, bio je prvenstveno pneumonijskog karaktera.
Mreža globalnog transporta je pogodovala i prouzrokovala poširoko širenje bolesti u narednih nekoliko decenija.[9][10][11][12]
Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]
- ^ Cohn, Samuel K. (2003). The Black Death Transformed: Disease and Culture in Early Renaissance Europe. A Hodder Arnold. str. 336. ISBN 0-340-70646-5.
- ^ „Plague deaths: Quarantine lifted after couple die of bubonic plague”. BBC News (na jeziku: engleski). 2019-05-07. Pristupljeno 2021-08-28. „In the 19th Century there was a plague outbreak in China and India, which killed more than 12 million.”
- ^ a b Frith, John. „The History of Plague – Part 1. The Three Great Pandemics”. Journal of Military and Veterans' Health. 20 (2). „The third pandemic waxed and waned throughout the world for the next five decades and did not end until 1959, in that time plague had caused over 15 million deaths, the majority of which were in India.”
- ^ Stenseth, Nils Chr (2008-08-08). „Plague Through History”. Science (na jeziku: engleski). 321 (5890): 773—774. ISSN 0036-8075. doi:10.1126/science.1161496.
- ^ Sanburn, Josh (2010-10-26). „Top 10 Terrible Epidemics: The Third Plague Pandemic”. Time (na jeziku: engleski). ISSN 0040-781X. Pristupljeno 2021-01-01.
- ^ Høiby, Niels (jul 2021). „Pandemics: past, present, future: That is like choosing between cholera and plague”. APMIS. 129 (7): 352—371. ISSN 1600-0463. PMC 7753327
. PMID 33244837. doi:10.1111/apm.13098.
- ^ Stenseth, Nils Chr; Atshabar, Bakyt B; Begon, Mike; Belmain, Steven R; Bertherat, Eric; Carniel, Elisabeth; Gage, Kenneth L; Leirs, Herwig; Rahalison, Lila (januar 2008). „Plague: Past, Present, and Future”. PLOS Medicine. 5 (1): e3. ISSN 1549-1277. PMC 2194748 . PMID 18198939. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050003 .
- ^ Huremović, Damir (16. 5. 2019). „Brief History of Pandemics (Pandemics Throughout History)”. Psychiatry of Pandemics. str. 7—35. ISBN 978-3-030-15345-8. PMC 7123574 . doi:10.1007/978-3-030-15346-5_2.
- ^ Tsai, HungYin (2022). „The History of Vaccine Uptake in Taiwan”. American Scientist. 110 (5): 292. ISSN 0003-0996. doi:10.1511/2022.110.5.292.
- ^ Low, Bruce (1899). „Report upon the Progress and Diffusion of Bubonic Plague from 1879 to 1898”. Reports of the Medical Officer of the Privy Council and Local Government Board, Annual Report, 1898–99. London: Darling & Son, Ltd. on behalf of His Majesty's Stationery Office: 199—258. Pristupljeno 17. 10. 2010.
- ^ Low, Bruce (1902). „Summary of the Progress and Diffusion of the Plague in 1900”. Reports of the Medical Officer of the Privy Council and Local Government Board, Annual Report, 1900–01. London: Darling & Son, Ltd. on behalf of His Majesty's Stationery Office: 264—282. Pristupljeno 17. 10. 2010.
- ^ Eager, J.M. (1908). „The Present Pandemic of Plague”. Public Health Bulletin. Washington: Government Printing Office: 436—443. Pristupljeno 17. 10. 2010.
Dodatna literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Advisory Committee for Plague Investigations in India (1911), Report On Plague Investigations In India, 1906–1910
- Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, The Promised Messiah. Noah’s Ark: An Invitation to Faith.
- Gandhi, M. K. The Plague Panic in South Africa
- Gregg, Charles. Plague: An Ancients Disease in the Twentieth Century. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press, 1985.
- Kelly, John. The Great Mortality: An Intimate History of the Black Death, the Most Devastating Plague of All Time. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2005. ISBN 0-06-000692-7.
- McNeill, William H. Plagues and People. New York: Anchor Books, 1976. ISBN 0-385-12122-9.
- Orent, Wendy. Plague: The Mysterious Past and Terrifying Future of the World's Most Dangerous Disease. New York: Free Press, 2004. ISBN 0-7432-3685-8.
- Frith, John. „The History of Plague – Part 1. The Three Great Pandemics”. JMVH. 20 (2). Pristupljeno 2. 9. 2022.
- Glatter, Kathryn A.; Finkelman, Paul (1. 2. 2021). „History of the Plague: An Ancient Pandemic for the Age of COVID-19”. The American Journal of Medicine. 134 (2): 176—181. PMC 7513766 . PMID 32979306. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.08.019.
- Bramanti, Barbara; Dean, Katharine R.; Walløe, Lars; Chr. Stenseth, Nils (24. 4. 2019). „The Third Plague Pandemic in Europe”. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 286 (1901): 20182429. PMC 6501942 . PMID 30991930. doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.2429.
