Други принцип термодинамике — разлика између измена

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Други принцип термодинамике states that the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease over time. The total entropy of a system and its surroundings can remain constant in ideal cases where the system is in thermodynamic equilibrium, or is undergoing a (fictive) reversible process. In all processes that occur, including spontaneous processes,^[1] the total entropy of the system and its surroundings increases and the process is irreversible in the thermodynamic sense. The increase in entropy accounts for the irreversibility of natural processes, and the asymmetry between future and past.^[2] Други принцип термодинамике одређује смер топлотних процеса: топлота никада не прелази спонтано са тела које има нижу температуру на тело које има вишу температуру. Поред смера топлотних процеса, други принцип термодинамике показује немогућност постојања перпетуум мобиле друге врсте.

Historically, the second law was an empirical finding that was accepted as an axiom of thermodynamic theory. Statistical mechanics, classical or quantum, explains the microscopic origin of the law.

The second law has been expressed in many ways. Its first formulation is credited to the French scientist Sadi Carnot, who in 1824 showed that there is an upper limit to the efficiency of conversion of heat to work, in a heat engine.

Дефиниције другог принципа термодинамике

Постоји више дефиниција другог принципа термодинамике а најпознатија су Клаузијусово, Планково, Болцманово, Карноово.

Клаузијусово начело: Ентропија изолованог система није равнотежна, већ временом тежи да се приближи маскимуму.

Планково начело: Немогуће је конструисати машину са периодичним дејством која не ради ништа друго осим што подиже терет и хлади топлотни резервоар. Други закон термодинамике указује нам да процес претварања топлоте у рад (а према томе и хлађење тела које одаје топлоту) не појављује као једини исход овог процеса, већ морају постојати и други резултати.

Карно: Највећи коефицијент корисног дејства топлотне машине не зависи од врсте тела које посредује и потпуно је одређен почетном и крајњом температуром рада машине.

Перпетуум мобиле друге врсте

Први принцип термодинамике оставља теоријску могућност да се сва количина топлоте претвори у рад. Ако бисмо били у могућности да конструишемо такву машину која би потпуно претворила топлоту у користан рад, а да овој машини не треба хладњак, она би била перпетуум мобиле друге врсте.

То значи да не постоји могућност претварање целокупне топлоте у користан рад без губитака енергије.

Перпетуум мобиле прве врсте и перпетуум мобиле друге врсте, међусобно се не искључују.

Статистички смисао другог принципа термодинамике

Прелазак изолованог термодинамичког система из мање вероватног у вероватнији облик

Лудвиг Болцман је дефинисао други принцип термодинамике са статистичког становишта:

„Изолован и препуштен самом себи термодинамички систем ће прећи из мање вероватног у вероватније стање“.

Претпоставимо да имамо посуду у којој се налазе два гаса међусобно одвојена преградом (на слици фаза 1). Након уклања преграде гасови ће прећи из мање вероватног стања (на слици стање до под бројем 1) у вероватније стање (на слици стање под број 2). Значи већа је вероватноћа да ће доћи до мешања два гаса пре него да ће остати у првобитном стању. Ентропија система се повећала.

$\Delta S\geq 0$

У затвореним системима ентропија може само да расте достижући максимум у стању термодинамичке равнотеже.

Примена другог принципа термодинамике

Расхладни уређаји раде као примена другог принципа термодинамике. Клима-уређаји хладе просторију на основу загревања спољашњег ваздуха.

Временске стреле

Временске стреле дају времену смер и разликују прошлост од будућности.

Зашто не можемо да видимо како се разбијена чаша на поду сама враћа назад на сто?

Разлог лежи у другом принципу термодинамике. Током времена ентропија неког система се повећава или остаје константна, она се никада не смањује.

Постоје три временске стреле.

Максвелов демон

Све је заправо потекло од чувеног шкотског математичара и физичара Џејмса Клерка Максвела (1831 – 1879). Максвел је осмислио један мисаони експеримент уз помоћ кога је желео да оспори други закон термодинамике.

Замислимо такође једну кутију у којој се налазе два гаса. Кутија је издељена на два дела А и Б. Кутија је преграђена и само створење (демон) која се налази на средини кутије има могућност да пропушта молекуле. Том демону дата је могућност да пропушта само брзе молекуле из дела А у део Б, и да пропушта само споре молекуле из дела Б у део А.

Више чињеница

Ентропија свемира се стално повећава.

За црне рупе такође важи други принцип термодинамике. Ентропија у њима расте, што значи да имају температуру и извесно зрачење (Хокингово зрачење).

Економиста Николас Георгеску-Реген показао је the значај закона о ентропији у пољу економије (његов рад Закон ентропије и процеси у екномији (The Entropy Law and the Economic Process (1971), Harvard University Press)).

Види још

Референце

^ Atkins and de Paula, p.78
^ Zohuri, Bahman (2016). Dimensional Analysis Beyond the Pi Theorem. Springer. стр. 111. ISBN 978-3-319-45726-0.

Литература

Историја класичне физике, Милорад Млађеновић, Мирко Јакшић, Завод за уџбенике и наставна средства, Београд, 1993. ISBN 86-17-02314-7
Adkins, C.J. (1968/1983). Equilibrium Thermodynamics, (1st edition 1968), third edition 1983, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, ISBN 0-521-25445-0.
Atkins, P.W., de Paula, J. (2006). Atkins' Physical Chemistry, eighth edition, W.H. Freeman, New York, ISBN 978-0-7167-8759-4.
Attard, P. (2012). Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics: Foundations and Applications, Oxford University Press, Oxford UK, ISBN 978-0-19-966276-0.
Baierlein, R. (1999). Thermal Physics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, ISBN 0-521-59082-5.
Bailyn, M. (1994). A Survey of Thermodynamics, American Institute of Physics, New York, ISBN 0-88318-797-3.
Blundell, Stephen J.; Blundell, Katherine M. (2010). Concepts in thermal physics (2nd изд.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199562107. OCLC 607907330. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199562091.001.0001.
Boltzmann, L. (1896/1964). Lectures on Gas Theory, translated by S.G. Brush, University of California Press, Berkeley.
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Спољашње везе

Други принцип термодинамике
Вива-физика чланак о Максвеловом демону
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: "Philosophy of Statistical Mechanics" – by Lawrence Sklar.
Second law of thermodynamics in the MIT Course Unified Thermodynamics and Propulsion from Prof. Z. S. Spakovszky
E.T. Jaynes, 1988, "The evolution of Carnot's principle," in G. J. Erickson and C. R. Smith (eds.)Maximum-Entropy and Bayesian Methods in Science and Engineering, Vol 1: p. 267.
Caratheodory, C., "Examination of the foundations of thermodynamics," trans. by D. H. Delphenich
The Second Law of Thermodynamics, BBC Radio 4 discussion with John Gribbin, Peter Atkins & Monica Grady (In Our Time, Dec. 16, 2004)
Entropy (journal), 2004
The Journal of the International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science, 2012

[1] Atkins and de Paula, p.78

[2] Zohuri, Bahman (2016). Dimensional Analysis Beyond the Pi Theorem. Springer. стр. 111. ISBN 978-3-319-45726-0.

[1]

[2]

@@ Ред 1: / Ред 1: @@
 {{Термодинамика}}
+{{рут}}
-'''Други принцип термодинамике''' је [[статистички закони|статистички закон]] и има велику примену у свакодневном животу.
+'''Други принцип термодинамике''' states that the total [[entropy]] of an [[isolated system]] can never decrease over time. The total entropy of a system and its surroundings can remain constant in ideal cases where the system is in [[thermodynamic equilibrium]], or is undergoing a (fictive) [[Reversible process (thermodynamics)|reversible process]]. In all processes that occur, including [[spontaneous process]]es,<ref>Atkins and de Paula, p.78</ref> the total entropy of the system and its surroundings increases and the process is [[Irreversible process|irreversible in the thermodynamic sense]]. The increase in entropy accounts for the irreversibility of natural processes, and the [[Arrow of time|asymmetry between future and past]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Zohuri|first=Bahman|title=Dimensional Analysis Beyond the Pi Theorem|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pRVuDQAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-45726-0|page=[https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=pRVuDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA111&dq=%22increase+in+entropy+accounts+for+the+irreversibility+of+natural+processes+and+the+asymmetry+between+future+and+past.%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj6spb61tbaAhUFS7wKHfftDtIQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22increase%20in%20entropy%20accounts%20for%20the%20irreversibility%20of%20natural%20processes%20and%20the%20asymmetry%20between%20future%20and%20past.%22 111]}}</ref> Други принцип термодинамике одређује смер топлотних процеса: топлота никада не прелази спонтано са тела које има нижу температуру на тело које има вишу температуру. Поред смера топлотних процеса, други принцип термодинамике показује немогућност постојања [[перпетуум мобиле друге врсте]].
+Historically, the second law was an [[Empirical evidence|empirical finding]] that was accepted as an axiom of [[thermodynamics|thermodynamic theory]].  [[Statistical mechanics]], classical or [[quantum thermodynamics|quantum]], explains the microscopic origin of the law.
-Други принцип термодинамике одређује смер топлотних процеса: топлота никада не прелази спонтано са тела које има нижу температуру на тело које има вишу температуру.
+The second law has been expressed in many ways. Its first formulation is credited to the French scientist [[Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot|Sadi Carnot]], who in 1824 showed that there is an upper limit to the efficiency of conversion of heat to work, in a heat engine.
-Поред смера топлотних процеса, други принцип термодинамике показује немогућност постојања [[перпетуум мобиле друге врсте]].
 == Дефиниције другог принципа термодинамике ==
@@ Ред 78: / Ред 79: @@
 * [[Перпетуум мобиле друге врсте]]
+== Референце ==
+{{reflist|}}
 == Литература ==
+{{refbegin|30em}}
 * '''Историја класичне физике''', ''Милорад Млађеновић, Мирко Јакшић'', Завод за уџбенике и наставна средства, Београд, 1993. ISBN 86-17-02314-7
+* Adkins, C.J. (1968/1983). ''Equilibrium Thermodynamics'', (1st edition 1968), third edition 1983, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, {{ISBN|0-521-25445-0}}.
+* [[Peter Atkins|Atkins, P.W.]], de Paula, J. (2006). ''Atkins' Physical Chemistry'', eighth edition, W.H. Freeman, New York, {{ISBN|978-0-7167-8759-4}}.
+* Attard, P. (2012). ''Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics: Foundations and Applications'', Oxford University Press, Oxford UK, {{ISBN|978-0-19-966276-0}}.
+* Baierlein, R. (1999). ''Thermal Physics'', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, {{ISBN|0-521-59082-5}}.
+* Bailyn, M. (1994). ''A Survey of Thermodynamics'', American Institute of Physics, New York, {{ISBN|0-88318-797-3}}.
+* {{Cite book|title=Concepts in thermal physics|last=Blundell|first=Stephen J.|last2=Blundell|authorlink1=Stephen Blundell|first2=Katherine M.|authorlink2=Katherine Blundell|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2010|isbn=9780199562107|edition=2nd|location=Oxford|pages=|oclc=607907330|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199562091.001.0001 |url=http://cds.cern.ch/record/1235139}}
+* [[Ludwig Boltzmann|Boltzmann, L.]] (1896/1964). ''Lectures on Gas Theory'', translated by S.G. Brush, University of California Press, Berkeley.
+* Borgnakke, C., Sonntag., R.E. (2009). ''Fundamentals of Thermodynamics'', seventh edition, Wiley, {{ISBN|978-0-470-04192-5}}.
+* Buchdahl, H.A. (1966). ''The Concepts of Classical Thermodynamics'', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK.
+* [[Percy Williams Bridgman|Bridgman, P.W.]] (1943). ''The Nature of Thermodynamics'', Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA.
+* [[Herbert Callen|Callen, H.B.]] (1960/1985). ''Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics'', (1st edition 1960) 2nd edition 1985, Wiley, New York, {{ISBN|0-471-86256-8}}.
+* {{cite journal|author=C. Carathéodory|author1-link=Constantin Carathéodory
+|title=Untersuchungen über die Grundlagen der Thermodynamik|year=1909|journal=Mathematische Annalen|volume=67|issue=3
+|pages=355–386|url=http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/index.php?id=11&PPN=PPN235181684_0067&DMDID=DMDLOG_0033&L=1
+|quote=Axiom II: In jeder beliebigen Umgebung eines willkürlich vorgeschriebenen Anfangszustandes gibt es Zustände, die durch adiabatische Zustandsänderungen nicht beliebig approximiert werden können. (p.363)|doi=10.1007/bf01450409}}. A translation may be found [http://neo-classical-physics.info/uploads/3/0/6/5/3065888/caratheodory_-_thermodynamics.pdf here]. Also a mostly reliable [https://books.google.com/books?id=xwBRAAAAMAAJ&q=Investigation+into+the+foundations translation is to be found] at Kestin, J. (1976). ''The Second Law of Thermodynamics'', Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Stroudsburg PA.
+* [[Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot|Carnot, S.]] (1824/1986). [http://www.worldcat.org/title/reflections-on-the-motive-power-of-fire-a-critical-edition-with-the-surviving-scientific-manuscripts-translated-and-edited-by-fox-robert/oclc/812944517&referer=brief_results ''Reflections on the motive power of fire''], Manchester University Press, Manchester UK, {{ISBN|0-7190-1741-6}}. [https://archive.org/stream/reflectionsonmot00carnrich#page/n7/mode/2up Also here.]
+* [[Sydney Chapman (mathematician)|Chapman, S.]], [[Thomas George Cowling|Cowling, T.G.]] (1939/1970). ''The Mathematical Theory of Non-uniform gases. An Account of the Kinetic Theory of Viscosity, Thermal Conduction and Diffusion in Gases'', third edition 1970, Cambridge University Press, London.
+* {{cite journal|ref=harv|last=Clausius|first=R.|author1-link=Rudolf Clausius|title=Ueber Die Bewegende Kraft Der Wärme Und Die Gesetze, Welche Sich Daraus Für Die Wärmelehre Selbst Ableiten Lassen|journal=Annalen der Physik|year=1850|volume=79|issue=4|pages=368–397, 500–524|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15164w/f518.image|accessdate=26 June 2012|doi=10.1002/andp.18501550403|bibcode = 1850AnP...155..500C }} Translated into English: {{cite journal|last=Clausius|first=R.|title=On the Moving Force of Heat, and the Laws regarding the Nature of Heat itself which are deducible therefrom|journal=London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science|date=July 1851| volume=2|series=4th|issue=VIII|pages=1–21; 102–119 |url=https://archive.org/stream/londonedinburghd02lond#page/1/mode/1up|accessdate=26 June 2012
+|doi=10.1080/14786445108646819}}
+* {{cite journal|ref=harv|last=Clausius|first=R.|author1-link=Rudolf Clausius|title=Über eine veränderte Form des zweiten Hauptsatzes der mechanischen Wärmetheorie|year=1854|journal=Annalen der Physik|volume=xciii|issue=12|pages=481–506|url=http://zfbb.thulb.uni-jena.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/jportal_derivate_00140956/18541691202_ftp.pdf|accessdate=24 March 2014|doi=10.1002/andp.18541691202
+|bibcode = 1854AnP...169..481C }} Translated into English: {{cite journal|last=Clausius|first=R.|title=On a Modified Form of the Second Fundamental Theorem in the Mechanical Theory of Heat|journal=London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science|date=July 1856| volume=2|series=4th|page=86 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/20044#page/100/mode/1up|accessdate=24 March 2014
+}} Reprinted in: {{cite book|last=Clausius|first=R.|author1-link=Rudolf Clausius|title=The Mechanical Theory of Heat – with its Applications to the Steam Engine and to Physical Properties of Bodies|year=1867|publisher=John van Voorst|location=London|url=https://books.google.com/?id=8LIEAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:PwR_Sbkwa8IC#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=19 June 2012
+}}
+* Denbigh, K. (1954/1981). ''The Principles of Chemical Equilibrium. With Applications in Chemistry and Chemical Engineering'', fourth edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, {{ISBN|0-521-23682-7}}.
+* Eu, B.C. (2002). ''Generalized Thermodynamics. The Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes and Generalized Hydrodynamics'', Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, {{ISBN|1-4020-0788-4}}.
+* [[Josiah Willard Gibbs|Gibbs, J.W.]] (1876/1878). On the equilibrium of heterogeneous substances, ''Trans. Conn. Acad.'', '''3''': 108-248, 343-524, reprinted in ''The Collected Works of J. Willard Gibbs, Ph.D, LL. D.'', edited by W.R. Longley, R.G. Van Name, Longmans, Green & Co., New York, 1928, volume 1, pp.&nbsp;55–353.
+* Griem, H.R. (2005). ''Principles of Plasma Spectroscopy (Cambridge Monographs on Plasma Physics)'', Cambridge University Press, New York  {{ISBN|0-521-61941-6}}.
+* Glansdorff, P., Prigogine, I. (1971). ''Thermodynamic Theory of Structure, Stability, and Fluctuations'', Wiley-Interscience, London, 1971, {{ISBN|0-471-30280-5}}.
+* Grandy, W.T., Jr (2008). [http://global.oup.com/academic/product/entropy-and-the-time-evolution-of-macroscopic-systems-9780199546176?cc=au&lang=en& ''Entropy and the Time Evolution of Macroscopic Systems'']. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-954617-6}}.
+* Greven, A., Keller, G., Warnecke (editors) (2003). ''Entropy'', Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ, {{ISBN|0-691-11338-6}}.
+* [[Edward A. Guggenheim|Guggenheim, E.A.]] (1949). 'Statistical basis of thermodynamics', ''Research'', '''2''': 450–454.
+* [[Edward A. Guggenheim|Guggenheim, E.A.]] (1967). ''Thermodynamics. An Advanced Treatment for Chemists and Physicists'', fifth revised edition, North Holland, Amsterdam.
+* Gyarmati, I. (1967/1970) ''Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics. Field Theory and Variational Principles'', translated by E. Gyarmati and W.F. Heinz, Springer, New York.
+* [[Charles Kittel|Kittel, C.]], [[Herbert Kroemer|Kroemer, H.]] (1969/1980). ''Thermal Physics'', second edition, Freeman, San Francisco CA, {{ISBN|0-7167-1088-9}}.
+* Kondepudi, D., [[Ilya Prigogine|Prigogine, I.]] (1998). ''Modern Thermodynamics: From Heat Engines to Dissipative Structures'', John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, {{ISBN|0-471-97393-9}}.
+* Lebon, G., Jou, D., Casas-Vázquez, J. (2008). ''Understanding Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics: Foundations, Applications, Frontiers'', Springer-Verlag, Berlin, {{ISBN|978-3-540-74252-4}}.
+* {{cite journal|ref=harv|title=The Physics and Mathematics of the Second Law of Thermodynamics|last1=Lieb |first1=E. H. |last2=Yngvason |first2=J.|journal=Physics Reports|volume=310|issue=1|pages=1–96 |year=1999|doi=10.1016/S0370-1573(98)00082-9|arxiv = cond-mat/9708200 |bibcode = 1999PhR...310....1L}}
+* Lieb, E.H., Yngvason, J. (2003). The Entropy of Classical Thermodynamics, pp.&nbsp;147–195, Chapter 8 of ''Entropy'', Greven, A., Keller, G., Warnecke (editors) (2003).
+* {{cite book|ref=harv|first=F.|last=Mandl|title=Statistical physics|edition=second|year=1988|publisher=[[Wiley & Sons]]|isbn=978-0-471-91533-1}}
+* {{cite journal | last1 = Maxwell | first1 = J.C. | authorlink = James Clerk Maxwell | year = 1867 | title = On the dynamical theory of gases | url = | journal = Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. | volume = 157 | issue = | pages = 49–88 | doi = 10.1098/rstl.1867.0004 }}
+* [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize|Müller, I.]] (1985). ''Thermodynamics'', Pitman, London, {{ISBN|0-273-08577-8}}.
+* [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize|Müller, I.]] (2003). Entropy in Nonequilibrium, pp.&nbsp;79–109, Chapter 5 of ''Entropy'', Greven, A., Keller, G., Warnecke (editors) (2003).
+* Münster, A. (1970), ''Classical Thermodynamics'', translated by E.S. Halberstadt, Wiley–Interscience, London, {{ISBN|0-471-62430-6}}.
+* [[Brian Pippard|Pippard, A.B.]] (1957/1966). ''Elements of Classical Thermodynamics for Advanced Students of Physics'', original publication 1957, reprint 1966, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK.
+* [[Max Planck|Planck, M.]] (1897/1903). [https://archive.org/stream/treatiseonthermo00planrich#page/100/mode/2up ''Treatise on Thermodynamics'', translated by A. Ogg, Longmans Green, London, p. 100.]
+* [[Max Planck|Planck. M.]] (1914). [https://archive.org/details/theoryofheatradi00planrich ''The Theory of Heat Radiation''], a translation by Masius, M. of the second German edition, P. Blakiston's Son & Co., Philadelphia.
+* [[Max Planck|Planck, M.]] (1926). Über die Begründung des zweiten Hauptsatzes der Thermodynamik, ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften: Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse'': 453–463.
+* Pokrovskii V.N. (2005) Extended thermodynamics in a discrete-system approach,  Eur. J. Phys.  vol. 26,  769-781.
+* {{Cite journal | doi=10.1155/2013/906136|title = A Derivation of the Main Relations of Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics| journal=ISRN Thermodynamics| volume=2013| pages=1–9|year = 2013|last1 = Pokrovskii|first1 = Vladimir N.}}
+*Quinn, T.J. (1983). ''Temperature'', Academic Press, London, {{ISBN|0-12-569680-9}}.
+* {{cite book|ref=harv|first=Y.V.C.|last=Rao|title=An Introduction to thermodynamics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iYWiCXziWsEC&pg=PA213|date=2004|publisher=Universities Press|isbn=978-81-7371-461-0|page=213}}
+* Roberts, J.K., Miller, A.R. (1928/1960). ''Heat and Thermodynamics'', (first edition 1928), fifth edition, Blackie & Son Limited, Glasgow.
+* [[Erwin Schrödinger|Schrödinger, E.]] (1950). Irreversibility, ''Proc. R. Ir. Acad.'', '''A53''': 189–195.
+* [[Dirk ter Haar|ter Haar, D.]], [[Harald Wergeland|Wergeland, H.]] (1966). ''Elements of Thermodynamics'', Addison-Wesley Publishing, Reading MA.
+* {{cite journal|ref=harv|last=Thomson|first=W.|author-link=William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin|title=On the Dynamical Theory of Heat, with numerical results deduced from Mr Joule's equivalent of a Thermal Unit, and M. Regnault's Observations on Steam|journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh|year=1851|volume=XX|issue=part II|pages=261–268; 289–298|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/126047#page/295/mode/1up}} Also published in {{cite journal|last=Thomson|first=W.|title=On the Dynamical Theory of Heat, with numerical results deduced from Mr Joule's equivalent of a Thermal Unit, and M. Regnault's Observations on Steam|journal=Philos. Mag. |date=December 1852 |volume=IV |series=4 |issue=22 |page=13|url=https://archive.org/stream/londonedinburghp04maga#page/12/mode/2up |accessdate=25 June 2012}}
+* [[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin|Thomson, W.]] (1852). ''On the universal tendency in nature to the dissipation of mechanical energy'' Philosophical Magazine, Ser. 4, p.&nbsp;304.
+* [[László Tisza|Tisza, L.]] (1966). ''Generalized Thermodynamics'', M.I.T Press, Cambridge MA.
+* [[Clifford Truesdell|Truesdell, C.]] (1980). ''The Tragicomical History of Thermodynamics 1822–1854'', Springer, New York, {{ISBN|0-387-90403-4}}.
+* Uffink, J. (2001). Bluff your way in the second law of thermodynamics, ''Stud. Hist. Phil. Mod. Phys.'', '''32'''(3): 305–394.
+* Uffink, J. (2003). Irreversibility and the Second Law of Thermodynamics, Chapter 7 of ''Entropy'', Greven, A., Keller, G., Warnecke (editors) (2003), Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ, {{ISBN|0-691-11338-6}}.
+* [[George Uhlenbeck|Uhlenbeck, G.E.]], Ford, G.W. (1963). ''Lectures in Statistical Mechanics'', American Mathematical Society, Providence RI.
+* [[Mark Zemansky|Zemansky, M.W.]] (1968). ''Heat and Thermodynamics. An Intermediate Textbook'', fifth edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
+* Goldstein, Martin, and Inge F., 1993. ''The Refrigerator and the Universe''. Harvard Univ. Press. Chpts. 4–9 contain an introduction to the Second Law, one a bit less technical than this entry. {{ISBN|978-0-674-75324-2}}
+* Leff, Harvey S., and Rex, Andrew F. (eds.) 2003. ''Maxwell's Demon 2 : Entropy, classical and quantum information, computing''. Bristol UK; Philadelphia PA: [[Institute of Physics]]. {{ISBN|978-0-585-49237-7}}
+* {{Cite book | first = J.J. | last = Halliwell | title = Physical Origins of Time Asymmetry| publisher = Cambridge | year = 1994| isbn = 978-0-521-56837-1}}(technical).
+* {{cite book |title=Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat and on Machines Fitted to Develop That Power |last=Carnot |first=Sadi |editor=[[Robert Henry Thurston|Thurston, Robert Henry]] |year=1890 |publisher=J. Wiley & Sons |location=New York |isbn= |pages= }} ([https://books.google.com/books?id=tgdJAAAAIAAJ full text of 1897 ed.]) ([http://www.history.rochester.edu/steam/carnot/1943/ html])
+* Stephen Jay Kline (1999). ''The Low-Down on Entropy and Interpretive Thermodynamics'', La Cañada, CA: DCW Industries. {{ISBN|1-928729-01-0}}.
+* {{cite book | last1 = Kostic | first1 = M | year = 2011 | title = Revisiting The Second Law of Energy Degradation and Entropy Generation: From Sadi Carnot's Ingenious Reasoning to Holistic Generalization | journal = AIP Conf. Proc. | volume = 1411 | issue = 1| pages = 327–350 | doi = 10.1063/1.3665247 | isbn = 978-0-7354-0985-9 | bibcode = 2011AIPC.1411..327K | series = AIP Conference Proceedings | citeseerx = 10.1.1.405.1945 }} also at [https://web.archive.org/web/20130420222450/http://www.kostic.niu.edu/2ndLaw/Revisiting%20The%20Second%20Law%20of%20Energy%20Degradation%20and%20Entropy%20Generation%20-%20From%20Carnot%20to%20Holistic%20Generalization-4.pdf].
+{{refend}}
 == Спољашње везе ==
+{{Commons category|Second law of thermodynamics}}
 * [http://www.secondlaw.com/ Други принцип термодинамике]
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928221621/http://viva-fizika.org/content.php?article.53 Вива-физика чланак о Максвеловом демону]
+* -{[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]: "[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/statphys-statmech/ Philosophy of Statistical Mechanics]" – by Lawrence Sklar.}-
+* -{[http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/node30.html ''Second law of thermodynamics''] in the MIT Course [http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/notes.html ''Unified Thermodynamics and Propulsion''] from Prof. Z. S. Spakovszky}-
+* -{[[E.T. Jaynes]], 1988, "[http://bayes.wustl.edu/etj/articles/ccarnot.pdf The evolution of Carnot's principle,]" in G. J. Erickson and C. R. Smith (eds.)''Maximum-Entropy and Bayesian Methods in Science and Engineering, Vol'' 1: p.&nbsp;267.}-
+* -{[http://neo-classical-physics.info/uploads/3/0/6/5/3065888/caratheodory_-_thermodynamics.pdf Caratheodory, C., "Examination of the foundations of thermodynamics," trans. by D. H. Delphenich]}-
+* -{[https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p004y2bm The Second Law of Thermodynamics], BBC Radio 4 discussion with John Gribbin, Peter Atkins & Monica Grady (''In Our Time'', Dec. 16, 2004)}-
+* -{[http://mdpi.org/entropy/papers/e6010001.pdf [[Entropy (journal)]], 2004]}-
+* -{[https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/663835 The Journal of the International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science, 2012]}-
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Други закон термодинамике}}
+[[Категорија:Фундаментални концепти физике]]
+[[Категорија:Термодинамика неравнотеже]]
 [[Категорија:Термодинамика]]
-[[de:Thermodynamik#Zweiter Hauptsatz]]