Бели амур

Бели Амур
Научна класификација
Домен:	Eukaryota
Царство:	Animalia
Тип:	Chordata
Класа:	Actinopterygii
Ред:	Cypriniformes
Породица:	Cyprinidae
Потпородица:	Leuciscinae
Род:	Ctenopharyngodon Steindachner, 1866
Врста:	C. idella
Биномно име
Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1844)
Синоними
Leuciscus idella Valenciennes, 1844 Ctenopharingodon idellus (Valenciennes, 1844) Ctenopharyngodon idellus (Valenciennes, 1844) Leuciscus tschiliensis Basilewsky, 1855 Ctenopharyngodon laticeps Steindachner, 1866 Sarcocheilichthys teretiusculus Kner, 1867 Pristiodon siemionovii Dybowski, 1877

Бели амур (лат. Ctenopharyngodon idella) је слатководна риба са коштаним скелетом (кошљорибе) и истовремено припада и мекоперкама и породици шарана. Бели амур припада family Cyprinidae, native to the Pacific Far East, with a native range stretching from northern Vietnam to the Amur River on the Sino-Russian border. This Asian carp is the only species of the genus Ctenopharyngodon.

Grass carp are resident fish of large turbid rivers and associated floodplain lakes/wetlands with a wide range of temperature tolerance, and spawn at temperatures of 20 to 30 °C (68 to 86 °F). It is cultivated as a food fish in China for centuries, but was introduced in Europe and the United States for aquatic weed control, becoming the fish species with the largest reported farmed production globally, over five million tonnes per year.

Изглед и анатомија

Adult grass carp

Juvenile grass carp

Grass carp have elongated, chubby, torpedo-shaped body forms. The terminal mouth is slightly oblique with non-fleshy, firm lips, and no barbels. The complete lateral line contains 40 to 42 scales. Broad, ridged pharyngeal teeth are arranged in a "2, 4-4, 2" formula. The dorsal fin has eight to 10 soft rays, and the anal fin is set closer to the tail than most cyprinids. Body color is dark olive, shading to brownish-yellow on the sides, with a white belly and large, slightly outlined scales.

Grass carp grow very rapidly. Young fish stocked in the spring at 20 cm (7,9 in) will reach over 45 cm (18 in) by fall. The typical length is about 60 – 100 cm. The maximum length is 20 m (66 ft) and they grow to 45 kg (99 lb).

Екологија

Grass carp inhabit lakes, ponds, pools and backwaters of large rivers, preferring large, slow-flowing or standing water bodies with abundant vegetation. In the wild, grass carp spawn in fast-moving rivers, and their eggs, which are slightly heavier than water, develop while drifting downstream, kept in suspension by turbulence. Grass carp require long rivers for the survival of the eggs and very young fish, and the eggs are thought to die if they sink to the bottom.

Adults grass carp feed primarily on aquatic plants, both higher aquatic plants and submerged terrestrial vegetation, but may also eat detritus, insects and other invertebrates. They eat up to three times their own body weight daily, and thrive in small lakes and backwaters that provide an abundant supply of vegetation.

According to one study, grass carp live 5-9 years, with the oldest surviving 11 years. In Silver Lake, Washington, a thriving population of grass carp is passing the 15-year mark.

Уведене врсте

Grass carp have been introduced to many countries around the world. In the Northern Hemisphere, countries and territories of introduction include Japan, the Philippines, Malaysia, India, Pakistan, Iran, Israel, the United States, Mexico, Sweden, Denmark, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Italy, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Romania, Croatia, Slovenia, Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Macedonia. In the Southern Hemisphere, they have been introduced to Argentina, Venezuela, Australia, New Zealand, Fiji and South Africa. Grass carp are known to have spawned and established self-reproducing populations in only six of the many larger Northern Hemisphere rivers into which they have been stocked. Their failure to establish populations in other rivers suggests they have quite specific reproductive requirements.

In the United States, the species was first imported in 1963 from Taiwan and Malaysia to aquaculture facilities in Alabama and Arkansas. The first release is believed to have been an accidental escape in 1966 from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Fish Farming Experimental Station in Stuttgart, Arkansas, followed by planned introductions beginning in 1969. Subsequently, authorized, illegal and accidental introductions have been widespread; by the 1970s, the species had been introduced to 40 states, and it has since been reported in 45 of the country's 50 states. In 2013, it was determined to be reproducing in the Great Lakes Basin. It is still stocked in many states as an effective biocontrol for undesirable aquatic vegetation, many species of which are themselves introduced.

Употреба за контролу корова

Grass carp were introduced into New Zealand in 1966 to control the growth of aquatic plants. Unlike the other introduced fish brought to New Zealand, the potential value and impact of grass carp was investigated in secure facilities prior to their use in field trials. They are now approved by the New Zealand government for aquatic weed control, although each instance requires specific authorization. In the Netherlands, the species was also introduced in 1973 to control over-abundant aquatic weeds. The release was controlled and regulated by the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature, and Food Quality. In both of these countries, control is made easier because grass carp are very unlikely to naturally reproduce because of their very specific breeding requirements, but elsewhere, control is obtained by the use of sterile, triploid fish.

Пецање амура

A grass carp caught on monofilament fishing line

Grass carp grow large and are strong fighters when hooked on a line, but because of their vegetarian habits and their wariness, they can be difficult to catch via angling. The IGFA World record for a grass carp caught on line and hook is 3.975 kg (8.763 lb), caught in Bulgaria in 2009. The fish are also popular sport fish in areas where bowfishing is legal.

Where grass carp populations are maintained through stocking as a biocontrol for noxious weeds, fishermen are typically asked to return any caught to the water alive and unharmed.

Навике, станиште, распрострањеност

Бели Амур (Ctenopharyngodon idella) потиче из токова реке Амур из великих река и Кини и Сибиру. У воде Србије пренет је из Мађарске у рибњаке, а одатле се, временом проширио у Дунав и његове притоке. Храни се воденим биљем и то у великим количинама.

Опис и грађа

Бели Амур је биљождер, вретенастог је облика - сивозелених леђа и бокова са светлијим трбухом и сивим перајама. Ретки примерци Амура мого досећи и до 50 kg, са дужином и до 2 m. Просечна ловна тежина белог Амура је од 3 kg. до 12 kg.

Размножавање

Бели Амур се мрести на песковитим теренима и у доста јакој струји, а да би се оплодила његова икра мора путовати заједно са струјом. Плодност женки је запањујућа, чак и до милион комада икре. За развој икре и мрест потребна је температура воде преко 37 °C, тако да је у нашим условима његов мрест за сада само вештачки.

Литература

• Fishbase
• Ctenopharyngodon idella
• „Риболов“ Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (4. новембар 2016)
• Nelson, Joseph (2006). Fishes of the World. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-25031-7. 
• MacMahon, Alexander Francis Magri (1946). Fishlore: British Freshwater Fishes. Pelican Books. 161. Penguin Books. стр. 149—152. 
• Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission (3. 8. 2005). „Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758)”. Архивирано из оригинала 18. 8. 2007. г. Приступљено 3. 5. 2007. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
• Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (2006). „Exotic Freshwater Fishes”. Архивирано из оригинала 8. 2. 2007. г. Приступљено 5. 3. 2007. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
• Riehl, R.; Baensch, H. (1996). Aquarium Atlas Volume 1. Voyageur Press. 
• Helfman, Gene S.; Collette, Bruce B.; Facey, Douglas E. (1997). The diversity of fishes. Malden, Mass: Blackwell Science. ISBN 978-0-86542-256-8. OCLC 299475257. 
• De Graaf, Martin; Megens, Hendrik-Jan; Samallo, Johannis; Sibbing, Ferdinand A. (2007). „Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: Indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation”. Animal Biology. 57: 39—48. doi:10.1163/157075607780002069. 
• He, Shunping; Mayden, Richard L.; Wang, Xuzheng; Wang, Wei; Tang, Kevin L.; Chen, Wei-Jen; Chen, Yiyu (2008). „Molecular phylogenetics of the family Cyprinidae (Actinopterygii: Cypriniformes) as evidenced by sequence variation in the first intron of S7 ribosomal protein-coding gene: Further evidence from a nuclear gene of the systematic chaos in the family” (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 46 (3): 818—29. PMID 18203625. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.06.001. 
• He, Shunping; Gu, Xun; Mayden, Richard L.; Chen, Wei-Jen; Conway, Kevin W.; Chen, Yiyu (2008). „Phylogenetic position of the enigmatic genus Psilorhynchus (Ostariophysi: Cypriniformes): Evidence from the mitochondrial genome” (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 47 (1): 419—25. PMID 18053751. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.10.012. 

Спољашње везе

• Species Profile - Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. Lists general information and resources for Grass Carp.
• „Ctenopharyngodon idella”. Integrated Taxonomic Information System.