Миланска катедрала — разлика између измена

С Википедије, слободне енциклопедије
Садржај обрисан Садржај додат
м исправак интерпункције и козметичке измене
.
ознака: везе до вишезначних одредница
Ред 1: Ред 1:
{{short description|Саборна црква Милана, Италија}}{{rut}}
{{Инфокутија Хришћанска богомоља
| име = Миланска катедрала
| изворно_име = Duomo di Milano
| слика = Milan Cathedral from Piazza del Duomo.jpg
| слика_величина = 250п
| опис_слике = Milan Cathedral from [[Piazza del Duomo, Milan|the Square]]
| статус =
| тип = [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]]
| јурисдикција =
| епархија =
| основан =
| оснивач =
| управник = Claudio Burgio<ref>{{cite web|title=Capella Musicale|url=http://www.duomomilano.it/it/infopage/maestro-direttore/17d77656-334f-4574-ab44-855be302a460/|publisher=duomomilano.it|language=it|access-date=16 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331010139/http://www.duomomilano.it/it/infopage/maestro-direttore/17d77656-334f-4574-ab44-855be302a460|archive-date=31 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| посвећен =
| распуштен =
| поново_оснивање =
| архитекта = [[Simone da Orsenigo]]<br>''et al.''<ref>{{cite web|title=Architects of the Veneranda Fabbrica del Duomo|url=http://www.duomomilano.it/en/infopage/architects-of-the-veneranda-fabbrica-del-duomo/3888dc6f-e11f-4fde-8a68-80d9587585cd/|publisher=duomomilano.it|access-date=16 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215181429/http://www.duomomilano.it/en/infopage/architects-of-the-veneranda-fabbrica-del-duomo/3888dc6f-e11f-4fde-8a68-80d9587585cd/|archive-date=15 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| архитектонски_стил =
| ниво_значаја =
| датум_реконструкције =
| трошкови_обнове =

| место =
| држава =
| мапа =

| latd =
| latm =
| lats =
| latNS =
| longd =
| longm =
| longs =
| longEW =

}}
[[File:Milano Duomo Interno 1.jpg|thumb|250px|Plate celebrating the laying of the first stone in 1386.]]
[[Датотека:Milano Duomo 1.jpg|320п|мини|Поглед на миланску катедралу са трга.]]
[[Датотека:Milano Duomo 1.jpg|320п|мини|Поглед на миланску катедралу са трга.]]

'''Миланска катедрала''' ({{јез-ит|Duomo di Milano}}) је [[саборна црква|катедрала]] у [[Милано|Милану]], [[Ломбардија]], северна [[Италија]]. Седиште је миланске архиепископије.
'''Миланска катедрала''' ({{јез-ит|Duomo di Milano}}) је [[саборна црква|катедрала]] у [[Милано|Милану]], [[Ломбардија]], северна [[Италија]]. Седиште је миланске архиепископије.
Ред 7: Ред 46:


Унутрашњу висину централног брода катедрале надмашује само [[катедрала Бове]] која се налази у [[Француска|Француској]].
Унутрашњу висину централног брода катедрале надмашује само [[катедрала Бове]] која се налази у [[Француска|Француској]].

== Историја ==
[[Датотека:Anthonis van Dyck 005.jpg|thumb|left|250px|''[[Saint Ambrose barring Theodosius from Milan Cathedral]]'' by [[Anthony van Dyck]]]]

Milan's layout, with streets either radiating from the Duomo or circling it, reveals that the Duomo occupies what was the most central site in [[Mediolanum|Roman Mediolanum]], that of the public [[basilica]] facing the [[Forum (Roman)|forum]]. The [[Santa Tecla, Milan|first cathedral]], the "new basilica" (''{{lang|la|basilica nova}}'') dedicated to [[Saint Thecla|St&nbsp;Thecla]], was completed by 355. It seems to share, on a slightly smaller scale, the plan of the contemporaneous church recently rediscovered beneath [[Tower Hill]] in [[London]].<ref>{{cite web | last = Denison | first = Simon | title = News: In Brief | work = British Archaeology | publisher = [[Council for British Archaeology]] | date = June 1995 | url = http://www.archaeologyuk.org/ba/ba5/BA5NEWS.HTML | access-date = 30 March 2013 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130513125933/http://www.archaeologyuk.org/ba/ba5/BA5NEWS.HTML | archive-date = 13 May 2013 }}</ref> An adjoining basilica was erected in 836. The old octagonal baptistery, the ''Battistero Paleocristiano'', dates to 335 and still can be visited under the Cathedral. When a fire damaged the cathedral and basilica in 1075, they were rebuilt as the Duomo.<ref>''[[:wiktionary:duomo|Duomo]]'' is a generic term in Italian meaning "Cathedral", which technically refers to a church which is the official seat of an archbishop. It is derived from ''[[:wiktionary:Latin|domus]]'', a Latin term for "home" or "house", referring to the role of the church as home of God.</ref>

===Construction begins===
In 1386, Archbishop Antonio da [[Saluzzo]] began construction of the cathedral.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.klm.com/destinations/us/en/article/the-imposing-milan-cathedral|title = The imposing Milan Cathedral - KLM Travel|access-date = 4 February 2016|website = klm.com|publisher = KLM}}</ref> Start of the construction coincided with the ascension to power in Milan of the archbishop's cousin [[Gian Galeazzo Visconti]], and was meant as a reward to the noble and working classes, who had suffered under his tyrannical Visconti predecessor [[Barnabò Visconti|Barnabò]]. The construction of the cathedral was also dictated by very specific political choices: with the new construction site the population of Milan intended to emphasize the centrality of Milan in the eyes of Gian Galeazzo, a prominence questioned by the choice of the new lord to reside and maintain his court , like his father [[Galeazzo II Visconti|Galeazzo II]], in [[Pavia]] and not in Milan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grillo |first1=Paolo |title=Nascita di una cattedrale, 1386- 1418: la fondazione del Duomo di Milano |date=2017 |publisher=Mondadori |location=Milano |isbn=9788852083266 |pages=3-34}}</ref> Before actual work began, three main buildings were demolished: the palace of the Archbishop, the Ordinari Palace and the Baptistry of St. Stephen at the Spring, while the old church of Sta. Maria Maggiore was exploited as a stone quarry. Enthusiasm for the immense new building soon spread among the population, and the shrewd Gian Galeazzo, together with his cousin the archbishop, collected large donations for the work-in-progress. The construction program was strictly regulated under the "Fabbrica del Duomo", which had 300 employees led by first chief engineer [[Simone da Orsenigo]]. Orsenigo initially planned to build the cathedral from brick in Lombard Gothic style.

Visconti had ambitions to follow the newest trends in European architecture. In 1389, a [[French people|French]] chief engineer, Nicolas de Bonaventure, was appointed, adding to the church its [[Rayonnant|Rayonnant Gothic]]. Galeazzo gave the Fabbrica del Duomo exclusive use of the marble from the [[Candoglia]] quarry and exempted it from taxes. Ten years later another French architect, Jean Mignot, was called from Paris to judge and improve upon the work done, as the masons needed new technical aid to lift stones to an unprecedented height.<ref name=Ackerman>{{cite journal|last1=Ackerman|first1=James|title="Ars Sine Scientia Nihil Est" Gothic Theory of Architecture at the Cathedral of Milan|journal=The Art Bulletin|date=June 1949|volume=31|issue=2|page=96|jstor=3047224}}</ref> Mignot declared all the work done up till then as in ''pericolo di ruina'' ("peril of ruin"), as it had been done ''sine scienzia'' ("without science"). In the following years Mignot's forecasts proved untrue, but they spurred Galeazzo's engineers to improve their instruments and techniques. However, relations between Gian Galeazzo and the top management of the factory (chosen by the citizens of Milan) were often tense: the lord (who in 1395 had become [[List of rulers of Milan|Duke of Milan]]) intended to transform the cathedral into the dynastic ''[[mausoleum]]'' of the [[Visconti of Milan|Visconti]], inserting the central part of the cathedral funeral monument of his father Galeazzo II and this met with strong opposition from both the factory and the Milanese, who wanted to underline their autonomy. A clash arose, which forced Gian Galeazzo to decide on the foundation of a new construction site intended exclusively for the Visconti dynasty: the [[Certosa di Pavia]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grillo |first1=Paolo |title=Nascita di una cattedrale, 1386- 1418: la fondazione del Duomo di Milano |date=2017 |publisher=Mondadori |location=Milano |isbn=9788852083266 |pages=68-99}}</ref> Work proceeded quickly, and at the death of Gian Galeazzo in 1402, almost half the cathedral was complete. Construction, however, stalled almost totally until 1480, for lack of money and ideas: the most notable works of this period were the tombs of Marco Carelli and [[Pope Martin V]] (1424) and the windows of the apse (1470s), of which those extant portray ''St. John the Evangelist'', by Cristoforo de' Mottis, and ''Saint Eligius'' and ''San John of Damascus'', both by Niccolò da Varallo. In 1452, under [[Francesco Sforza]], the nave and the aisles were completed up to the sixth bay.

[[File:Milano domo Antonio Amadeo.JPG|thumb|250px|[[Giovanni Antonio Amadeo]] on "Amadeo's Little Spire"]]
In 1488, both [[Leonardo da Vinci]] and [[Donato Bramante]] created models in a competition to design the central cupola; Leonardo later withdrew his submission.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wallace |first=Robert |title=The World of Leonardo: 1452–1519 |publisher=Time-Life Books |location=New York |year=1972|orig-year=1966 |page=79}}</ref> From 1500 to 1510, under [[Ludovico Sforza]], the octagonal cupola was completed, and decorated in the interior with four series of 15 statues each, portraying saints, prophets, sibyls and other Figures from the [[Bible]]. The exterior long remained without any decoration, except for the ''Guglietto dell'Amadeo'' ("[[Giovanni Antonio Amadeo|Amadeo]]'s Little Spire"), constructed 1507–1510. This is a [[Renaissance]] masterwork which nevertheless harmonized well with the general Gothic appearance of the church.


== Архитектура и уметност ==
== Архитектура и уметност ==
[[Датотека:Duomo di Milano - roof detail.jpg|140п|мини|десно|Једна од скулптура смештених на крову миланске катедрале.]]
[[Датотека:Duomo di Milano - roof detail.jpg|250п|мини|десно|Једна од скулптура смештених на крову миланске катедрале.]]


Кров је отворен за посете туриста (уз накнаду), што омогућава да се изблиза виде многе изванредне скулптуре које су ту смештене.
Кров је отворен за посете туриста (уз накнаду), што омогућава да се изблиза виде многе изванредне скулптуре које су ту смештене.
Ред 21: Ред 73:


== Мере ==
== Мере ==
[[Датотека:Milan Dome3.JPG|мини|320п|десно|Поглед на кров миланске катедрале.]]
[[Датотека:Milan Dome3.JPG|мини|250п|десно|Поглед на кров миланске катедрале.]]
* Спољашња дужина: 158 метара
* Спољашња дужина: 158 метара
* Унутрашња дужина: 148 метара
* Унутрашња дужина: 148 метара
Ред 51: Ред 103:


Према једној студији, бренд града [[Миланo|Милана]] вреди 400 милијарди евра, од чега сам бренд Дуомо вреди 82 милијардe евра.
Према једној студији, бренд града [[Миланo|Милана]] вреди 400 милијарди евра, од чега сам бренд Дуомо вреди 82 милијардe евра.

== Референце ==
{{reflist}}

== Литература ==
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{{refend}}


== Спољашње везе ==
== Спољашње везе ==

Верзија на датум 16. септембар 2022. у 07:46

Миланска катедрала
Duomo di Milano
Milan Cathedral from the Square
Основни подаци
ТипRoman Catholic
УправникClaudio Burgio[1]
Архитектура
АрхитектаSimone da Orsenigo
et al.[2]
Plate celebrating the laying of the first stone in 1386.
Поглед на миланску катедралу са трга.

Миланска катедрала (итал. Duomo di Milano) је катедрала у Милану, Ломбардија, северна Италија. Седиште је миланске архиепископије.

Катедрала је позната широм света по свом значају у промоцији хришћанске вере, по својој улози у заснивању католичке традиције обожавања, и дивној готичкој архитектури.

Грађена од краја 14. до средине 19. века (и, на неки начин, никада завршена, с обзиром да се радови и данас настављају), катедрала у Милану је једна од највећих цркава на свету, друга по величини у Италији (од ње је већа само Базилика Светог Петра у Риму), и друга по величини готичка катедрала на свету, после катедрале у Севиљи, Шпанија.

Унутрашњу висину централног брода катедрале надмашује само катедрала Бове која се налази у Француској.

Историја

Saint Ambrose barring Theodosius from Milan Cathedral by Anthony van Dyck

Milan's layout, with streets either radiating from the Duomo or circling it, reveals that the Duomo occupies what was the most central site in Roman Mediolanum, that of the public basilica facing the forum. The first cathedral, the "new basilica" (basilica nova) dedicated to St Thecla, was completed by 355. It seems to share, on a slightly smaller scale, the plan of the contemporaneous church recently rediscovered beneath Tower Hill in London.[3] An adjoining basilica was erected in 836. The old octagonal baptistery, the Battistero Paleocristiano, dates to 335 and still can be visited under the Cathedral. When a fire damaged the cathedral and basilica in 1075, they were rebuilt as the Duomo.[4]

Construction begins

In 1386, Archbishop Antonio da Saluzzo began construction of the cathedral.[5] Start of the construction coincided with the ascension to power in Milan of the archbishop's cousin Gian Galeazzo Visconti, and was meant as a reward to the noble and working classes, who had suffered under his tyrannical Visconti predecessor Barnabò. The construction of the cathedral was also dictated by very specific political choices: with the new construction site the population of Milan intended to emphasize the centrality of Milan in the eyes of Gian Galeazzo, a prominence questioned by the choice of the new lord to reside and maintain his court , like his father Galeazzo II, in Pavia and not in Milan.[6] Before actual work began, three main buildings were demolished: the palace of the Archbishop, the Ordinari Palace and the Baptistry of St. Stephen at the Spring, while the old church of Sta. Maria Maggiore was exploited as a stone quarry. Enthusiasm for the immense new building soon spread among the population, and the shrewd Gian Galeazzo, together with his cousin the archbishop, collected large donations for the work-in-progress. The construction program was strictly regulated under the "Fabbrica del Duomo", which had 300 employees led by first chief engineer Simone da Orsenigo. Orsenigo initially planned to build the cathedral from brick in Lombard Gothic style.

Visconti had ambitions to follow the newest trends in European architecture. In 1389, a French chief engineer, Nicolas de Bonaventure, was appointed, adding to the church its Rayonnant Gothic. Galeazzo gave the Fabbrica del Duomo exclusive use of the marble from the Candoglia quarry and exempted it from taxes. Ten years later another French architect, Jean Mignot, was called from Paris to judge and improve upon the work done, as the masons needed new technical aid to lift stones to an unprecedented height.[7] Mignot declared all the work done up till then as in pericolo di ruina ("peril of ruin"), as it had been done sine scienzia ("without science"). In the following years Mignot's forecasts proved untrue, but they spurred Galeazzo's engineers to improve their instruments and techniques. However, relations between Gian Galeazzo and the top management of the factory (chosen by the citizens of Milan) were often tense: the lord (who in 1395 had become Duke of Milan) intended to transform the cathedral into the dynastic mausoleum of the Visconti, inserting the central part of the cathedral funeral monument of his father Galeazzo II and this met with strong opposition from both the factory and the Milanese, who wanted to underline their autonomy. A clash arose, which forced Gian Galeazzo to decide on the foundation of a new construction site intended exclusively for the Visconti dynasty: the Certosa di Pavia.[8] Work proceeded quickly, and at the death of Gian Galeazzo in 1402, almost half the cathedral was complete. Construction, however, stalled almost totally until 1480, for lack of money and ideas: the most notable works of this period were the tombs of Marco Carelli and Pope Martin V (1424) and the windows of the apse (1470s), of which those extant portray St. John the Evangelist, by Cristoforo de' Mottis, and Saint Eligius and San John of Damascus, both by Niccolò da Varallo. In 1452, under Francesco Sforza, the nave and the aisles were completed up to the sixth bay.

Giovanni Antonio Amadeo on "Amadeo's Little Spire"

In 1488, both Leonardo da Vinci and Donato Bramante created models in a competition to design the central cupola; Leonardo later withdrew his submission.[9] From 1500 to 1510, under Ludovico Sforza, the octagonal cupola was completed, and decorated in the interior with four series of 15 statues each, portraying saints, prophets, sibyls and other Figures from the Bible. The exterior long remained without any decoration, except for the Guglietto dell'Amadeo ("Amadeo's Little Spire"), constructed 1507–1510. This is a Renaissance masterwork which nevertheless harmonized well with the general Gothic appearance of the church.

Архитектура и уметност

Једна од скулптура смештених на крову миланске катедрале.

Кров је отворен за посете туриста (уз накнаду), што омогућава да се изблиза виде многе изванредне скулптуре које су ту смештене.

Зграда је изграђена од цигала, а фасада јој је покривена белим мермером. Основа је у облику латинског крста и дели цркву на 5 бродова, који су раздвојени са 40 стубова.

Прво је изграђен источни део са апсидом, који има највише готичких карактеристика. Радови на западној фасдади су започети око 1650, а завршени тек у 19. веку, тако да ова фасада има више класичних него готичких карактеристика.

Изградња куполе почела је крајем 15. века, а завршена је изградњом торња над куполом у 18. веку.

Мере

Поглед на кров миланске катедрале.
  • Спољашња дужина: 158 метара
  • Унутрашња дужина: 148 метара
  • Спољашња ширина: 93 метра
  • Унутрашња ширина: 66 метара
  • Дужина фасаде на улазу: 67,9 метара
  • Унутрашња ширина брода: 16,75 метара
  • Унутрашња висина брода: 45 метара
  • Висина бродских стубова: 24,5 метара
  • Пречник бродских стубова: 3,4 метра
  • висина централног дела катедрале: 65,5 метара
  • Висина торња: 106,5 метара
  • Димензије апсидалних прозора: 20,7 x 8,5 метара
  • Скулптура: 3400
  • Торњева: 135
  • Површина: 11,700 m2
  • У катедралу може да стане 40.000 људи.
  • Географски положај: 45° 27′ 51″ N 9° 11′ 27″ E / 45.46417° С; 9.19083° И / 45.46417; 9.19083

Занимљивости

Песма Ђованија Д'анција из 1934. "O mia bela Madonina" о златној статуи Мадоне на торњу је и данас незванична химна Милана, коју певају и навијачи ФК Милан.

Већина људи који говоре миланским дијалектом, због векова који су протекли док је катедрала изграђена, користе израз „градња катедрале“ (итал. Fabbrica del Duomo) кад хоће да окарактеришу неки задатак који је превише сложен, дуго траје или га је немогуће завршити.

Наполеон Бонапарта је крунисан за краља Италије 26. маја 1805. године у овој катедрали.

Око 5 милиона људи посети ову катедралу сваке године. Радним даном Дуомо посети око 10,000 људи, док је викендом посета знатно већа од 20 до 25 хиљада људи.

Према једној студији, бренд града Милана вреди 400 милијарди евра, од чега сам бренд Дуомо вреди 82 милијардe евра.

Референце

  1. ^ „Capella Musicale” (на језику: италијански). duomomilano.it. Архивирано из оригинала 31. 3. 2017. г. Приступљено 16. 8. 2016. 
  2. ^ „Architects of the Veneranda Fabbrica del Duomo”. duomomilano.it. Архивирано из оригинала 15. 2. 2017. г. Приступљено 16. 8. 2016. 
  3. ^ Denison, Simon (јун 1995). „News: In Brief”. British Archaeology. Council for British Archaeology. Архивирано из оригинала 13. 5. 2013. г. Приступљено 30. 3. 2013. 
  4. ^ Duomo is a generic term in Italian meaning "Cathedral", which technically refers to a church which is the official seat of an archbishop. It is derived from domus, a Latin term for "home" or "house", referring to the role of the church as home of God.
  5. ^ „The imposing Milan Cathedral - KLM Travel”. klm.com. KLM. Приступљено 4. 2. 2016. 
  6. ^ Grillo, Paolo (2017). Nascita di una cattedrale, 1386- 1418: la fondazione del Duomo di Milano. Milano: Mondadori. стр. 3—34. ISBN 9788852083266. 
  7. ^ Ackerman, James (јун 1949). „"Ars Sine Scientia Nihil Est" Gothic Theory of Architecture at the Cathedral of Milan”. The Art Bulletin. 31 (2): 96. JSTOR 3047224. 
  8. ^ Grillo, Paolo (2017). Nascita di una cattedrale, 1386- 1418: la fondazione del Duomo di Milano. Milano: Mondadori. стр. 68—99. ISBN 9788852083266. 
  9. ^ Wallace, Robert (1972) [1966]. The World of Leonardo: 1452–1519. New York: Time-Life Books. стр. 79. 

Литература

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