Тигар (река) — разлика између измена

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| проток =
| проток =
| површина_слива = 375.000
| површина_слива = 375.000
| извор = [[Таурус|Тауруске планине]]
| извор = [[Таурус|Тауруске планине]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nicoll |first1= Kathleen |url=https://serc.carleton.edu/47064 |title=Geomorphic Evolution of the Upper Basin of the Tigris River, Turkey |publisher=University of Utah}}</ref>
| извор_координате =
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| ушће = [[Шат ел Араб]]
| ушће = [[Шат ел Араб]]
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| области =
| области =
| земље = [[Турска]] - [[Ирак]]
| земље = [[Турска]] - [[Ирак]]
| притоке =
| притоке = [[Little Zab]], [[Great Zab]], [[Botan River]], [[Khabur, &#39;Adhaim]], [[Batman River]], [[Diyala River]], [[Karkheh River]], [[Khasa River]], [[Khosr River]], [[Zab]], [[Sirwan River]]
| слив =
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| градови =
| градови =
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}}
}}


'''Тигар''' је река која извире у [[Таурус]]ким планинама источне [[Турска|Турске]] и тече углавном на југоисток до места Ал Курна где се састаје са [[Еуфрат]]ом и формира [[Шат ел Араб|Шат-ел-Араб]] који се даље улива у [[Персијски залив]]. Заједно са Еуфратом, Тигар дефинише [[Месопотамија|Месопотамију]] (на старогрчком Међуречје). Тигар је дугачак приближно 1.900 km. У њега утиче много притока, од којих су највеће [[Дијала]] и Горњи и Доњи [[Заб]].
'''Тигар''' је река која извире у [[Таурус]]ким планинама источне [[Турска|Турске]] и тече углавном на југоисток до места Ал Курна где се састаје са [[Еуфрат]]ом и формира [[Шат ел Араб|Шат-ел-Араб]] који се даље улива у [[Персијски залив]].<ref name="Isaev">{{cite journal |last1=Isaev |first1=V.A. |last2=Mikhailova |first2=M.V. |year=2009 |title=The hydrology, evolution, and hydrological regime of the mouth area of the Shatt al-Arab River |journal=Water Resources |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=380–395 |doi=10.1134/S0097807809040022 |s2cid=129706440 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Euphrates River and the Southeast Anatolia Development Project|last1=Kolars|first1=J.F. |last2=Mitchell|first2=W.A.|year=1991 |publisher=Southern Illinois University Press|location=Carbondale|isbn=0-8093-1572-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/euphratesriverso0000kola/page/6 6–8]|url=https://archive.org/details/euphratesriverso0000kola/page/6}}</ref> Заједно са Еуфратом, Тигар дефинише [[Месопотамија|Месопотамију]] (на старогрчком Међуречје). Тигар је дугачак приближно 1.900 km. У њега утиче много притока, од којих су највеће [[Дијала]] и Горњи и Доњи [[Заб]].


[[Багдад]], главни град [[Ирак]]а, лежи на обали Тигра, док се лучки град [[Басра]] налази на ушћу Шат-ел-Араб. У античким временима, многи од великих градова Месопотамија су лежали на или близу реке, црпећи воду из њега да наводњава [[Сумер]]ску цивилизацију. Најпознатији градови на Тигру су били [[Нинива]], [[Ктесифон]] и [[Селеукија]], док се град [[Лагаш]] наводњавао водом из Тигра преко канала који је ископан око 2400 година пре нове ере. Родни град [[Садам Хусеин|Садама Хусеина]] [[Тикрит]], је такође смештен на реци и носи своје име по њој.
[[Багдад]], главни град [[Ирак]]а, лежи на обали Тигра, док се лучки град [[Басра]] налази на ушћу Шат-ел-Араб. У античким временима, многи од великих градова Месопотамија су лежали на или близу реке, црпећи воду из њега да наводњава [[Сумер]]ску цивилизацију. Најпознатији градови на Тигру су били [[Нинива]], [[Ктесифон]] и [[Селеукија]], док се град [[Лагаш]] наводњавао водом из Тигра преко канала који је ископан око 2400 година пре нове ере. Родни град [[Садам Хусеин|Садама Хусеина]] [[Тикрит]], је такође смештен на реци и носи своје име по њој.

[[Датотека:Tigrisdiyarbakir.jpg|мини|лево|220п|Тигар изван [[Дијарбакир]]а, [[Турска]]]]
[[Датотека:Tigrisdiyarbakir.jpg|мини|лево|220п|Тигар изван [[Дијарбакир]]а, [[Турска]]]]
Тигар је дуго био важна трговачка рута у великом делу пустињској земљи. Плован је све до Багдада за бродове са плитким газом, али су скеле потребне за транспорт узводно до [[Мосул]]а. Речна трговина је изгубила на значају током 20. века када су железничка пруга Басра-Багдад-Мосул и друмски путеви преузели много теретног саобраћаја. Река је преграђена и у Турској и у Ираку, у циљу обезбеђивања воде за наводњавање сувих и полупустињских региона уз обалу реке. Преграђивање је такође било важно за спречавање поплава у Ираку, по коме је Тигар био склон у историји након отапања снега у турским планинама у априлу. Недавно турско преграђивање реке је било предмет неких контроверзи, и због утицаја на околину у Турској и због потенцијалног смањивања количине воде која ће тећи низводно.
Тигар је дуго био важна трговачка рута у великом делу пустињској земљи. Плован је све до Багдада за бродове са плитким газом, али су скеле потребне за транспорт узводно до [[Мосул]]а. Речна трговина је изгубила на значају током 20. века када су железничка пруга Басра-Багдад-Мосул и друмски путеви преузели много теретног саобраћаја. Река је преграђена и у Турској и у Ираку, у циљу обезбеђивања воде за наводњавање сувих и полупустињских региона уз обалу реке. Преграђивање је такође било важно за спречавање поплава у Ираку, по коме је Тигар био склон у историји након отапања снега у турским планинама у априлу. Недавно турско преграђивање реке је било предмет неких контроверзи, и због утицаја на околину у Турској и због потенцијалног смањивања количине воде која ће тећи низводно.

== Географија ==
{{рут}}
The Tigris is 1,750&nbsp;km (1,090&nbsp;mi) long, rising in the [[Taurus Mountains]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ipcri.org/watconf/papers/ibrahim.pdf|title=Manavgat River Water as a Limited but Alternative Water Resource for Domestic Use in Middle East|access-date=2008-02-16|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227021417/http://www.ipcri.org/watconf/papers/ibrahim.pdf|archive-date=2008-02-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Amanus Mountains|url=https://www.livius.org/place/amanus-mountains/|website=Livius - Places|publisher=Livius.org - [[Jona Lendering]]|access-date=21 July 2015|date=26 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Bechard|first=Dean Philip|title=Paul Outside the Walls: A Study of Luke's Socio-geographical Universalism in Acts 14:8-20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BwoLOauyDcUC&pg=PA203|date=1 January 2000|publisher=Gregorian Biblical BookShop|isbn=978-88-7653-143-9|pages= )}}</ref> of eastern [[Turkey]] about 25&nbsp;km (16&nbsp;mi) southeast of the city of [[Elazığ]] and about 30&nbsp;km (20&nbsp;mi) from the headwaters of the Euphrates. The river then flows for 400&nbsp;km (250&nbsp;mi) through Southeastern Turkey before becoming part of the [[Syria-Turkey border]]. This stretch of 44&nbsp;km (27&nbsp;mi) is the only part of the river that is located in Syria.<ref name="Isaev"/> Some of its affluences are Garzan, Anbarçayi, [[Batman River|Batman]], and the [[Great Zab|Great]] and the [[Little Zab]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.europeanwalledtowns.org/diyarbakir|title=Diyarbakir|website=europeanwalledtowns|language=en|access-date=2019-11-10}}</ref>

Close to its confluence with the Euphrates, the Tigris splits into several channels. First, the artificial [[Shatt al-Hayy]] branches off,<ref>{{Cite book|title = History of the World War 1914-1918|last = Hart|first = Liddell|publisher = faber and faber|year = 1934|location = London|pages = 208}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/onthisday/1916_05_20.htm|title=On this day: 20 May 1916|website=firstworldwar.com|access-date=13 April 2017}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/onthisday/1916_05_20.htm|title=firstworldwar.com On this day 13 December 1916|access-date=13 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/onthisday/1917_02_24.htm|title=On This Day - 24 February 1917|website=firstworldwar.com|access-date=13 April 2017}}</ref> to join the Euphrates near [[Nasiriyah]]. Second, the Shatt al-Muminah and [[Majar al-Kabir]] branch off to feed the [[Central Marshes]]. Further downstream, two other [[Distributary channel|distributary channels]] branch off (the [[Al-Musharrah]] and [[Al-Kahla]]), to feed the [[Hawizeh Marshes]]. The main channel continues southwards and is joined by the [[Al-Kassarah]], which drains the Hawizeh Marshes. Finally, the Tigris joins the Euphrates near [[al-Qurnah]] to form the [[Shatt-al-Arab]]. According to [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] and other ancient historians, the Euphrates originally had its outlet into the sea separate from that of the Tigris.<ref>Pliny: Natural History, VI, XXVI, 128-131</ref>

[[Baghdad]], the capital of [[Iraq]], stands on the banks of the Tigris. The port city of [[Basra]] straddles the Shatt al-Arab. In ancient times, many of the great cities of [[Mesopotamia]] stood on or near the Tigris, drawing water from it to irrigate the civilization of the [[Sumer]]ians. Notable Tigris-side cities included [[Nineveh]], [[Ctesiphon]], and [[Seleucia on the Tigris|Seleucia]], while the city of [[Lagash]] was irrigated by the Tigris via a canal dug around 2900 B.C.

==Navigation==
The Tigris has long been an important transport route in a largely desert country. Shallow-draft vessels can go as far as Baghdad, but rafts are needed for transport upstream to [[Mosul]].<ref>Namio Egami, "The Report of The Japan Mission For The Survey of Under-Water Antiquities At Qurnah: The First Season," (1971-72), 1-45, https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/orient1960/8/0/8_0_1/_pdf.</ref><ref>Larsen, M.T., ''[https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Conquest_of_Assyria/jK8c4E2zkUMC?hl=en The Conquest of Assyria: Excavations in an Antique Land],'' Routledge, 2014, pp 344-49</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naval-history.net/WW1Battle1408Mesopotamia.htm|title=Mesopotamia, Tigris-Euphrates, 1914-1917, despatches, killed and died, medals|work=naval-history.net|access-date=28 November 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119012635/http://www.naval-history.net/WW1Battle1408Mesopotamia.htm|archive-date=19 November 2015}}</ref>

==Management and water quality==
[[File:Tigris 2015.jpg|thumb|right|Batman River]]

The Tigris is heavily dammed in Iraq and Turkey to provide water for irrigating the arid and semi-desert regions bordering the river valley. Damming has also been important for averting floods in Iraq, to which the Tigris has historically been notoriously prone following April melting of snow in the Turkish mountains. [[Mosul Dam]] is the largest dam in Iraq.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kurdish forces 'retake Mosul dam' from IS militants |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28826349|publisher=[[BBC News]]|access-date=17 August 2014|date=17 August 2014}}</ref><ref name=multi>{{cite web|title=Iraqi Dam Assessments|url=http://www.envirozan.info/EZ_Docs/Dams/D_Iraqi%20Dam%20Assessments.pdf |publisher=United States Army, Corps of Engineers|access-date=27 February 2012|location=Iraq|date=6 June 2003|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924001422/http://www.envirozan.info/EZ_Docs/Dams/D_Iraqi%20Dam%20Assessments.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>

Recent Turkish damming of the river has been the subject of some controversy, for both its environmental effects within Turkey and its potential to reduce the flow of water downstream.

Water from both rivers is used as a means of pressure during conflicts.<ref>Vidal, John. "[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jul/02/water-key-conflict-iraq-syria-isis Water supply key to the outcome of conflicts in Iraq and Syria, experts warn]" ''[[The Guardian]]'', 2 July 2014.</ref>

In 2014 a major breakthrough in developing consensus between multiple stakeholder representatives of Iraq and Turkey on a Plan of Action for promoting exchange and calibration of data and standards pertaining to Tigris river flows was achieved. The consensus which is referred to as the "Geneva Consensus On Tigris River" was reached at a meeting organized in [[Geneva]] by the think tank [[Strategic Foresight Group]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orsam.org.tr/en/WaterResources/showAnalysisAgenda.aspx?ID=2735 |title=Analysis & Water Agenda |publisher=ORSAM |access-date=2015-11-28}}</ref>

In February 2016, the [[United States Embassy in Iraq]] as well as the [[Prime Minister of Iraq]] [[Haider al-Abadi]] issued warnings that [[Mosul Dam]] could collapse.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Borger|first1=Julian|title=Iraqi PM and US issue warnings over threat of Mosul dam collapse|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/29/iraq-us-issue-warnings-threat-of-mosul-dam-collapse|access-date=29 February 2016|work=[[The Guardian]]|agency=The Guardian|date=29 February 2016}}</ref> The United States warned people to evacuate the floodplain of the Tigris because between 500,000 and 1.5 million people were at risk of drowning due to [[flash flood]] if the dam collapses, and that the major Iraqi cities of [[Mosul]], [[Tikrit]], [[Samarra]], and [[Baghdad]] were at risk.<ref>{{cite news|title=US warns of Mosul dam collapse in northern Iraq|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35690616|access-date=29 February 2016|work=[[BBC News]]|agency=[[BBC]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=29 February 2016}}</ref>

== Religion and mythology ==
In [[Sumerian religion|Sumerian mythology]], the Tigris was created by the god [[Enki]], who filled the river with flowing water.<ref>Jeremy A. Black, ''The Literature of Ancient Sumer'', [[Oxford University Press]], 2004, {{ISBN|0-19-926311-6}}, p. 220–221.</ref>

In [[Hittites|Hittite]] and [[Hurrian]] mythology, ''Aranzah'' (or ''Aranzahas'' in the [[Hittite language|Hittite]] nominative form) is the Hurrian name of the Tigris River, which was deified. He was the son of [[Kumarbi]] and the brother of [[Teshub]] and [[Tašmišu]], one of the three gods spat out of Kumarbi's mouth onto [[Mount Kanzuras]]. Later he colluded with [[Anu]] and the [[Teshub]] to destroy Kumarbi ([[Song of Kumarbi|The Kumarbi Cycle]]).

The Tigris appears twice in the [[Old Testament]]. First, in the [[Book of Genesis]], it is the third of the [[Rivers of Paradise|four rivers]] branching off the river issuing out of the [[Garden of Eden]].<ref name="Genesis 2:14">Genesis 2:14</ref> The second mention is in the [[Book of Daniel]], wherein [[Daniel (biblical figure)|Daniel]] states he received one of his visions "when I was by that great river the Tigris".<ref>Daniel 10:4</ref>

The Tigris River is also mentioned in Islam in Sahih Al-Bukhari and Muslim which described the river (Euphrates) will dry up near the end time to unveil a treasure of gold and has prohibited anybody to take the gold <ref>{{Cite web |title=Riyad as-Salihin 1822 - The Book of Miscellaneous ahadith of Significant Values - كتاب المنثورات والملح - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) |url=https://sunnah.com/riyadussalihin:1822 |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=sunnah.com}}</ref> The tomb of [[Imam Ahmad Bin Hanbal]] and [[Syed Abdul Razzaq Jilani]] is in Baghdad and the flow of Tigris restricts the number of visitors.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Sunan Abi Dawud 4306 – Battles (Kitab Al-Malahim) – كتاب الملاحم – Sunnah.com – River of Dajal(Tigris)|url=https://sunnah.com/abudawud:4306|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-02-10|website=sunnah.com}}</ref>


== Види још ==
== Види још ==
* [[Асирско краљевство]]
* [[Асирско краљевство]]
* [[Плодни полумесец]]
* [[Плодни полумесец]]

== Референце ==
{{Reflist}}

== Литература ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* [[Jared Diamond]], ''Guns, Germs, and Steel|Guns, Germs and Steel: A Short History of Everybody for the Last 13,000 Years'', 1997.
* Anderson, Clifford Norman. ''The Fertile Crescent: Travels In the Footsteps of Ancient Science''. 2d ed., rev. Fort Lauderdale: Sylvester Press, 1972.
* Deckers, Katleen. ''Holocene Landscapes Through Time In the Fertile Crescent''. Turnhout: Brepols, 2011.
* Ephʻal, Israel. ''The Ancient Arabs: Nomads On the Borders of the Fertile Crescent 9th–5th Centuries B.C.'' Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1982.
* Kajzer, Małgorzata, Łukasz Miszk, and Maciej Wacławik. ''The Land of Fertility I: South-East Mediterranean Since the Bronze Age to the Muslim Conquest''. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2016.
* Kozłowski, Stefan Karol. ''The Eastern Wing of the Fertile Crescent: Late Prehistory of Greater Mesopotamian Lithic Industries''. Oxford: Archaeopress, 1999.
* {{cite book |title=A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East |first=Daniel T. |last=Potts |editor1-first=D. T |editor1-last=Potts |date=21 May 2012 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |pages=1445 |volume=1 |isbn=9781405189880 |doi=10.1002/9781444360790 |url=https://archive.org/stream/PottsDanielT.2012ACompanionToTheArchaeologyOfTheAncientNearEast}}
* {{cite book |title=The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000-323 BCE) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TY3t4y_L5SQC |last1=Steadman |first1=Sharon R. |last2=McMahon |first2=Gregory |date=15 September 2011 |pages=1174 |publisher=[[OUP]] |isbn=9780195376142}}
* Thomas, Alexander R. ''The Evolution of the Ancient City: Urban Theory and the Archaeology of the Fertile Crescent''. Lanham: Lexington Books/Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2010.
* {{cite journal|author1=Nadhir Al-Ansari|author2=Issa E. Issa|author3=Varoujan Sissakian|author4=Nasrat Adamo|author5=Sven Knutsson|title=Mystery of Mosul Dam the most Dangerous Dam in the World: The project|journal=Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering|date=2015|volume=5|issue=3|pages=15–17|url=http://pure.ltu.se/portal/files/102425140/Vol_5_3_2.pdf|access-date=4 March 2016|issn=1792-9660}}
* {{cite web |author1=Julie R. Kelley |author2=Lillian D. Wakeley |author3=Seth W. Broadfoot |author4=Monte L. Pearson |author5=Christian J. McGrath |author6=Thomas E. McGill |author7=Jeffrey D. Jorgeson |author8=Cary A. Talbot |title=Geologic Setting of Mosul Dam and Its Engineering Implications |url=http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/elpubs/pdf/tr07-10.pdf |publisher=U.S. Army Corps of Engineers |access-date=14 March 2016 |pages=25–32 |date=September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412181624/http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/elpubs/pdf/tr07-10.pdf |archive-date=2016-04-12 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web|author=Daniel Pipes |url=http://www.danielpipes.org/5107/saddams-damn-dam-ie-the-mosul-dam |title=Saddam's Damn Dam |access-date=2014-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nce.co.uk/worries-grow-over-mosul-dam/304195.article|title=Worries grow over Mosul Dam|date=30 November 2007}}
* {{cite magazine |author=Filkins, Dexter |date=January 2, 2017 |title=Before the flood : a failing dam threatens millions of Iraqis |department=A Reporter at Large |magazine=The New Yorker |volume=92 |issue=43 |pages=22–28 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/01/02/a-bigger-problem-than-isis }}
{{Refend}}


== Спољашње везе ==
== Спољашње везе ==
{{Commonscat|Tigris}}
{{Commons category|Tigris}}
* [https://www.livius.org/men-mh/mesopotamia/tigris.html Livius.org: Tigris]
* {{cite web |url=http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/912964 |title=Places: 912964 (Tigris/Diglitus fl.) |author1=Hausleiter, A. |author2=M. Roaf|author3=St J. Simpson|author4=R. Wenke|author5=P. Flensted Jensen|author6=R. Talbert|author7=T. Elliott|author8=S. Gillies|date=27 December 2020 |author2-link=Michael Roaf |access-date=March 9, 2012 |publisher=Pleiades}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720184608/http://zunia.org/uploads/media/knowledge/Geopolicity%20-%20Managing%20the%20Tigris%20and%20Euphrates%20Watershed%20-%20The%20Challenge%20Facing%20Iraq1280855782.pdf Managing the Tigris and Euphrates Watershed]
*[http://www.ppl.nl/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=82 Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law] Peace Palace Library
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151119012635/http://www.naval-history.net/WW1Battle1408Mesopotamia.htm Outline of WWI Battles involving the Tigris River]
* Old maps of the Tigris, Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The [[National Library of Israel]]


{{Античка Месопотамија}}
{{Античка Месопотамија}}

Верзија на датум 13. март 2023. у 03:27

Тигар
Опште информације
Дужинаоко 1.900 km
Басен375.000 km2
Водоток
ИзворТауруске планине[1]
В. извора1.150 m
УшћеШат ел Араб
Географске карактеристике
Држава/еТурска - Ирак
Река на Викимедијиној остави

Тигар је река која извире у Тауруским планинама источне Турске и тече углавном на југоисток до места Ал Курна где се састаје са Еуфратом и формира Шат-ел-Араб који се даље улива у Персијски залив.[2][3] Заједно са Еуфратом, Тигар дефинише Месопотамију (на старогрчком Међуречје). Тигар је дугачак приближно 1.900 km. У њега утиче много притока, од којих су највеће Дијала и Горњи и Доњи Заб.

Багдад, главни град Ирака, лежи на обали Тигра, док се лучки град Басра налази на ушћу Шат-ел-Араб. У античким временима, многи од великих градова Месопотамија су лежали на или близу реке, црпећи воду из њега да наводњава Сумерску цивилизацију. Најпознатији градови на Тигру су били Нинива, Ктесифон и Селеукија, док се град Лагаш наводњавао водом из Тигра преко канала који је ископан око 2400 година пре нове ере. Родни град Садама Хусеина Тикрит, је такође смештен на реци и носи своје име по њој.

Тигар изван Дијарбакира, Турска

Тигар је дуго био важна трговачка рута у великом делу пустињској земљи. Плован је све до Багдада за бродове са плитким газом, али су скеле потребне за транспорт узводно до Мосула. Речна трговина је изгубила на значају током 20. века када су железничка пруга Басра-Багдад-Мосул и друмски путеви преузели много теретног саобраћаја. Река је преграђена и у Турској и у Ираку, у циљу обезбеђивања воде за наводњавање сувих и полупустињских региона уз обалу реке. Преграђивање је такође било важно за спречавање поплава у Ираку, по коме је Тигар био склон у историји након отапања снега у турским планинама у априлу. Недавно турско преграђивање реке је било предмет неких контроверзи, и због утицаја на околину у Турској и због потенцијалног смањивања количине воде која ће тећи низводно.

Географија

The Tigris is 1,750 km (1,090 mi) long, rising in the Taurus Mountains[4][5][6] of eastern Turkey about 25 km (16 mi) southeast of the city of Elazığ and about 30 km (20 mi) from the headwaters of the Euphrates. The river then flows for 400 km (250 mi) through Southeastern Turkey before becoming part of the Syria-Turkey border. This stretch of 44 km (27 mi) is the only part of the river that is located in Syria.[2] Some of its affluences are Garzan, Anbarçayi, Batman, and the Great and the Little Zab.[7]

Close to its confluence with the Euphrates, the Tigris splits into several channels. First, the artificial Shatt al-Hayy branches off,[8][9][10][11] to join the Euphrates near Nasiriyah. Second, the Shatt al-Muminah and Majar al-Kabir branch off to feed the Central Marshes. Further downstream, two other distributary channels branch off (the Al-Musharrah and Al-Kahla), to feed the Hawizeh Marshes. The main channel continues southwards and is joined by the Al-Kassarah, which drains the Hawizeh Marshes. Finally, the Tigris joins the Euphrates near al-Qurnah to form the Shatt-al-Arab. According to Pliny and other ancient historians, the Euphrates originally had its outlet into the sea separate from that of the Tigris.[12]

Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, stands on the banks of the Tigris. The port city of Basra straddles the Shatt al-Arab. In ancient times, many of the great cities of Mesopotamia stood on or near the Tigris, drawing water from it to irrigate the civilization of the Sumerians. Notable Tigris-side cities included Nineveh, Ctesiphon, and Seleucia, while the city of Lagash was irrigated by the Tigris via a canal dug around 2900 B.C.

Navigation

The Tigris has long been an important transport route in a largely desert country. Shallow-draft vessels can go as far as Baghdad, but rafts are needed for transport upstream to Mosul.[13][14][15]

Management and water quality

Batman River

The Tigris is heavily dammed in Iraq and Turkey to provide water for irrigating the arid and semi-desert regions bordering the river valley. Damming has also been important for averting floods in Iraq, to which the Tigris has historically been notoriously prone following April melting of snow in the Turkish mountains. Mosul Dam is the largest dam in Iraq.[16][17]

Recent Turkish damming of the river has been the subject of some controversy, for both its environmental effects within Turkey and its potential to reduce the flow of water downstream.

Water from both rivers is used as a means of pressure during conflicts.[18]

In 2014 a major breakthrough in developing consensus between multiple stakeholder representatives of Iraq and Turkey on a Plan of Action for promoting exchange and calibration of data and standards pertaining to Tigris river flows was achieved. The consensus which is referred to as the "Geneva Consensus On Tigris River" was reached at a meeting organized in Geneva by the think tank Strategic Foresight Group.[19]

In February 2016, the United States Embassy in Iraq as well as the Prime Minister of Iraq Haider al-Abadi issued warnings that Mosul Dam could collapse.[20] The United States warned people to evacuate the floodplain of the Tigris because between 500,000 and 1.5 million people were at risk of drowning due to flash flood if the dam collapses, and that the major Iraqi cities of Mosul, Tikrit, Samarra, and Baghdad were at risk.[21]

Religion and mythology

In Sumerian mythology, the Tigris was created by the god Enki, who filled the river with flowing water.[22]

In Hittite and Hurrian mythology, Aranzah (or Aranzahas in the Hittite nominative form) is the Hurrian name of the Tigris River, which was deified. He was the son of Kumarbi and the brother of Teshub and Tašmišu, one of the three gods spat out of Kumarbi's mouth onto Mount Kanzuras. Later he colluded with Anu and the Teshub to destroy Kumarbi (The Kumarbi Cycle).

The Tigris appears twice in the Old Testament. First, in the Book of Genesis, it is the third of the four rivers branching off the river issuing out of the Garden of Eden.[23] The second mention is in the Book of Daniel, wherein Daniel states he received one of his visions "when I was by that great river the Tigris".[24]

The Tigris River is also mentioned in Islam in Sahih Al-Bukhari and Muslim which described the river (Euphrates) will dry up near the end time to unveil a treasure of gold and has prohibited anybody to take the gold [25] The tomb of Imam Ahmad Bin Hanbal and Syed Abdul Razzaq Jilani is in Baghdad and the flow of Tigris restricts the number of visitors.[26]

Види још

Референце

  1. ^ Nicoll, Kathleen. „Geomorphic Evolution of the Upper Basin of the Tigris River, Turkey”. University of Utah. 
  2. ^ а б Isaev, V.A.; Mikhailova, M.V. (2009). „The hydrology, evolution, and hydrological regime of the mouth area of the Shatt al-Arab River”. Water Resources. 36 (4): 380—395. S2CID 129706440. doi:10.1134/S0097807809040022. 
  3. ^ Kolars, J.F.; Mitchell, W.A. (1991). The Euphrates River and the Southeast Anatolia Development Project. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. стр. 6–8. ISBN 0-8093-1572-6. 
  4. ^ „Manavgat River Water as a Limited but Alternative Water Resource for Domestic Use in Middle East” (PDF). Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 2008-02-27. г. Приступљено 2008-02-16. 
  5. ^ „Amanus Mountains”. Livius - Places. Livius.org - Jona Lendering. 26. 3. 2014. Приступљено 21. 7. 2015. 
  6. ^ Bechard, Dean Philip (1. 1. 2000). Paul Outside the Walls: A Study of Luke's Socio-geographical Universalism in Acts 14:8-20. Gregorian Biblical BookShop. стр. ). ISBN 978-88-7653-143-9. 
  7. ^ „Diyarbakir”. europeanwalledtowns (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2019-11-10. 
  8. ^ Hart, Liddell (1934). History of the World War 1914-1918. London: faber and faber. стр. 208. 
  9. ^ „On this day: 20 May 1916”. firstworldwar.com. Приступљено 13. 4. 2017. 
  10. ^ „firstworldwar.com On this day 13 December 1916”. Приступљено 13. 12. 2016. 
  11. ^ „On This Day - 24 February 1917”. firstworldwar.com. Приступљено 13. 4. 2017. 
  12. ^ Pliny: Natural History, VI, XXVI, 128-131
  13. ^ Namio Egami, "The Report of The Japan Mission For The Survey of Under-Water Antiquities At Qurnah: The First Season," (1971-72), 1-45, https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/orient1960/8/0/8_0_1/_pdf.
  14. ^ Larsen, M.T., The Conquest of Assyria: Excavations in an Antique Land, Routledge, 2014, pp 344-49
  15. ^ „Mesopotamia, Tigris-Euphrates, 1914-1917, despatches, killed and died, medals”. naval-history.net. Архивирано из оригинала 19. 11. 2015. г. Приступљено 28. 11. 2015. 
  16. ^ „Kurdish forces 'retake Mosul dam' from IS militants”. BBC News. 17. 8. 2014. Приступљено 17. 8. 2014. 
  17. ^ „Iraqi Dam Assessments” (PDF). Iraq: United States Army, Corps of Engineers. 6. 6. 2003. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 24. 9. 2015. г. Приступљено 27. 2. 2012. 
  18. ^ Vidal, John. "Water supply key to the outcome of conflicts in Iraq and Syria, experts warn" The Guardian, 2 July 2014.
  19. ^ „Analysis & Water Agenda”. ORSAM. Приступљено 2015-11-28. 
  20. ^ Borger, Julian (29. 2. 2016). „Iraqi PM and US issue warnings over threat of Mosul dam collapse”. The Guardian. The Guardian. Приступљено 29. 2. 2016. 
  21. ^ „US warns of Mosul dam collapse in northern Iraq”. BBC News. BBC. BBC. 29. 2. 2016. Приступљено 29. 2. 2016. 
  22. ^ Jeremy A. Black, The Literature of Ancient Sumer, Oxford University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-19-926311-6, p. 220–221.
  23. ^ Genesis 2:14
  24. ^ Daniel 10:4
  25. ^ „Riyad as-Salihin 1822 - The Book of Miscellaneous ahadith of Significant Values - كتاب المنثورات والملح - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)”. sunnah.com. Приступљено 2023-03-02. 
  26. ^ „Sunan Abi Dawud 4306 – Battles (Kitab Al-Malahim) – كتاب الملاحم – Sunnah.com – River of Dajal(Tigris)”. sunnah.com. Приступљено 2021-02-10. 

Литература

  • Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel|Guns, Germs and Steel: A Short History of Everybody for the Last 13,000 Years, 1997.
  • Anderson, Clifford Norman. The Fertile Crescent: Travels In the Footsteps of Ancient Science. 2d ed., rev. Fort Lauderdale: Sylvester Press, 1972.
  • Deckers, Katleen. Holocene Landscapes Through Time In the Fertile Crescent. Turnhout: Brepols, 2011.
  • Ephʻal, Israel. The Ancient Arabs: Nomads On the Borders of the Fertile Crescent 9th–5th Centuries B.C. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1982.
  • Kajzer, Małgorzata, Łukasz Miszk, and Maciej Wacławik. The Land of Fertility I: South-East Mediterranean Since the Bronze Age to the Muslim Conquest. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2016.
  • Kozłowski, Stefan Karol. The Eastern Wing of the Fertile Crescent: Late Prehistory of Greater Mesopotamian Lithic Industries. Oxford: Archaeopress, 1999.
  • Potts, Daniel T. (21. 5. 2012). Potts, D. T, ур. A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. 1. John Wiley & Sons. стр. 1445. ISBN 9781405189880. doi:10.1002/9781444360790. 
  • Steadman, Sharon R.; McMahon, Gregory (15. 9. 2011). The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000-323 BCE). OUP. стр. 1174. ISBN 9780195376142. 
  • Thomas, Alexander R. The Evolution of the Ancient City: Urban Theory and the Archaeology of the Fertile Crescent. Lanham: Lexington Books/Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2010.
  • Nadhir Al-Ansari; Issa E. Issa; Varoujan Sissakian; Nasrat Adamo; Sven Knutsson (2015). „Mystery of Mosul Dam the most Dangerous Dam in the World: The project” (PDF). Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering. 5 (3): 15—17. ISSN 1792-9660. Приступљено 4. 3. 2016. 
  • Julie R. Kelley; Lillian D. Wakeley; Seth W. Broadfoot; Monte L. Pearson; Christian J. McGrath; Thomas E. McGill; Jeffrey D. Jorgeson; Cary A. Talbot (септембар 2007). „Geologic Setting of Mosul Dam and Its Engineering Implications” (PDF). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. стр. 25—32. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 2016-04-12. г. Приступљено 14. 3. 2016. 
  • Daniel Pipes. „Saddam's Damn Dam”. Приступљено 2014-08-23. </ref><ref>„Worries grow over Mosul Dam”. 30. 11. 2007. 
  • Filkins, Dexter (2. 1. 2017). „Before the flood : a failing dam threatens millions of Iraqis”. A Reporter at Large. The New Yorker. св. 92 бр. 43. стр. 22—28. 

Спољашње везе

Тигар на Викимедијиној остави.
Преузето из „https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Тигар_(река)&oldid=25632698”