Асурбанипалова библиотека — разлика између измена

Асурбанипалова библиотека
	Асурбанипалова библиотека у Британском музеју
Оснивање	7. век пне
Локација	Нинива, престоница Асирије
Обим	преко 30.000 плочица исписаних клинастим писмом

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Верзија на датум 22. април 2023. у 00:59

Асурбанипалова библиотека је краљевска библиотека Асурбанипала, посљедњег великог краља Новоасирског краљевства. Ријеч је колекцији приближно 25.000 глинених плочица и фрагмената који садрже текстове свих врста из 7. вијека п. н. е.^[2] Међу њих спада и Еп о Гилгамешу.^[2]^[3] Због лошег руковања изворног материјала многи су текстови библиотеке непоправљиво у нереду, што онемогућује научницима разабирање и реконструкцију многих изворних текстова, иако су неки преживјели нетакнути. Материјали су пронађени на археолошком налазишту Коуњик (тадашња древна Нинива) у сјеверној Месопотамији. Налазиште је, иначе, смјештено у данашњем Ираку. Старе персијске и арменске предаје упућују на чињеницу да је Александар Велики, кад је видио велику библиотеку Асурбанипала у Ниниви, био инспирисан да оснује своје властите библиотеке. Александар је, међутим, умро прије неголи је успио основати своју библиотеку, али је његов пријатељ и насљедник Птолемеј надзирао оснивање Александријске библиотеке — пројекат из којег ће израсти једна од најпознатијих библиотека свијета.

Библиотека је археолошко откриће које се приписује Остину Хенрију Лајарду. Већина плочица је однета у Енглеску и сада се налазе у Британском музеју.^[2] Међутим, до првог открића дошло је касне 1849. у тзв. Југозападној палати, која је била Краљевска палата краља Сенахериба (705.-681. п. н. е.).^[4] Три године касније, Хормузд Расам, Лајардов помоћник, открио је сличну „библиотеку“ у палати краља Асурбанипала (668.-627. п. н. е.), на супротној страни насипа. Нажалост, није начињен запис о проналаску, а убрзо након транспорта у Европу, плочице су неповратно међусобно помијешане и са плочицама с других налаза. Стога, данас је готово немогуће реконструисати изворни садржај сваке од две главних „библиотека“.

Асурбанипал је упослио учењаке и преписиваче који су преписали старије текстове, углавном из вавилонских извора. Фрагменти те краљевске библиотеке укључују краљевске натписе, хронике, митолошке и религијске текстове, уговоре, краљевске потпоре и уредбе, краљевска писма, и различите административне документе. Неки од споменутих текстова садрже дивинације, знамења, инкантације и химне разних богова, док се други односе на медицину, асртономију и књижевност. Еп о Гилгамешу, ремек дјело древног вавилонског пјесништва, пронађен је у библиотеки заједно с Енума Елиш, причом о стварању, и митом о Адапи, првом човјеку, и причама попут Сиромаха из Нипура. Текстови су написани клинастим писмом углавном на акадском језику.

Ashurbanipal's Library gives modern historians information regarding people of the ancient Near East. In his Outline of History, H. G. Wells calls the library "the most precious source of historical material in the world."^[5]

The materials were found in the archaeological site of Kouyunjik (ancient Nineveh, capital of Assyria) in northern Mesopotamia. The site is in modern-day northern Iraq, within the city of Mosul.^[6]^[7]

Ashurbanipal was known as a tenacious martial commander; however, he was also a recognized intellectual who was literate, and a passionate collector of texts and tablets.^[8] In collecting texts for his library, he wrote to cities and centers of learning across Mesopotamia, instructing them to send him copies of all work written in the region.^[9] As an apprentice scribe he mastered both the Akkadian and the Sumerian languages.^[8] He sent scribes into every region of the Neo-Assyrian Empire to collect ancient texts. He hired scholars and scribes to copy texts, mainly from Babylonian sources.^[6]^[7]

Ashurbanipal used war loot as a means of stocking his library. Because he was known for being cruel to his enemies, Ashurbanipal was able to use threats to gain materials from Babylonia and surrounding areas.^[12] Ashurbanipal's intense interest in collecting divination texts was one of his driving motivations in collecting works for his library. His original motive may have been to "gain possession of rituals and incantations that were vital to maintain his royal power."^[13]

The royal library consists of approximately 30,000 tablets and writing boards with the majority of them being severely fragmented.^[14] Many of these tablets contain a stamp stating that they belonged to his palace.^[15] It can be gleaned from the conservation of the fragments that the number of tablets that existed in the library at the time of destruction was close to two thousand and the number of writing boards within the library can be placed at a total of three hundred.^[14] The majority of the tablet corpus (about 6,000) included colloquial compositions in the form of legislation, foreign correspondences and engagements, aristocratic declarations, and financial matters.^[14] The remaining texts contained divinations, omens, incantations and hymns to various gods, while others were concerned with medicine, astronomy, and literature. For all these texts in the library only ten contain expressive rhythmic literary works such as epics and myths.^[14]

The Babylonian texts of the Ashurbanipal libraries can be separated into two different groups: the literary compositions such as divination, religious, lexical, medical, mathematical and historical texts as well as epics and myths, on the one hand, and the legal documents on the other hand. The group of the legal documents covers letters, contracts and administrative texts and consists of 1128 Babylonian tablets and fragments. Within the group of the literary compositions, of which 1331 tablets and fragments are classified so far, the divination texts can further be differentiated between 759 so-called library texts, such as tablets of the various omen series and their commentaries, and 636 so-called archival texts such as omen reports, oracle enquiries and the like.^[16]

The Epic of Gilgamesh, a masterpiece of ancient Babylonian poetry, was found in the library, as was the Enûma Eliš creation story, the myth of Adapa, the first man, and stories such as the Poor Man of Nippur.^[17]^[18]^[19]

The tablets were often organized according to shape: four-sided tablets were for financial transactions, while round tablets recorded agricultural information.(In this era, some written documents were also on wood and others on wax tablets.) Tablets were separated according to their contents and placed in different rooms: government, history, law, astronomy, geography, and so on. The contents were identified by colored marks or brief written descriptions, and sometimes by the "incipit," or the first few words that began the text.^[3]

Nineveh was destroyed in 612 BC by a coalition of Babylonians, Scythians and Medes, an ancient Iranian people. It is believed that during the burning of the palace, a great fire must have ravaged the library, causing the clay cuneiform tablets to become partially baked.^[18] This potentially destructive event helped preserve the tablets. As well as texts on clay tablets, some of the texts may have been inscribed onto wax boards which, because of their organic nature, have been lost.

The British Museum’s collections database counts 30,943 "tablets" in the entire Nineveh library collection, and the Trustees of the Museum propose to issue an updated catalogue as part of the Ashurbanipal Library Project.^[20] If all smaller fragments that actually belong to the same text are deducted, it is likely that the "library" originally included some 10,000 texts in all. The original library documents however, which would have included leather scrolls, wax boards, and possibly papyri, contained perhaps a much broader spectrum of knowledge than that known from the surviving clay tablet cuneiform texts. A large share of Ashurbanipal's libraries consisted of writing-boards and not clay tablets.^[16]

Ashurbanipal Library Project

Created in collaboration with the University of Mosul and funded by the Townley group, the British museum has been compiling a catalogue record of artifacts from Ashurbanipal’s library since 2002. The goal is to document the library in as much detail as possible in texts and images including sign-transliterations, hand-drawn copies, translations, and high-quality digital images. The project was undertaken in three stages with published results coming out in 2003, 2004, and 2014. Dr. Jeanette C. Fincke studied ancient oriental studies, Hittitology and Egyptology at the University of Hamburg was involved heavily during the first two stages. During the first stage, Fincke compiled an authoritative list of the 3500 library tablets in Babylonian scripts.^[21] During the second stage, Fincke also compiled several astrological texts from Nineveh. The third stage was completed with the help of Professor Riekel Borger, who died mid-catalogue in December 2010, and completed with the help of Andrew Mellon Foundation from 2009 to 2013 under the direction of Jon Taylor. During this last stage, the library produced high resolution digital images of all the library tables. Each image is created using 14 images which allows a virtual two-dimensional representation of the three-dimensional tablets. The images have been released on the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative website and British Museum Collections online site.^[21] As of 2020, the project has been focusing on two endeavors: the first is concerned with reconstructing medical texts from cataloged tablets, and the second is a project that is using scribes notations at the bottom of each tablet to extrapolate the scale and scope of the tablet collection.^[22] The catalogue is still being updated and was made possible by contribution of material from several colleagues and projects including: State Archives of Assyria, Cuneiform Commentaries Project, Digital Corpus of Cuneiform Lexical Texts, and Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period.

Види још

Референце

^ Ashurbanipal Library Project (phase 1) from the British Museum
^ ^а ^б ^в „Најпознатије библиотеке античког света”. Новости. Приступљено 18. 1. 2020.
^ ^а ^б Murray, Stuart A.P. (2009) The Library: An Illustrated History. Chicago, IL: Skyhorse Publishing (p. 9)
^ „Асирија: Нинива -заборављени град и невероватне библиотеке”. Опуштено. Приступљено 18. 1. 2020. ^{[мртва веза]}
^ Wells, H. G. (1961). The Outline of History: Volume 1. Doubleday. стр. 177.
^ ^а ^б Polastron, Lucien X.: "Books On Fire: The Tumultuous Story Of The World's Great Libraries" 2007, pp. 2–3, Thames & Hudson Ltd, London
^ ^а ^б Menant, Joachim: "La bibliothèque du palais de Ninive" 1880, Paris: E. Leroux
^ ^а ^б Roaf, M. (1990). Cultural atlas of Mesopotamia and the ancient Near East. New York: Facts on File.
^ „Ashurbanipal”. World History Encyclopedia (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2021-10-28.
^ Luckenbill, Daniel David (1927). Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia (PDF). University of Chicago Press. стр. 290—296.
^ „Rassam cylinder British Museum”. The British Museum (на језику: енглески).
^ "Assurbanipal's Library" Архивирано 2012-07-24 на сајту Wayback Machine, Knowledge and Power in the Neo-Assyrian Empire, British Museum
^ Fincke, Jeanette (2004). „The British Museum's Ashurbanipal Library Project”. Iraq, 66, Ninevah. 66: 55—60. S2CID 190727609. doi:10.1017/S0021088900001637.
^ ^а ^б ^в ^г Parpola, S. (1983). "Assyrian Library Records". Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 42(1), 1–29.
^ Taylor, Jonathan (25. 10. 2018). „A Library Fit for a King”. The British Museum.
^ ^а ^б Jeanette C., Fincke. "The British Museum's Ashurbanipal Library Project." Iraq, 2004, p. 55.
^ Jeanette C. Fincke (2003-12-05). „Nineveh Tablet Collection”. Fincke.uni-hd.de. Архивирано из оригинала 2011-12-29. г. Приступљено 2012-05-30.
^ ^а ^б Polastron, Lucien X.: "Books On Fire: The Tumultuous Story Of The World's Great Libraries" 2007, p. 3, Thames & Hudson Ltd, London
^ Menant, Joachim: "La bibliothèque du palais de Ninive" 1880, p. 33, Paris: E. Leroux, "Quels sont maintenant ces livres qui étaient recueillis et conservés avec tant de soin par les rois d'Assyrie dans ce précieux dépôt ? Nous y trouvons des livres sur l'histoire, la religion, les sciences naturelles, les mathématiques, l'astronomie, la grammaire, les lois et les coutumes; ..."
^ „Ashurbanipal Library Phase 1”. Britishmuseum.org. Приступљено 2012-05-30.
^ ^а ^б Taylor, Jon (2021-02-21), „The Ashurbanipal Library Project at the British Museum”, Law and (Dis)Order in the Ancient Near East, Penn State University Press, стр. 291—296, ISBN 978-1-64602-120-8, doi:10.5325/j.ctv1g80975.27, Приступљено 2021-04-26
^ Taylor, Jon (2022), "History of the project", Ashurbanipal Library Project, The Ashurbanipal Library Project, Department of the Middle East, The British Museum, Great Russell Street, London WC1B 3DG, 2022. http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/asbp/abouttheproject/historyoftheproject/. Retrieved 2023-03-21

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Wallis Budge, E. A. (2014). A History of Ethiopia: Volume I: Nubia and Abyssinia. Oxford: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-79155-8.
Zaia, Shana (2019). „My Brother's Keeper: Assurbanipal versus Šamaš-šuma-ukīn” (PDF). Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History. 6 (1): 19—52. S2CID 165318561. doi:10.1515/janeh-2018-2001. hdl:10138/303983 .

Web sources

„Ashurbanipal”. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Приступљено 28. 11. 2019.
„Assurbanipal Abluting Harpies”. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. Приступљено 5. 12. 2019.
Bond, Sarah E. (5. 12. 2018). „Stories of an Assyrian King and What Became of His Empire”. Hyperallergic. Приступљено 24. 2. 2022.
Fernandez, Elizabeth (31. 12. 1987). „Statue of Assyrian king in skirt stirs controversy”. The Telegraph. Приступљено 5. 12. 2019.
Pitts, Russ (27. 6. 2013). „Knowing history: Behind Civ 5's Brave New World”. Polygon. Приступљено 5. 12. 2019.

External links

BBC audio file. In our time discussion programme. 45 minutes.

[bm-1] Ashurbanipal Library Project (phase 1) from the British Museum

[биб-2] а ^б ^в „Најпознатије библиотеке античког света”. Новости. Приступљено 18. 1. 2020.

[Murray,_Stuart_A.P.-3] а ^б Murray, Stuart A.P. (2009) The Library: An Illustrated History. Chicago, IL: Skyhorse Publishing (p. 9)

[4] „Асирија: Нинива -заборављени град и невероватне библиотеке”. Опуштено. Приступљено 18. 1. 2020. ^{[мртва веза]}

[5] Wells, H. G. (1961). The Outline of History: Volume 1. Doubleday. стр. 177.

[Polastron,_Lucien_X._2007,_pages_2-3-6] а ^б Polastron, Lucien X.: "Books On Fire: The Tumultuous Story Of The World's Great Libraries" 2007, pp. 2–3, Thames & Hudson Ltd, London

[gallica.bnf.fr-7] а ^б Menant, Joachim: "La bibliothèque du palais de Ninive" 1880, Paris: E. Leroux

[Roaf,_M._1990-8] а ^б Roaf, M. (1990). Cultural atlas of Mesopotamia and the ancient Near East. New York: Facts on File.

[9] „Ashurbanipal”. World History Encyclopedia (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2021-10-28.

[10] Luckenbill, Daniel David (1927). Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia (PDF). University of Chicago Press. стр. 290—296.

[Rassam_cylinder_British_Museum-11] „Rassam cylinder British Museum”. The British Museum (на језику: енглески).

[12] "Assurbanipal's Library" Архивирано 2012-07-24 на сајту Wayback Machine, Knowledge and Power in the Neo-Assyrian Empire, British Museum

[13] Fincke, Jeanette (2004). „The British Museum's Ashurbanipal Library Project”. Iraq, 66, Ninevah. 66: 55—60. S2CID 190727609. doi:10.1017/S0021088900001637.

[Parpola,_S._1983-14] а ^б ^в ^г Parpola, S. (1983). "Assyrian Library Records". Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 42(1), 1–29.

[15] Taylor, Jonathan (25. 10. 2018). „A Library Fit for a King”. The British Museum.

[Jeanette_C._2004,_p._55-16] а ^б Jeanette C., Fincke. "The British Museum's Ashurbanipal Library Project." Iraq, 2004, p. 55.

[17] Jeanette C. Fincke (2003-12-05). „Nineveh Tablet Collection”. Fincke.uni-hd.de. Архивирано из оригинала 2011-12-29. г. Приступљено 2012-05-30.

[Polastron,_Lucien_X._2007,_page_3-18] а ^б Polastron, Lucien X.: "Books On Fire: The Tumultuous Story Of The World's Great Libraries" 2007, p. 3, Thames & Hudson Ltd, London

[19] Menant, Joachim: "La bibliothèque du palais de Ninive" 1880, p. 33, Paris: E. Leroux, "Quels sont maintenant ces livres qui étaient recueillis et conservés avec tant de soin par les rois d'Assyrie dans ce précieux dépôt ? Nous y trouvons des livres sur l'histoire, la religion, les sciences naturelles, les mathématiques, l'astronomie, la grammaire, les lois et les coutumes; ..."

[20] „Ashurbanipal Library Phase 1”. Britishmuseum.org. Приступљено 2012-05-30.

[Taylor-21] а ^б Taylor, Jon (2021-02-21), „The Ashurbanipal Library Project at the British Museum”, Law and (Dis)Order in the Ancient Near East, Penn State University Press, стр. 291—296, ISBN 978-1-64602-120-8, doi:10.5325/j.ctv1g80975.27, Приступљено 2021-04-26

[22] Taylor, Jon (2022), "History of the project", Ashurbanipal Library Project, The Ashurbanipal Library Project, Department of the Middle East, The British Museum, Great Russell Street, London WC1B 3DG, 2022. http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/asbp/abouttheproject/historyoftheproject/. Retrieved 2023-03-21

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@@ Ред 1: / Ред 1: @@
+{{short description|Археолошка збирка глинених плоча из 7. века пре нове ере у Ираку}}
+{{Инфокутија Библиотека
+| име		 = Асурбанипалова библиотека
+| оригинално_име =
+| лого		 =
+| опис_лого	 =
+| слика		 = Library of Ashurbanipal.jpg
+| опис_слике	 = Асурбанипалова библиотека у [[British Museum|Британском музеју]]
+| врста		 =
+| држава	 =
+| град		 = [[Nineveh|Нинива]], престоница [[Асирско царство|Асирије]]
+| гшир		 =
+| гдуж		 =
+| оснивање	 = 7. век пне
+| затварање	 =
+| обим   	 = преко 30.000 плочица исписаних клинастим писмом<ref name="bm">[http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/research_projects/all_current_projects/ashurbanipal_library_phase_1.aspx Ashurbanipal Library Project] (phase 1) from the [[British Museum]]</ref>
+| чланови	 =
+| директор	 =
+| предсједник	 =
+| запослени	 =
+| превоз	 =
+| веб		 =
+| адреса	 =
+}}
 [[Датотека:Der Palast von Sennacherib.jpg|мини|План палате [[Сенахериб]]а у [[Нинива|Ниниви]] где је била смештена Асунбарипалова библиотека ]]
-'''Асурбанипалова библиотека''' је краљевска библиотека [[Асурбанипал]]а, посљедњег великог краља [[Новоасирско краљевство|Новоасирског краљевства]]. Ријеч је колекцији приближно 25.000 [[глинене плочице|глинених плочица]] и фрагмената који садрже текстове свих врста из [[7. вијек п. н. е.|7. вијека п. н. е.]]<ref name="биб">{{cite web |title=Најпознатије библиотеке античког света |url=https://www.novosti.rs/vesti/naslovna/zanimljivosti/aktuelno.288.html:647350-RIZNICE-ZNANjA-Najpoznatije-biblioteke-antickog-sveta |website=Новости |accessdate=18. 1. 2020}}</ref> Међу њих спада и [[Еп о Гилгамешу]].<ref name="биб" /> Због лошег руковања изворног материјала многи су текстови библиотеке непоправљиво у нереду, што онемогућује научницима разабирање и реконструкцију многих изворних текстова, иако су неки преживјели нетакнути. Материјали су пронађени на археолошком налазишту Коуњик (тадашња древна [[Нинива]]) у сјеверној [[Месопотамија|Месопотамији]]. Налазиште је, иначе, смјештено у данашњем [[Ирак]]у. Старе [[Персијско царство|персијске]] и [[Јерменско краљевство|арменске]] предаје упућују на чињеницу да је [[Александар Велики]], кад је видио велику библиотеку Асурбанипала у Ниниви, био инспирисан да оснује своје властите библиотеке. Александар је, међутим, умро прије неголи је успио основати своју библиотеку, али је његов пријатељ и насљедник [[Птолемеј I Сотер|Птолемеј]] надзирао оснивање [[Александријска библиотека|Александријске библиотеке]] — пројекат из којег ће израсти једна од најпознатијих библиотека свијета.
+'''Асурбанипалова библиотека''' је краљевска библиотека [[Асурбанипал]]а, посљедњег великог краља [[Новоасирско краљевство|Новоасирског краљевства]]. Ријеч је колекцији приближно 25.000 [[глинене плочице|глинених плочица]] и фрагмената који садрже текстове свих врста из [[7. вијек п. н. е.|7. вијека п. н. е.]]<ref name="биб">{{cite web |title=Најпознатије библиотеке античког света |url=https://www.novosti.rs/vesti/naslovna/zanimljivosti/aktuelno.288.html:647350-RIZNICE-ZNANjA-Najpoznatije-biblioteke-antickog-sveta |website=Новости |accessdate=18. 1. 2020}}</ref> Међу њих спада и [[Еп о Гилгамешу]].<ref name="биб" /><ref name="Murray, Stuart A.P." /> Због лошег руковања изворног материјала многи су текстови библиотеке непоправљиво у нереду, што онемогућује научницима разабирање и реконструкцију многих изворних текстова, иако су неки преживјели нетакнути. Материјали су пронађени на археолошком налазишту Коуњик (тадашња древна [[Нинива]]) у сјеверној [[Месопотамија|Месопотамији]]. Налазиште је, иначе, смјештено у данашњем [[Ирак]]у. Старе [[Персијско царство|персијске]] и [[Јерменско краљевство|арменске]] предаје упућују на чињеницу да је [[Александар Велики]], кад је видио велику библиотеку Асурбанипала у Ниниви, био инспирисан да оснује своје властите библиотеке. Александар је, међутим, умро прије неголи је успио основати своју библиотеку, али је његов пријатељ и насљедник [[Птолемеј I Сотер|Птолемеј]] надзирао оснивање [[Александријска библиотека|Александријске библиотеке]] — пројекат из којег ће израсти једна од најпознатијих библиотека свијета.
 Библиотека је археолошко откриће које се приписује Остину Хенрију Лајарду. Већина плочица је однета у [[Енглеска|Енглеску]] и сада се налазе у [[Британски музеј|Британском музеју]].<ref name="биб" /> Међутим, до првог открића дошло је касне [[1849]]. у тзв. Југозападној палати, која је била Краљевска палата краља [[Сенахериб]]а ([[705. п. н. е.|705.]]-[[681. п. н. е.]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Асирија: Нинива -заборављени град и невероватне библиотеке |url=https://opusteno.rs/zanimljivosti-f19/asirija-niniva-nineveh-zaboravljeni-grad-i-neverovatne-biblioteke-t37318.html |website=Опуштено |accessdate=18. 1. 2020 }}{{Мртва веза}}</ref> Три године касније, Хормузд Расам, Лајардов помоћник, открио је сличну „библиотеку“ у палати краља [[Асурбанипал]]а (668.-627. п. н. е.), на супротној страни насипа. Нажалост, није начињен запис о проналаску, а убрзо након транспорта у Европу, плочице су неповратно међусобно помијешане и са плочицама с других налаза. Стога, данас је готово немогуће реконструисати изворни садржај сваке од две главних „библиотека“.
 [[Асурбанипал]] је упослио учењаке и преписиваче који су преписали старије текстове, углавном из [[Вавилонско царство|вавилонских]] извора. Фрагменти те краљевске библиотеке укључују краљевске натписе, хронике, митолошке и религијске текстове, уговоре, краљевске потпоре и уредбе, краљевска писма, и различите административне документе. Неки од споменутих текстова садрже дивинације, знамења, инкантације и химне разних богова, док се други односе на [[Медицина|медицину]], [[Астрономија|асртономију]] и [[књижевност]]. [[Еп о Гилгамешу]], ремек дјело древног вавилонског пјесништва, пронађен је у библиотеки заједно с [[Енума Елиш]], причом о стварању, и митом о [[Адапа|Адапи]], првом човјеку, и причама попут Сиромаха из [[Нипур]]а. Текстови су написани [[Клинасто писмо|клинастим писмом]] углавном на [[Акадски језик|акадском језику]].
+{{rut}}
+Ashurbanipal's Library gives modern historians information regarding people of the [[ancient Near East]]. In his ''[[The Outline of History|Outline of History]]'', [[H.&nbsp;G. Wells]] calls the library "the most precious source of historical material in the world."<ref>{{cite book |last=Wells |first=H. G. |title=The Outline of History: Volume 1 |date=1961 |publisher=Doubleday |page=177}}</ref>
+The materials were found in the [[archaeological]] site of [[Kouyunjik]] (ancient [[Nineveh]], capital of [[Assyria]]) in northern [[Mesopotamia]]. The site is in modern-day northern [[Iraq]], within the city of [[Mosul]].<ref name="Polastron, Lucien X. 2007, pages 2-3">Polastron, Lucien X.: "Books On Fire: The Tumultuous Story Of The World's Great Libraries" 2007, pp. 2–3, Thames & Hudson Ltd, London</ref><ref name="gallica.bnf.fr">Menant, Joachim: [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k104837f/f41.table "La bibliothèque du palais de Ninive"] 1880, Paris: E. Leroux</ref>
+==Contents==
+[[Ashurbanipal]] was known as a tenacious martial commander; however, he was also a recognized intellectual who was literate, and a passionate collector of texts and tablets.<ref name="Roaf, M. 1990">[[Michael Roaf|Roaf, M.]] (1990). Cultural atlas of Mesopotamia and the ancient Near East. New York: Facts on File.</ref> In collecting texts for his library, he wrote to cities and centers of learning across Mesopotamia, instructing them to send him copies of all work written in the region.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ashurbanipal|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Ashurbanipal/|access-date=2021-10-28|website=World History Encyclopedia|language=en}}</ref> As an apprentice scribe he mastered both the Akkadian and the Sumerian languages.<ref name="Roaf, M. 1990"/> He sent scribes into every region of the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]] to collect ancient texts. He hired scholars and scribes to copy texts, mainly from Babylonian sources.<ref name="Polastron, Lucien X. 2007, pages 2-3"/><ref name="gallica.bnf.fr"/>
+[[File:Ashurbanipal The First Egyptian War.jpg|thumb|Account of [[Ashurbanipal]]'s campaign in Egypt against Taharqua (translation of the cuneiform, from the [[Rassam cylinder]] of Ashurbanipal).<ref>{{cite book |last=Luckenbill |first=Daniel David |url=https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/ancient_records_assyria2.pdf |title=Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia |pages=290–296 |author-link=Daniel David Luckenbill |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1927}}</ref><ref name="Rassam cylinder British Museum">{{cite web |title=Rassam cylinder British Museum |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_Rm-1 |website=The British Museum |language=en}}</ref>]]
+Ashurbanipal used war loot as a means of stocking his library. Because he was known for being cruel to his enemies, Ashurbanipal was able to use threats to gain materials from [[Babylonia]] and surrounding areas.<ref>[http://knp.prs.heacademy.ac.uk/essentials/assurbanipalslibrary "Assurbanipal's Library"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724092638/http://knp.prs.heacademy.ac.uk/essentials/assurbanipalslibrary/ |date=2012-07-24 }}, ''Knowledge and Power in the Neo-Assyrian Empire'', British Museum</ref>  Ashurbanipal's intense interest in collecting divination texts was one of his driving motivations in collecting works for his library.  His original motive may have been to "gain possession of rituals and incantations that were vital to maintain his royal power."<ref>{{Cite journal|title = The British Museum's Ashurbanipal Library Project|last = Fincke|first = Jeanette|date = 2004|journal = Iraq, 66, Ninevah|volume = 66|pages = 55–60|doi = 10.1017/S0021088900001637|s2cid = 190727609}}</ref>
+The royal library consists of approximately 30,000 tablets and writing boards with the majority of them being severely fragmented.<ref name="Parpola, S. 1983">Parpola, S. (1983). "Assyrian Library Records". ''Journal of Near Eastern Studies'', 42(1), 1–29.</ref> Many of these tablets contain a stamp stating that they belonged to his palace.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Taylor|first=Jonathan|date=25 October 2018|title=A Library Fit for a King|url=https://blog.britishmuseum.org/a-library-fit-for-a-king/|url-status=live|website=The British Museum}}</ref> It can be gleaned from the conservation of the fragments that the number of tablets that existed in the library at the time of destruction was close to two thousand and the number of writing boards within the library can be placed at a total of three hundred.<ref name="Parpola, S. 1983"/> The majority of the tablet corpus (about 6,000) included colloquial compositions in the form of legislation, foreign correspondences and engagements, aristocratic declarations, and financial matters.<ref name="Parpola, S. 1983"/> The remaining texts contained divinations, omens, incantations and hymns to various gods, while others were concerned with medicine, astronomy, and literature. For all these texts in the library only ten contain expressive rhythmic literary works such as epics and myths.<ref name="Parpola, S. 1983"/>
+The Babylonian texts of the Ashurbanipal libraries can be separated into two different groups: the literary compositions such as divination, religious, lexical, medical, mathematical and historical texts as well as epics and myths, on the one hand, and the legal documents on the other hand. The group of the legal documents covers letters, contracts and administrative texts and consists of 1128 Babylonian tablets and fragments. Within the group of the literary compositions, of which 1331 tablets and fragments are classified so far, the divination texts can further be differentiated between 759 so-called library texts, such as tablets of the various omen series and their commentaries, and 636 so-called archival texts such as omen reports, oracle enquiries and the like.<ref name="Jeanette C. 2004, p. 55">Jeanette C., Fincke. "The British Museum's Ashurbanipal Library Project." Iraq, 2004, p. 55.</ref>
+The ''[[Epic of Gilgamesh]]'', a masterpiece of ancient Babylonian poetry, was found in the library, as was the ''[[Enûma Eliš]]'' creation story, the myth of [[Adapa]], the first man, and stories such as the [[Poor Man of Nippur]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Jeanette C. Fincke |url=http://fincke.uni-hd.de/nineveh/index.htm |title=Nineveh Tablet Collection |publisher=Fincke.uni-hd.de |date=2003-12-05 |access-date=2012-05-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229145757/http://fincke.uni-hd.de/nineveh/index.htm |archive-date=2011-12-29 }}</ref><ref name="Polastron, Lucien X. 2007, page 3">Polastron, Lucien X.: "Books On Fire: The Tumultuous Story Of The World's Great Libraries" 2007, p. 3, Thames & Hudson Ltd, London</ref><ref>Menant, Joachim: [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k104837f/f41.table "La bibliothèque du palais de Ninive"] 1880, p. 33, Paris: E. Leroux,
+"Quels sont maintenant ces livres qui étaient recueillis et conservés avec tant de soin par les rois d'Assyrie dans ce précieux dépôt ? Nous y trouvons des livres sur l'histoire, la religion, les sciences naturelles, les mathématiques, l'astronomie, la grammaire, les lois et les coutumes; ..."</ref>
+The tablets were often organized according to shape: four-sided tablets were for financial transactions, while round tablets recorded agricultural information.(In this era, some written documents were also on wood and others on wax tablets.) Tablets were separated according to their contents and placed in different rooms: government, history, law, astronomy, geography, and so on. The contents were identified by colored marks or brief written descriptions, and sometimes by the "incipit," or the first few words that began the text.<ref name="Murray, Stuart A.P.">Murray, Stuart A.P. (2009) The Library: An Illustrated History. Chicago, IL: Skyhorse Publishing (p. 9)</ref>
+Nineveh was destroyed in 612 BC by a coalition of Babylonians, [[Scythians]] and [[Medes]], an ancient Iranian people. It is believed that during the burning of the palace, a great fire must have ravaged the library, causing the clay cuneiform tablets to become partially baked.<ref name="Polastron, Lucien X. 2007, page 3"/>  This potentially destructive event helped preserve the tablets. As well as texts on clay tablets, some of the texts may have been inscribed onto wax boards which, because of their organic nature, have been lost.
+The [[British Museum]]’s collections database counts 30,943 "tablets" in the entire Nineveh library collection, and the Trustees of the Museum propose to issue an updated catalogue as part of the Ashurbanipal Library Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/research_projects/ashurbanipal_library_phase_1.aspx |title=Ashurbanipal Library Phase 1 |publisher=Britishmuseum.org |access-date=2012-05-30}}</ref> If all smaller fragments that actually belong to the same text are deducted, it is likely that the "library" originally included some 10,000 texts in all. The original library documents however, which would have included leather scrolls, wax boards, and possibly [[papyrus|papyri]], contained perhaps a much broader spectrum of knowledge than that known from the surviving clay tablet cuneiform texts. A large share of Ashurbanipal's libraries consisted of writing-boards and not clay tablets.<ref name="Jeanette C. 2004, p. 55"/>
+==Ashurbanipal Library Project==
+Created in collaboration with the University of Mosul and funded by the Townley group, the British museum has been compiling a catalogue record of artifacts from Ashurbanipal’s library since 2002. The goal is to document the library in as much detail as possible in texts and images including sign-transliterations, hand-drawn copies, translations, and high-quality digital images.  The project was undertaken in three stages with published results coming out in 2003, 2004, and 2014.  Dr. Jeanette C. Fincke studied ancient oriental studies, Hittitology and Egyptology at the University of Hamburg was involved heavily during the first two stages. During the first stage, Fincke compiled an authoritative list of the 3500 library tablets in Babylonian scripts.<ref name="Taylor">{{Citation|last=Taylor|first=Jon|title=The Ashurbanipal Library Project at the British Museum|date=2021-02-21|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/j.ctv1g80975.27|work=Law and (Dis)Order in the Ancient Near East|pages=291–296|publisher=Penn State University Press|doi=10.5325/j.ctv1g80975.27|isbn=978-1-64602-120-8|s2cid=  |access-date=2021-04-26}}</ref>  During the second stage, Fincke also compiled several astrological texts from Nineveh. The third stage was completed with the help of Professor Riekel Borger, who died mid-catalogue in December 2010, and completed with the help of Andrew Mellon Foundation from 2009 to 2013 under the direction of Jon Taylor.  During this last stage, the library produced high resolution digital images of all the library tables.   Each image is created using 14 images which allows a virtual two-dimensional representation of the three-dimensional tablets.  The images have been released on the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative website and British Museum Collections online site.<ref name="Taylor"/> As of 2020, the project has been focusing on two endeavors: the first is concerned with reconstructing medical texts from cataloged tablets, and the second is a project that is using scribes notations at the bottom of each tablet to extrapolate the scale and scope of the tablet collection.<ref>Taylor, Jon (2022), "History of the project", Ashurbanipal Library Project, ''The Ashurbanipal Library Project'', Department of the Middle East, The British Museum, Great Russell Street, London WC1B 3DG, 2022. http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/asbp/abouttheproject/historyoftheproject/. Retrieved 2023-03-21</ref> The catalogue is still being updated and was made possible by contribution of material from several colleagues and projects including: State Archives of Assyria, Cuneiform Commentaries Project, Digital Corpus of Cuneiform Lexical Texts, and Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period.
 == Види још ==
@@ Ред 13: / Ред 63: @@
 == Референце ==
 {{Извори|}}
+== Литература ==
+{{refbegin|30em}}
+* Johnson, Elmer D. (1965) ''A History of Libraries in the Western World''. Scarecrow Press NY
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+* {{cite book|last=Johns|first=C. H. W.|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281906|title=Ancient Babylonia|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1913|location=Cambridge|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281906/page/n148 124]|oclc=1027304|quote=Shamash-shum-ukin.}}
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+* {{cite journal|last=Spalinger|first=Anthony|date=1976|title=Psammetichus, King of Egypt: I|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40001126|journal=Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt|volume=13|issue=|pages=133–147|doi=10.2307/40001126|jstor=40001126}}
+* {{Cite journal|last=Svärd|first=Saana|date=2015|title=Changes in Neo-Assyrian Queenship|journal=State Archives of Assyria Bulletin|volume=XXI|pages=157–171}}
+* {{Cite book|last=Tallqvist|first=Knut Leonard|url=https://www.atour.com/education/pdf/Knut-L-Tallquist-AssyrianPersonalNames.pdf|title=Assyrian Personal Names|publisher=August Pries|year=1914|location=Leipzig|oclc=6057301}}
+* {{Cite thesis|last=Teppo|first=Saana|title=Women and their Agency in the Neo-Assyrian Empire|year=2005 |publisher=University of Helsinki |url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/19226/womenand.pdf?sequence=2}}
+* {{Cite journal|last=Teppo|first=Saana|date=2007 |title=Agency and the Neo-Assyrian Women of the Palace |journal=Studia Orientalia Electronica|volume=101|pages=381–420 |url=https://journal.fi/store/article/view/52624}}
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+* {{cite book|last=Trolle Larsen|first=Mogens|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nhsmDwAAQBAJ|title=A Companion to Assyria |publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2017|isbn=978-1118325247|editor=E. Frahm|location=Hoboken|chapter=The Archaeological Exploration of Assyria}}
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+* {{Cite journal|last=Zaia|first=Shana|date=2019|title=My Brother's Keeper: Assurbanipal versus Šamaš-šuma-ukīn |journal=Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History|volume=6 |issue=1|pages=19–52|doi=10.1515/janeh-2018-2001 |url=https://helda.helsinki.fi//bitstream/handle/10138/303983/_Journal_of_Ancient_Near_Eastern_History_My_Brothers_Keeper_Assurbanipal_versus_ama_uma_ukn.pdf?sequence=1 |s2cid=165318561|hdl=10138/303983|hdl-access=free}}
+'''Web sources'''
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+* {{Cite web|title=Assurbanipal Abluting Harpies |url=https://www.imj.org.il/en/collections/192995|access-date=5 December 2019 |website=The Israel Museum, Jerusalem |ref=CITEREFAssurbanipal_Abluting_Harpies}}
+* {{Cite web|last=Bond|first=Sarah E.|date=5 December 2018 |title=Stories of an Assyrian King and What Became of His Empire |work=Hyperallergic |url=https://hyperallergic.com/473305/stories-of-an-assyrian-king-and-what-became-of-his-empire/|access-date=24 February 2022}}
+* {{Cite web|last=Fernandez|first=Elizabeth|date=31 December 1987|title=Statue of Assyrian king in skirt stirs controversy |work=The Telegraph |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&dat=19871228&id=1v4yAAAAIBAJ&pg=6964,9530701 |access-date=5 December 2019}}
+* {{Cite web|last=Pitts|first=Russ|date=27 June 2013|title=Knowing history: Behind Civ 5's Brave New World|work=Polygon |url=https://www.polygon.com/features/2013/6/27/4453070/civ-the-making-of-brave-new-world|access-date=5 December 2019}}
+{{refend}}
+==External links==
+{{commons category|Library of Ashurbanipal}}
+* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00b7r71 BBC audio file]. ''In our time'' discussion programme. 45 minutes.
 {{нормативна контрола}}