Dobro (ekonomija) — разлика између измена

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Dobro u ekonomskom smislu definiše se kao pojam koji označava proizvode i usluge, koji su nastale kao rezultat ljudskog rada , da bi se njima zadovoljila neka ljudska potreba (ne proizvođača, nego kupca) putem tržišta.^[1]^[2]

Dobro ima dvije osobine: upotrebnu vrednost i prometnu vrednost. Broj određenih korisnih svojstova koja su karakteristična za određeno dobro, kao što su funkcionalna, fizička, estetska i druga, a kojima se mogu zadovoljiti određene ljudske potrebe je upotrebna vrednost dobra. Soposobnost dobra da bude razmenjeno na tržištu za jedinice nekog drugog dobra (npr. jedan kilogram kukuruza za pola kilograma ječma, ili jedan kilogram kukuruza za 1 evro) naziva se prometna vrednost dobra.^[3]
U ekonomiji postoje razne podele ekonomskih dobara u kategorije, a jedna u nizu od mnogobrojnih je na: proizvode (sirovine, mašine, prehrambene namernice), usluge (prevoz, ostavoprimske delatnosti i sl.) ili prava (patent, licenca...); potrošačka (hrana, kozmetika) trajna dobra - dobra koja se mogu trajnije koristiti, više godina (nameštaj, automobil, alat...); dobra za koja postoje supstitucija, tj. kada se nedostatak jednog dobra može nadomestiti konzumiranjem drugog (margarin i maslac) ili komplementarna dobra - dobra kod kojih potrošnja jednog dobra traži povećanje potrošnje i drugog dobra (automobil i benzin, pica i koka-kola, mašina za suđe i detedžent za pranje suđa); te homogena ili heterogena dobra - kod kojih izgleda da je jedno dobro isto kao i drugo, a nije (čačanska rodna šljiva i šljiva ranka ili neka druga vrsta šljive i slično)..^[4]

Utility and characteristics of goods

Goods may increase or decrease their utility directly or indirectly and may be described as having marginal utility. Some things are useful, but not scarce enough to have monetary value, such as the Earth's atmosphere, these are referred to as 'free goods'.

In normal parlance, "goods" is always a plural word,^[5]^[6] but economists have long termed a single item of goods "a good".

In economics, a bad is the opposite of a good.^[7] Ultimately, whether an object is a good or a bad depends on each individual consumer and therefore, not all goods are goods to all people.

Types of goods

Goods' diversity allows for their classification into different categories based on distinctive characteristics, such as tangibility and (ordinal) relative elasticity. A tangible good like an apple differs from an intangible good like information due to the impossibility of a person to physically hold the latter, whereas the former occupies physical space. Intangible goods differ from services in that final (intangible) goods are transferable and can be traded, whereas a service cannot.

Price elasticity also differentiates types of goods.^[8] An elastic good is one for which there is a relatively large change in quantity due to a relatively small change in price, and therefore is likely to be part of a family of substitute goods; for example, as pen prices rise, consumers might buy more pencils instead. An inelastic good is one for which there are few or no substitutes, such as tickets to major sporting events, original works by famous artists, and prescription medicine such as insulin.

Goods classified by exclusivity and competitiveness

Fourfold model of goods

Goods can be classified based on their degree of excludability and rivalry (competitiveness). Considering excludability can be measured on a continuous scale, some goods would not be able to fall into one of the four common categories used.

There are four types of goods based on the characteristics of rival in consumption and excludability: Public Goods, Private Goods, Common Resources, and Club Goods.^[9] These four types plus examples for anti-rivalry appear in the accompanying table.

Public goods

Goods that are both non-rival and non-excludable are called public goods. In many cases, renewable resources, such as land, are common commodities but some of them are contained in public goods. Public goods are non-exclusive and non-competitive, meaning that individuals cannot be stopped from using them and anyone can consume this good without hindering the ability of others to consume them. Examples in addition to the ones in the matrix are national parks, or firework displays. It is generally accepted by mainstream economists that the market mechanism will under-provide public goods, so these goods have to be produced by other means, including government provision. Public goods can also suffer from the Free-Rider problem.^[10]^[11]^[12]

Private goods

Private goods are excludable goods, which prevent other consumers from consuming them. Private goods are also rivalrous because one good in private ownership cannot be used by someone else. That is to say, consuming some goods will deprive another consumer of the ability to consume the goods. Private goods are the most common type of goods. They include what you have to get from the store. For examples food, clothing, cars, parking spaces,etc. An individual who consumes an apple denies another individual from consuming the same one. It is excludable because consumption is only offered to those willing to pay the price.^[13]

Common-pool resources

Common-pool resources are rival in consumption and non-excludable. An example is that of fisheries, which harvest fish from a shared common resource pool of fish stock. Fish caught by one group of fishermen are no longer accessible to another group, thus being rivalrous. However, oftentimes, due to an absence of well-defined property rights, it is difficult to restrict access to fishermen who may overfish.^[14]

Club goods

Club goods are excludable but not rivalrous in the consumption. That is, not everyone can use the good, but when one individual has claim to use it, they do not reduce the amount or the ability for others to consume the good. By joining a specific club or organization we can obtain club goods; As a result, some people are excluded because they are not members. Examples in addition to the ones in the matrix are cable television, golf courses, and any merchandise provided to club members. A large television service provider would already have infrastructure in place which would allow for the addition of new customers without infringing on existing customers viewing abilities. This would also mean that marginal cost would be close to zero, which satisfies the criteria for a good to be considered non-rival. However, access to cable TV services is only available to consumers willing to pay the price, demonstrating the excludability aspect.^[15]

History of the fourfold model of goods

In 1977, Nobel winner Elinor Ostrom and her husband Vincent Ostrom proposed additional modifications to the existing classification of goods so to identify fundamental differences that affect the incentives facing individuals. Their definitions are presented on the matrix.^[16]

Elinor Ostrom proposed additional modifications to the classification of goods to identify fundamental differences that affect the incentives facing individuals^[17]

Reference

^ „Ekonomsko dobro značenje”. Архивирано из оригинала 25. 12. 2013. г. Приступљено 24. 12. 2013.
^ Dr Goran Popović i Dr Milan P. Milanović, Osnove ekonomije za pravnike., str. 39., Pravni fakultet Banja Luka 2010. ISBN 978-99938-50-39-7
^ Isto., str. 40.
^ „Specifičnosti odvijanja procesa veletrgovine turističkim dobrima”. Eknjiznica.unipu.hr/. Архивирано из оригинала 25. 12. 2013. г. Приступљено 24. 12. 2013.
^ Oxford English Dictionary
^ eg: Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, goods vehicle, Sale of Goods Act
^ Dwivedi, D. N. (2016). Microeconomics: Theory and Applications. Vikas Publishing House PVT LTD. стр. 133. ISBN 978-93259-8670-1.
^ „Price elasticity of demand | Economics Online” (на језику: енглески). 2020-01-14. Приступљено 2021-04-14.
^ Mankiw, N. Gregory. (2012). Principles of microeconomics (6th изд.). Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-538-45304-2. OCLC 742415439.
^ Baumol, William (1952). Welfare Economics and the Theory of the State. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
^ Rittenberg and Tregarthen. Principles of Microeconomics, Chapter 6, Section 4. p. 2 Архивирано 19 март 2013 на сајту Wayback Machine. Retrieved 20 June 2012
^ Choi, T & Robertson, P. Contributors and Free-Riders in Collaborative Governance: A Computational Exploration of Social Motivation and Its Effects [1], Journal Of Public Administration Research and Theory, 29(3), 394-413. doi:10.1093/jopart/muy068
^ Hubbard, R.G; Garnett, A; Lewis, P; O'Brien, A (2018). Essentials of Economics Ebook. Australia: Pearson Education Australia. стр. 351. ISBN 9781488617003.
^ Perloff, J (2018). Microeconomics, Global Edition (Eighth изд.). Pearson Education Limited. стр. 635—636. ISBN 9781292215693.
^ Perloff, J (2018). Microeconomics, Global Edition (Eighth изд.). Pearson Education Limited. стр. 637. ISBN 9781292215693.
^ Ostrom, E. (2010). Beyond Markets and States : Polycentric Governance of Complex Economic Systems. American Economic Review, 100(June), 408–444. https://doi.org/10.1080/19186444.2010.11658229
^ Elinor, Ostrom (2005). Understanding Institutional Diversity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

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P. Oliver – Sociology 626 published by Social Science Computing Cooperative University of Wisconsin

Spoljašnje veze

Медији везани за чланак Dobro на Викимедијиној остави

[nav1-1] „Ekonomsko dobro značenje”. Архивирано из оригинала 25. 12. 2013. г. Приступљено 24. 12. 2013.

[2] Dr Goran Popović i Dr Milan P. Milanović, Osnove ekonomije za pravnike., str. 39., Pravni fakultet Banja Luka 2010. ISBN 978-99938-50-39-7

[3] Isto., str. 40.

[nav2-4] „Specifičnosti odvijanja procesa veletrgovine turističkim dobrima”. Eknjiznica.unipu.hr/. Архивирано из оригинала 25. 12. 2013. г. Приступљено 24. 12. 2013.

[5] Oxford English Dictionary

[6] : Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, goods vehicle, Sale of Goods Act

[7] Dwivedi, D. N. (2016). Microeconomics: Theory and Applications. Vikas Publishing House PVT LTD. стр. 133. ISBN 978-93259-8670-1.

[8] „Price elasticity of demand | Economics Online” (на језику: енглески). 2020-01-14. Приступљено 2021-04-14.

[9] Mankiw, N. Gregory. (2012). Principles of microeconomics (6th изд.). Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-538-45304-2. OCLC 742415439.

[Baumol-10] Baumol, William (1952). Welfare Economics and the Theory of the State. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

[11] Rittenberg and Tregarthen. Principles of Microeconomics, Chapter 6, Section 4. p. 2 Архивирано 19 март 2013 на сајту Wayback Machine. Retrieved 20 June 2012

[12] Choi, T & Robertson, P. Contributors and Free-Riders in Collaborative Governance: A Computational Exploration of Social Motivation and Its Effects [1], Journal Of Public Administration Research and Theory, 29(3), 394-413. doi:10.1093/jopart/muy068

[13] Hubbard, R.G; Garnett, A; Lewis, P; O'Brien, A (2018). Essentials of Economics Ebook. Australia: Pearson Education Australia. стр. 351. ISBN 9781488617003.

[14] Perloff, J (2018). Microeconomics, Global Edition (Eighth изд.). Pearson Education Limited. стр. 635—636. ISBN 9781292215693.

[15] Perloff, J (2018). Microeconomics, Global Edition (Eighth изд.). Pearson Education Limited. стр. 637. ISBN 9781292215693.

[16] Ostrom, E. (2010). Beyond Markets and States : Polycentric Governance of Complex Economic Systems. American Economic Review, 100(June), 408–444. https://doi.org/10.1080/19186444.2010.11658229

[17] Elinor, Ostrom (2005). Understanding Institutional Diversity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

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@@ Ред 1: / Ред 1: @@
+{{short description|Materijalne ili nematerijalne stvari koje zadovoljavaju ljudske želje i mogu se preneti}}
-'''Dobro''' u ekonomskom smislu definiše se kao pojam koji označava [[Производ|proizvode]] i [[Услуга|usluge]], koji su nastale kao rezultat [[ljudski rad|ljudskog rada]] , da bi se njima zadovoljila neka ljudska [[Потреба|potreba]] (ne proizvođača, nego kupca) putem [[Тржиште|tržišta]].<ref name="nav1">{{cite web|url=http://www.znacenje.info/definicija/ekonomsko-dobro.html|title=Ekonomsko dobro značenje|publisher=|accessdate=24. 12. 2013.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225102341/http://www.znacenje.info/definicija/ekonomsko-dobro.html|archive-date=25. 12. 2013|url-status=dead|df=}}</ref><ref>Dr Goran Popović i Dr Milan P. Milanović, ''Osnove ekonomije za pravnike''., str. 39., Pravni fakultet Banja Luka 2010.{{Cite book|isbn=978-99938-50-39-7}}</ref>
+[[File:Mediq Sverige Kungsbacka warehouse.jpg|thumb|Materijalna dobra naslagana u [[warehouse|magacinu]]|alt=Cardboard boxes stacked in a warehouse]]
+'''Dobro''' u ekonomskom smislu definiše se kao pojam koji označava [[Производ|proizvode]] i [[Услуга|usluge]], koji su nastale kao rezultat [[ljudski rad|ljudskog rada]] , da bi se njima zadovoljila neka ljudska [[Потреба|potreba]] (ne proizvođača, nego kupca) putem [[Тржиште|tržišta]].<ref name="nav1">{{cite web|url=http://www.znacenje.info/definicija/ekonomsko-dobro.html|title=Ekonomsko dobro značenje|publisher=|accessdate=24. 12. 2013.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225102341/http://www.znacenje.info/definicija/ekonomsko-dobro.html|archive-date=25. 12. 2013|url-status=dead|df=}}</ref><ref>Dr Goran Popović i Dr Milan P. Milanović, ''Osnove ekonomije za pravnike''., str. 39., Pravni fakultet Banja Luka 2010. ISBN 978-99938-50-39-7</ref>
 Dobro ima dvije osobine: upotrebnu vrednost i prometnu vrednost. Broj određenih korisnih svojstova koja su karakteristična za određeno dobro, kao što su funkcionalna, fizička, estetska i druga, a kojima se mogu zadovoljiti određene ljudske potrebe je '''upotrebna vrednost dobra'''. Soposobnost dobra da bude [[Продаја|razmenjeno]] na tržištu za jedinice nekog drugog dobra (npr. jedan [[Килограм|kilogram]] [[Кукуруз|kukuruza]] za pola kilograma [[Јечам|ječma]], ili jedan kilogram kukuruza za 1 [[Евро|evro]]) naziva se '''prometna vrednost dobra'''.<ref>Isto., str. 40.</ref><br />
 U [[Економија|ekonomiji]] postoje razne podele ekonomskih dobara u kategorije, a jedna u nizu od mnogobrojnih je na: '''proizvode''' (''[[sirovina|sirovine]], [[Машина|mašine]], prehrambene namernice''), '''usluge''' (''[[prevoz]], [[ostavoprimac|ostavoprimske delatnosti]] i sl.'') ili '''prava''' (''[[Патент|patent]], [[Лиценца|licenca]]''...); '''potrošačka''' (''[[Храна|hrana]], [[Козметика|kozmetika]]'') '''trajna dobra''' - dobra koja se mogu trajnije koristiti, više godina (''[[Намештај|nameštaj]], [[Аутомобил|automobil]], [[Alat|alat]]''...); '''dobra za koja postoje supstitucija''', tj. kada se nedostatak jednog dobra može nadomestiti konzumiranjem drugog (''[[margarin]] i [[Маслац|maslac]]'') ili '''komplementarna dobra''' - dobra kod kojih [[potrošnja]] jednog dobra traži povećanje potrošnje i drugog dobra (''[[Аутомобил|automobil]] i [[Бензин|benzin]], [[Пица|pica]] i [[Кока-кола|koka-kola]], [[Машина за прање судова|mašina za suđe]] i [[detedžent]] za pranje suđa); te '''homogena''' ili '''heterogena dobra''' - kod kojih izgleda da je jedno dobro isto kao i drugo, a nije (''[[čačanska rodna|čačanska rodna šljiva]] i [[šljiva ranka]] ili neka druga vrsta [[Шљива|šljive]] i slično)..<ref name="nav2">{{cite web|url=http://eknjiznica.unipu.hr/284/|title=Specifičnosti odvijanja procesa veletrgovine turističkim dobrima|publisher=Eknjiznica.unipu.hr/|accessdate=24. 12. 2013.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225070457/http://eknjiznica.unipu.hr/284/|archive-date=25. 12. 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+== Utility and characteristics of goods ==
-== Референце ==
+Goods may increase or decrease their utility directly or indirectly and may be described as having [[marginal utility]]. Some things are useful, but not scarce enough to have [[monetary value]], such as the [[Earth's atmosphere]], these are referred to as '[[free good]]s'.
+In normal parlance, "goods" is always a plural word,<ref> Oxford English Dictionary</ref><ref> eg: Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, goods vehicle, Sale of Goods Act</ref> but economists have long termed a single item of goods "a good".
+In economics, a [[bad (economics)|bad]] is the opposite of a good.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Microeconomics: Theory and Applications |last=Dwivedi |first=D. N. |publisher=Vikas Publishing House PVT LTD |year=2016 |isbn=978-93259-8670-1 |pages=133}}</ref> Ultimately, whether an object is a good or a bad depends on each individual consumer and therefore, not all goods are goods to all people.
+== Types of goods ==
+[[File:Types_of_goods.svg|thumb|296px|Types of goods in economics]]
+Goods' diversity allows for their classification into different categories based on distinctive characteristics, such as tangibility and (ordinal) relative elasticity. A tangible good like an apple differs from an intangible good like information due to the impossibility of a person to physically hold the latter, whereas the former occupies physical space.  Intangible goods differ from services in that final (intangible) goods are transferable and can be traded, whereas a service cannot.
+[[Price elasticity of demand|Price elasticity]] also differentiates types of goods.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-14|title=Price elasticity of demand {{!}} Economics Online|url=https://www.economicsonline.co.uk/Competitive_markets/Price_elasticity_of_demand.html|access-date=2021-04-14|language=en-US}}</ref> An elastic good is one for which there is a relatively large change in quantity due to a relatively small change in price, and therefore is likely to be part of a family of [[substitute good]]s; for example, as pen prices rise, consumers might buy more pencils instead. An inelastic good is one for which there are few or no substitutes, such as tickets to major sporting events, original works by famous artists, and prescription medicine such as insulin.
+== Goods classified by exclusivity and competitiveness ==
+=== Fourfold model of goods ===
+Goods can be classified based on their degree of excludability and rivalry (competitiveness). Considering excludability can be measured on a continuous scale, some goods  would not be able to fall into one of the four common categories used.
+There are four types of goods based on the characteristics of rival in consumption and excludability: Public Goods, Private Goods, Common Resources, and Club Goods.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mankiw, N. Gregory.|title=Principles of microeconomics|date=2012|publisher=South-Western Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-538-45304-2|edition=6th|location=Mason, OH|oclc=742415439}}</ref>  These four types plus examples for anti-rivalry appear in the accompanying table.
+==== Public goods ====
+Goods that are both non-rival and non-excludable are called public goods. In many cases, renewable resources, such as land, are common commodities but some of them are contained in public goods. Public goods are non-exclusive and non-competitive, meaning that individuals cannot be stopped from using them and anyone can consume this good without hindering the ability of others to consume them. Examples in addition to the ones in the matrix are national parks, or firework displays. It is generally accepted by mainstream economists that the market mechanism will under-provide public goods, so these goods have to be produced by other means, including government provision. Public goods can also suffer from the [[Free-rider problem|Free-Rider problem]].<ref name=Baumol>{{cite book |last=Baumol |first=William |title=Welfare Economics and the Theory of the State |year=1952 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts}}</ref><ref>Rittenberg and Tregarthen. ''Principles of Microeconomics'', [http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/ECON101-3.2.pdf Chapter 6, Section 4. p. 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319152336/http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/ECON101-3.2.pdf |date=19 March 2013 }}. Retrieved 20 June 2012</ref><ref>Choi, T & Robertson, P. Contributors and Free-Riders in Collaborative Governance: A Computational Exploration of Social Motivation and Its Effects [https://academic.oup.com/jpart/article/29/3/394/5168276], Journal Of Public Administration Research and Theory, 29(3), 394-413. doi:10.1093/jopart/muy068</ref>
+==== Private goods ====
+Private goods are excludable goods, which prevent other consumers from consuming them. Private goods are also rivalrous because one good in private ownership cannot be used by someone else. That is to say, consuming some goods will deprive another consumer of the ability to consume the goods. Private goods are the most common type of goods.  They include what you have to get from the store. For examples food, clothing, cars, parking spaces,etc. An individual who consumes an apple denies another individual from consuming the same one. It is excludable because consumption is only offered to those willing to pay the price.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hubbard|first1=R.G|title=Essentials of Economics Ebook|last2=Garnett|first2=A|last3=Lewis|first3=P|last4=O'Brien|first4=A|publisher=Pearson Education Australia|year=2018|isbn=9781488617003|location=Australia|pages=351}}</ref>
+==== Common-pool resources ====
+Common-pool resources are rival in consumption and non-excludable. An example is that of fisheries, which harvest fish from a shared common resource pool of fish stock. Fish caught by one group of fishermen are no longer accessible to another group, thus being rivalrous. However, oftentimes, due to an absence of well-defined [[Property rights (economics)|property rights]], it is difficult to restrict access to fishermen who may overfish.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Perloff|first=J|title=Microeconomics, Global Edition|publisher=Pearson Education Limited|year=2018|isbn=9781292215693|edition=Eighth|pages=635–636}}</ref>
+==== Club goods ====
+Club goods are excludable but not rivalrous in the consumption. That is, not everyone can use the good, but when one individual has claim to use it, they do not reduce the amount or the ability for others to consume the good. By joining a specific club or organization we can obtain club goods; As a result, some people are excluded because they are not members. Examples in addition to the ones in the matrix are cable television, golf courses, and any merchandise provided to club members. A large television service provider would already have infrastructure in place which would allow for the addition of new customers without infringing on existing customers viewing abilities. This would also mean that marginal cost would be close to zero, which satisfies the criteria for a good to be considered non-rival. However, access to cable TV services is only available to consumers willing to pay the price, demonstrating the excludability aspect.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Perloff|first=J|title=Microeconomics, Global Edition|publisher=Pearson Education Limited|year=2018|isbn=9781292215693|edition=Eighth|pages=637}}</ref>
+=== History of the fourfold model of goods ===
+In 1977, Nobel winner [[Elinor Ostrom]] and her husband [[Vincent Ostrom]] proposed additional modifications to the existing classification of goods so to identify fundamental differences that affect the incentives facing individuals. Their definitions are presented on the matrix.<ref>Ostrom, E. (2010). Beyond Markets and States : Polycentric Governance of Complex Economic Systems. American Economic Review, 100(June), 408–444. https://doi.org/10.1080/19186444.2010.11658229</ref>
+[[Elinor Ostrom]] proposed additional modifications to the classification of goods to identify fundamental differences that affect the incentives facing individuals<ref>{{cite book |last1=Elinor |first1=Ostrom |title=Understanding Institutional Diversity |date=2005 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, NJ}}</ref>
+== Reference ==
 {{reflist}}
+== Literatura ==
+{{refbegin|30em}}
+* Bannock, Graham ''et al.'' (1997). ''Dictionary of Economics'', Penguin Books.
+* Milgate, Murray (1987), "goods and commodities," ''[[The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics]]'', v. 2, pp. 546–48. Includes historical and contemporary uses of the terms in economics.
+* Vuaridel, R. (1968). Une définition des biens économiques. (A definition of economic goods). L'Année sociologique (1940/1948-), 19, 133-170. Stable JStor URL: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/27887387]
+* {{cite book |last1=Leach |first1=John |title=A Course in Public Economics |date=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-53567-0 |page=171 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gEI-pIkI4a8C&q=Public+goods+include+knowledge%7Clanguage |access-date=23 July 2021 |language=en |quote=Knowledge is a pure public good: once something is known, that knowledge can be used by anyone, and its use by any one person docs not preclude its use by others.}}
+* {{cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=V |title=Why Government is Needed to Supply Public Goods? |url=https://newsandsociety.expertscolumn.com/why-government-is-needed-to-supply-public-goods |website=www.newsandsociety.expertscolumn.com |access-date=4 October 2022}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Cowen |first1=Tyler |author-link1=Tyler Cowen |work=Public Goods |url=http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/PublicGoods.html |title=The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics |publisher=The Library of Economics and Liberty |date=December 2007 |editor=David R. Henderson |access-date=19 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328090105/http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/PublicGoods.html |archive-date=28 March 2010 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}
+* {{cite journal|last=Samuelson|first=Paul A.|author-link=Paul Samuelson|year=1954|title=The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure|journal=[[Review of Economics and Statistics]]|volume=36|issue=4|pages=387–89|doi=10.2307/1925895|jstor=1925895}}
+* {{cite journal|last=Samuelson|first=Paul A.|year=1955|title=Diagrammatic Exposition of a Theory of Public Expenditure|journal=Review of Economics and Statistics|volume=37|issue=4|pages=350–56|doi=10.2307/1925849|jstor=1925849}}
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+* {{Cite web|title=Public Good {{!}} Learning to Give|url=https://www.learningtogive.org/resources/public-good|access-date=2020-10-28|website=www.learningtogive.org}}
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+* {{cite book |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_1696 |chapter=Public Goods |last=Sandmo |first=Agnar |title=The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics |publisher=Springer Link |date=March 20, 2017 |website=The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics |pages=10973–10984 |doi=10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_1696 |isbn=978-1-349-95188-8 |access-date=December 10, 2020}}
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+* {{cite book |title=The Theory of Externalities, Public Goods and Club Goods |last=Cornes |first=Richard |author2=Sandler, Todd |year=1986 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York |isbn=052130184X }}
+* [[William D. Nordhaus]], "A New Solution:  the Climate Club" (a review of [[Gernot Wagner]] and [[Martin L. Weitzman]], ''Climate Shock:  The Economic Consequences of a Hotter Planet'', [[Princeton University Press]], 250 pp, $27.95), ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', vol. LXII, no. 10 (June 4, 2015), pp.&nbsp;36–39.
+* {{Cite journal |last=Venugopal |first=Joshi |year=2005 |title=Drug imports: the free-rider paradox |journal=Express Pharma Pulse |volume=11 |issue=9 |pages=8 }}
+* P. Oliver – [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304201349/http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~oliver/Soc626/Lectures/CollAct%20TheoryNew.pdf Sociology 626] published by [https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/sscc/ Social Science Computing Cooperative] [[University of Wisconsin]]
+{{refend}}
+== Spoljašnje veze ==
+* {{Commonscatinline|Goods (economics)}}
 {{нормативна контрола-лат}}