Abiogeneza

Prekambrijski stromatolit. Prema pisanjima iz 2002, starost je procenjena na 3,5 milijardi godina, a nastao je radom cijanobakterija.

Abiogeneza (ili „teorija samozačeća”) je hipoteza nastanka živog sveta od nežive materije (poput organskih jedinjenja). Obuhvata nekoliko osnovnih shvatanja:

1. abiogenezom su mogli nastati samo najprostiji jednoćelijski organizmi;
2. abiogenezom su mogli nastati i složeniji, višećelijski organizmi;
3. proces abiogeneze je moguć i u savremenim ekosistemima, ali da nastale organizme brzo unište bolje prilagođeni.

Smatra se da se proces abiogeneze desio na zemlji pre 3,8—4,1 milijardi godina. Procesi abiogeneze se veštački proizvode u laboratorijskim uslovima kroz kombinaciju raznih eksperimenata i ekstrapolacije osobina „savremenih” organizama. Time se nastoji da se otkrije koje su hemijske reakcije pobudile nastanak života na Zemlji.

Proučavanje

Proučavanje abiogenze uključuje geofizička, biološka i hemijska saznanja. Veliki deo istraživanja se bazira na istraživanje jedne od ključnih osobina živog sveta- samoreprodukcije molekula i njihovih komponenti. Mnogi veruju da se postojanje života vezuje za RNK, mada je moguće da je život postojao bez RNK. Takođe, Miler-Jurijev eksperiment i slične studije, pokazali su da većina aminokiselina može da se sintetiše od neorganskih komponenti, u veštački proizvedenim uslovima, koji za cilj imaju da proizvedu one reakcije koje su do toga dovele na Zemlji tada. Pokazano je i da brojni spoljni faktori mogu dovesti do ovih reakcija, poput elektriciteta i radijacije.

Druga istraživanja su se fokusirala na razumevanje načina na koji je kataliza dovela do pojave prvih molekula u hemijskim sistemima, od kojih je otpočela samoreprodukcija. Brojni složeni molekuli, koji su pronađeni u Sunčevom sistemu i međuzvezdanom prostoru, dokazali su se kao pogodan materijal za nastanak života.

Prema panspermia hipotezi, mikroskopske žive forme su bile dopremljene na Zemlju pomoću različitih malih tela u Sunčevom sistemu (asteroidi, meteoroidi), što inicira pretpostavku da je život već postojao u svemiru. Prema tome, životni procesi su počeli da se odvijaju, malo nakon velikog praska, pre 13,8 milijardi godina, kada je starost univerzuma bila tek nekih 10—17 miliona godina. Ova hipoteza samo govori gde je, a ne kako nastao život; pri čemu isključivo tvrdi da je život nastao van Zemlje.

Ipak, Zemlja je jedino mesto za koje je potvrđeno da poseduje žive organizme, pri čemu većina minerala podržava teoriju abiogenze.

Vidi još

• Evolucija (biologija)
• Miler-Jurijev eksperiment

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Spoljašnje veze

• „Exploring Life's Origins: A Virtual Exhibit”. Exploring Life's Origins: A Virtual Exhibit. Arlington County, VA: National Science Foundation. Pristupljeno 2015-07-02. 
• „The Geochemical Origins of Life by Michael J. Russell & Allan J. Hall”. Glasgow, Scotland: University of Glasgow. 13. 12. 2008. Pristupljeno 2015-07-02. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Malory, Marcia. „How life began on Earth”. Earth Facts. Pristupljeno 2015-07-02. 
• The Origins of Life, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Richard Dawkins, Richard Corfield & Linda Partridge (In Our Time, 23 September 2004)
• Winston Churchill's essay on Evolution (c.1939/1950s)