Železnica
Železnica je naziv za saobraćajni sistem gde se vozila kreću po stalno postavljenoj metalnoj podlozi - čeličnim šinama. Dve šine zajedno čine kolosek. Za razliku od drumskog prevoza, gde se vozila kreću po pripremljenoj ravnoj površini, šinska vozila su vođena kolosecima kojima se kreću. Šine se obično sastoje od čeličnih šina, ugrađenih na pragove postavljene u tucanik, na kojima se kreće vozni park, obično opremljen metalnim točkovima.
Istorija[uredi | uredi izvor]
Istorija železničkog saobraćaja počela je u praistorijskim vremenima.
Drevni sistemi[uredi | uredi izvor]
Dokazi ukazuju na to da je Diolkos popločana staza bila duga 6 do 8,5 km, koja je prevozila čamce preko Korintske prevlake u Grčkoj od oko 600. godine p. n. e.[1][2][3][4][5] Vozila koja su vukli ljudi i životinje kretala su se u žljebovima u krečnjaku, koji je obezbedio element koloseka, sprečavajući vagone da napuste predviđenu trasu. Diolkos je bio u upotrebi preko 650 godina, najmanje do 1. veka nove ere.[5] Popločane staze su takođe kasnije izgrađene u rimskom Egiptu.[6]
Železnička vozila[uredi | uredi izvor]
Vozna sredstva u sistemu železničkog transporta uglavnom nailaze na manji otpor trenja u odnosu na drumska vozila sa gumenim točkovima, te se putnički i teretni vagoni mogu spajati u duže vozove. Pogon za kretanje obezbeđuju lokomotive,[7] koje ili crpe električnu energiju iz sistema za elektrifikaciju železnice ili proizvode sopstvenu snagu, obično dizel motorima ili, istorijski gledano, parnim mašinama. Većinu koloseka prati sistem signalizacije.
Železnički saobraćaj[uredi | uredi izvor]
Železnički saobraćaj je vrsta transporta gde se prevoz robe ili putnika vrši vagonima koji se kreću po pruzi uz lokomotivsku vuču. Prevoz na javnim prugama organizuje železničko preduzeće, koje obezbeđuje prevoz između železničkih stanica ili korisnika iz privrede. Železnice su siguran sistem kopnenog prevoza u poređenju sa drugim oblicima prevoza.[Nb 1] Železnički prevoz je sposoban za ostvarivanje visokog nivoa putničkog i teretnog iskorišćenja i energetske efikasnosti, ali je često manje fleksibilan i kapitalno intenzivniji od drumskog prevoza, kada se razmatraju niži nivoi saobraćaja.
Osnovne karakteristike železničkog saobraćaja[uredi | uredi izvor]
Osnovne karakteristike železničkog saobraćaja su:
- Pozitivne
- visoka propusna i prevozna sposobnost
- prevoz nezavisno od klimatskih uslova
- neposredna veza magistralnih i pratećih koloseka
- masovnost prevoza
- Negativne
- ograničen manevar
- velika početna ulaganja[8]
Razvoj železnica[uredi | uredi izvor]
Prvi vagončići na prugama upotrebljavali su se još u 16. veku u Nemačkoj i Engleskoj za prevoz iskopane rude. Vagončiće su vukli konji. U gradovima konji su vukli vagone železnicom i tako prevozili nižu klasu.[9]
Engleski inženjer Džordž Stivenson izumeo je prvu parnu lokomotivu. Mogla je brzinom pešaka vući nekoliko rudničkih vagona. Gradnjom udobnijih vagona, počeo je teretni i putnički razvoj železnica.
Prva javna železnička veza uspostavljena je 1825. između engleskih gradova Stoktona i Darlingtona.
Posle spore parne železnice nastale su dizelske, pa moderne električne železnice.
Železnica se sastoji od infrastrukture (šine), lokomotive, vagoni (putnički i ili teretni) i drugih pomoćnih objekata.
Vidi još[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Železnička pruga
- Železnička stanica
- Metro
- Voz
- Električna lokomotiva
- Dizel lokomotiva
- Istorija srpskih železnica
- Železničko modelarstvo
Napomene[uredi | uredi izvor]
- ^ According to [Bradbury, Norman (novembar 2002). Face the facts on transport safety (PDF). Railwatch (Izveštaj). Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 11. 10. 2010. g.], railways are the safest on both a per-mile and per-hour basis, whereas air transport is safe only on a per-mile basis.
Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]
- ^ Verdelis, Nikolaos: "Le diolkos de L'Isthme", Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique, Vol. 81 (1957), pp. 526–529 (526)
- ^ Cook, R. M. (1979). „Archaic Greek Trade: Three Conjectures”. The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 99: 152—155. JSTOR 630641. S2CID 161378605. doi:10.2307/630641.
- ^ Drijvers, Jan Willem (1992). „Strabo VIII 2,1 (C335): ΠΟΡΘΜΕΙΑ and the "Diolkos"”. Mnemosyne. 45 (1): 75—78. JSTOR 4432110.
- ^ Raepsaet, G. & Tolley, M.: "Le Diolkos de l'Isthme à Corinthe: son tracé, son fonctionnement", Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique, Vol. 117 (1993), pp. 233–261 (256)
- ^ a b Lewis & Rees 2001, str. 8–19
- ^ Fraser, P. M. (decembar 1961). „The ΔΙΟΛΚΟΣ of Alexandria”. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 47: 134—138. JSTOR 3855873. doi:10.2307/3855873.
- ^ Fowler, George Little (1906). Locomotive dictionary; an illustrated vocabulary of terms which designate American Railroad locomotives, their parts, attachments and details of construction, with definitions and illustrations of typical British locomotive practice; five thousand one hundred and forty-eight illustrations (PDF). New York: The Railroad Gazette.
- ^ Transportne sposobnosti - kapacitet transporta
- ^ „Zašto i kako smo konje zamenili automobilima?”. Startit. jun 2016. Pristupljeno 17. 01. 2019.
Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Lewis, M. J. T. (2001). „Railways in the Greek and Roman world” (PDF). Ur.: Guy, A.; Rees, J. Early Railways. A Selection of Papers from the First International Early Railways Conference. str. 8—19. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 21. 7. 2011. g.
- Burton, Anthony (2018). Railway Empire: How the British Gave Railways to the World. Pen & Sword Transport. ISBN 978-1473843691.
- Chant, Christopher. The world's railways: the history and development of rail transport (Chartwell Books, 2001).
- Faith, Nicholas (25. 9. 2014). The World the Railways Made: Christian Wolmar's Railway Library. Head of Zeus. ISBN 978-1781858363.
- Freeman, Michael. "The Railway as Cultural Metaphor: ‘What Kind of Railway History?’ Revisited." Journal of Transport History 20.2 (1999): 160-167.
- Mukhopadhyay, Aparajita. Imperial Technology and ‘Native’Agency: A Social History of Railways in Colonial India, 1850–1920 (Taylor & Francis, 2018).
- Nock, O. S. (1966). Steam railways in retrospect.
- Nock, Oswald Stevens (1970). Railways at the zenith of steam, 1920-40. Blandford. ISBN 9780713705157.
- Nock, Oswald Stevens (1971). Railways in the years of preeminence 1905-1919. Blandford Press. ISBN 9780713700817.
- Nock, Oswald Stevens (1973). Railways in the formative years, 1851-1895. Blandford Press. ISBN 9780713706123.
- Nock, O. S. (1974). Railways in the transition from steam, 1940-1965. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 9780025897502.
- Nock, Oswald Stevens (1975). Railways then and now: a world history. ISBN 9780236310524.
- Nock, O. S. (1977). Railways of Western Europe. ISBN 9780713616866.
- Nock, O. S. Railways of Asia and the Far East (1978)
- Nock, O. S. World atlas of railways Nock, Oswald Stevens (1978). World atlas of railways. Mayflower Books. ISBN 9780831795009.
- Nock, Oswald Stevens (1979). Railways of the USA. Black. ISBN 9780713620061.
- Nock, Oswald Stevens (1980). 150 years of main line railways. David & Charles. ISBN 9780715378816.
- Pirie, Gordon. "Tracking railway histories." Journal of Transport History 35.2 (2014): 242–248.
- Sawai, Minoru, ed. The Development of Railway Technology in East Asia in Comparative Perspective (#Sringer, 2017)
- Trains Magazine. The Historical Guide to North American Railroads (3rd ed. 2014)
- Wolmar, Christian. Blood, iron, and gold: How the railroads transformed the world (Public Affairs, 2011).
- Cameron, Rondo E. France and the Economic Development of Europe, 1800–1914: Conquests of Peace and Seeds of War (1961), pp 304–227 covers France, Spain Russia and others.
- Churella, Albert J. (1998). From Steam to Diesel: Managerial Customs and Organizational Capabilities in the Twentieth-Century American Locomotive Industry. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-02776-0.
- Coatsworth, John H. (1979). „Indispensable Railroads in a Backward Economy: The Case of Mexico”. The Journal of Economic History. 39 (4): 939—960. JSTOR 2120337. S2CID 153803795. doi:10.1017/S0022050700098685.
- Fraser, P. M. (1961), „The ΔΙΟΛΚΟΣ of Alexandria”, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 47: 134—138, JSTOR 3855873, doi:10.2307/3855873
- Fremdling, Rainer (1977). „Railroads and German Economic Growth: A Leading Sector Analysis with a Comparison to the United States and Great Britain”. The Journal of Economic History. 37 (3): 583—604. JSTOR 2119597. S2CID 155002570. doi:10.1017/S0022050700095395.
- Hadfield, C. and Skempton, A. W. William Jessop, Engineer (Newton Abbot 1979)
- Jenks, Leland H. (1944). „Railroads as an Economic Force in American Development”. The Journal of Economic History. 4 (1): 1—20. JSTOR 2113700. S2CID 154883188. doi:10.1017/S002205070008400X.
- Keys, C. M. (avgust 1914). „Redrawing The Railroad Map of the World”. The World's Work: A History of Our Time. XLIV (2): 414—425. Includes maps of major rail lines on all continents c. 1914
- Lewis, M J T (1970). „Early Wooden Railways”. London, England: Routledge Keegan Paul..
- Lewis, M. J. T., "Railways in the Greek and Roman world", in Guy, A. / Rees, J. (eds), Early Railways. A Selection of Papers from the First International Early Railways Conference (2001), pp. 8–19 (10–15)
- Misa, Thomas J. A Nation of Steel: The Making of Modern America, 1865–1925 (1995) chapter 1 'Dominance of Rails' online
- New, J R. (2004). „400 years of English railways – Huntingdon Beaumont and the early years”. Backtrack. 18 (11 (Nov)): 660 to 665..
- Nock, O. S. ed. Encyclopedia of Railways (London, 1977), worldwide coverage, heavily illustrated
- O’Brien, Patrick. Railways and the Economic Development of Western Europe, 1830–1914 (1983)
- O'Brien, Patrick. The New Economic History of the Railways (Routledge, 2014)
- Omrani, Bijan (2010). Asia Overland: Tales of Travel on the Trans-Siberian & Silk Road. Odyssey. ISBN 9789622178113.
- Otte, Thomas G. and Keith Neilson, eds. Railways and International Politics: Paths of Empire, 1848–1945 (Routledge, 2012) 11 essays by leading scholars
- Pinkepank, Jerry A. (1973). The Second Diesel Spotter's Guide. Milwaukee WI: Kalmbach Books. ISBN 978-0-89024-026-7.
- Riley, C. J. The Encyclopedia of Trains & Locomotives (2002).
- Savage, Christopher and T. C. Barker. Economic History of Transport in Britain (Routledge, 2012)
- Schivelbusch, Wolfgang. The railway journey: the industrialization of time and space in the nineteenth century (University of California Press, 2014)
- Skelton, Oscar D. (1916). The Railway Builders. Glasgow, Brook, & Company, Toronto.
- Stover, John. American Railways (2nd ed 1997)
- Clarke, Thomas Curtis (jun 1888). „The Building of a Railway”. Scribner's Magazine. III (6): 642—670. Includes numerous c. 1880 diagrams and illustrations.
- Jack Simmons and Gordon Biddle (editors). The Oxford Companion to British Railway History: From 1603 to the 1990s (2nd ed 1999)
- Stover, John. The Routledge Historical Atlas of the American Railroads (2001)
- Summerhill, William R. (2005). „Big Social Savings in a Small Laggard Economy: Railroad-Led Growth in Brazil”. The Journal of Economic History. 65 (1): 72—102. JSTOR 3875043. S2CID 154439121. doi:10.1017/S0022050705050035.
- Hurd II, John and Ian J. Kerr, eds. India's railway history: a research handbook (Brill, 2012)
- Lee, Robert. "A Fractious Federation: Patterns in Australian Railway Historiography." Mobility in History(2013) 4#1 pp. 149–158.
- McDonald, Kate. "Asymmetrical Integration: Lessons from a Railway Empire." Technology and Culture (2015) 56#1 pp. 115–149.
- Pathak, Dev N. "Marian Aguiar, Tracking Modernity: India’s Railway and the Culture of Mobility." South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies (2012) 35#4 pp. 900–901.
- Salerno, Elena. "The Historiography of Railways in Argentina: Between Foreign Investment, Nationalism and Liberalism." Mobility in History (2014) 5#1 pp. 105–120.
- Broggie, Michael (2014), Walt Disney's Railroad Story: The Small-Scale Fascination That Led to a Full-Scale Kingdom (4th izd.), The Donning Company Publishers, ISBN 978-1-57864-914-3
- C. E. Wolff, Modern Locomotive Practice: A Treatise on the Design, Construction, and Working of Steam Locomotives (Manchester, England, 1903)
- Henry Greenly, Model Locomotive (New York, 1905)
- G. R. Henderson, Cost of Locomotive Operation (New York, 1906)
- W. E. Dalby, Economical Working of Locomotives (London, 1906)
- A. I. Taylor, Modern British Locomotives (New York, 1907)
- E. L. Ahrons, The Development of British Locomotive Design (London, 1914)
- Ahrons, Ernest Leopold (1921). Steam Locomotive Construction and Maintenance, Describing Workshop Equipment and Practice in the Construction of Modern Steam Railway Locomotives: With Notes on Inspection, Testing, Maintenance and Repairs. London.
- J. F. Gairns, Locomotive Compounding and Superheating (Philadelphia, 1907)
- Angus Sinclair, Development of the Locomotive Engine (New York, 1907)
- Vaughn Pendred, The Railway Locomotive, What it is and Why it is What it is (London, 1908)
- Brosius and Koch, Die Schule des Lokomotivführers (thirteenth edition, three volumes, Wiesbaden, 1909–1914)
- G. L. Fowler, Locomotive Breakdowns, Emergencies, and their Remedies (seventh edition, New York, 1911)
Dodatna literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]
- McArthur, D. (1884). Foreign Railways of the World.
Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Železnice Srbije
- Planiranje putovanja železnicom (jezik: engleski)
- WWW Guide to "Railroad History" 2016
- John H. White, Jr. Reference Collection, 1880s–1990 Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (5. avgust 2015) Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution.
- National Railway Historical Society Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (18. april 2019)
- How the Railroad is Modernising Asia, The Advertiser, Adelaide, S. Australia, 22 March 1913. N.B.: The article is approx. 1,500 words, covering approx. a dozen Asian countries.
