Rat iz 1812.

Rat iz 1812.
Britanske trupe spaljuju Belu kuću u Vašingtonu
Vreme 18. jun 1812 — 18. februar 1815. Mesto Istočna i Centralna Severna Amerika, Obala Meksičkog zaliva, Atlantik i Pacifik Ishod Sporazum iz Genta, status kvo
Sukobljene strane
SAD	Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo Kanada Bermuda Indijanci
Komandanti i vođe
Džejms Medison Henri Birborn Džejkob Braun Vinfild Skot Endru Džekson	Džordž Prevost Isak Brok Tekumse
Jačina
• Regularna vojska SAD: 35.800 • Rendžeri: 3.049 • Milicija: 458.463* • Mornarica i marinci: (na početku rata): • 6 fregata • drugi brodovi:14	• Britanski i prov. redovna vojska: 48.163 • Milicija: 4.000 • Mornarica i Marinci: (na početku rata): • linijski brodovi: 11 • fregate: 34 • drugi brodovi: 52 • Kanadski marinci: nepoznata • Indijanci: 3.500
Žrtve i gubici
mrtvi: 2.260 ranjeni: 4.505 bolest i drugo: 17.205 civili: oko 500	mrtvih ili ranjenih 4.400 bolest i drugo: nepoznato

Rat iz 1812. je bio vojni konflikt između Sjedinjenih Država i Britanske imperije koji za posledicu nije imao teritorijalne promene, ali je rešio mnoga pitanja zaostala iz Američkog rata za nezavisnost. Sjedinjene Države su objavile rat iz nekoliko razloga, uključujući i trgovinske restrikcije koje je doneo britanski rat protiv Francuske, prisiljavanje američkih trgovačkih mornara da stupe u Kraljevsku mornaricu, britansku podršku indijskim plemenima protiv američke ekspanzije, ogorčenje zbog uvrede nacionalne časti nakon američkog poniženja na otvorenim morima i američka želja da pripoji sebi Kanadu.

Rat se vodio na tri glavna bojišta. Prvo, na moru, ratni brodovi i gusari obe strane napadali su trgovačke brodove one druge strane, dok su Britanci blokirali atlantsku obalu SAD i pokrenuli velike napade u kasnijim fazama rata. Dalje, kopnene i pomorske bitke su vođene na američko-kanadskoj granici, koja je išla duž Velikih jezera i reke Sen Loren. Na trećem bojištu, na američkom Jugu i obali Meksičkog zaliva su takođe vođene velike kopnene bitke u kojima su američke snage porazili britanske indijanske saveznike i odbili britanske invazione snage u Nju Orleansu. Obe strane su napadale teritoriju onog drugog, ali ovi upadi su bili neuspešni ili su imali privremeni uspeh. Na kraju rata, obe strane su okupirali delove teritorije protivnika, ali su oni vraćeni Sporazumom iz Genta.

Zbog zauzetosti većine vojnih snaga ratovima u Evropi do 1814, Britanci su prvo vodili odbrambenu strategiju tokom američkih napada na Donju i Gornju Kanadu. Do 1813. godine vojska SAD je osvojila jezero Iri, delove zapadnog Ontarija i uništila Tekumseovu indijansku konfederaciju, a time i mogućnost nezavisne indijanske države u Severnoj Americi koju je podržavalo Britansko carstvo. Na severozapadu, general Endru Džekson je uništio vojsku Krik Indijanaca u bici kod Horsšu Benda 1814. godine. Nakon Napoleonovog poraza 6. aprila 1814., Britanci su usvojili agresivniju strategiju, i poslali tri velike invazioe armije. Britanska pobeda u bici kod Bladensburg u avgustu 1814. omogućila im je da zauzmu i spale Vašington. Američke pobede u septembru 1814- i januaru 1815. su odbile sve tri britanske invazije u Njujorku, Baltimoru i Nju Orleansu.

U Sjedinjenim Državama, pobede kod Baltimora 1814. (koja je inspirisala stihove himne SAD, Barjak iskićen zvezdama) i Nju Orleansa 1815. godine su proizvele nacionalnu euforiju koju su oni nazvali „Drugi rat za nezavisnost”. Nakon toga usledilo je razdoblje koje su nazvali „doba dobrih osećaja” jer su se stanovnici SAD uglavnom povezali, a partizanski sukobi milicija na suprotnim stranama su gotovo zaboravljeni. Kanada je takođe iz rata izašla sa snažnijim osećajem nacionalne pripadnosti i solidarnosti, uglavnom zbog uspešnih odbrana od američkih napada. Bitke kao što su bitka kod Kvinston Hejtsa i bitka kod Krajslerove farme su postale legendarne za Anglo-Kanađane. U Ontariju, rat protiv SAD se i danas naziva „američkom ekspanzionističkom invazijom” i slavi se pobeda Kanade. U Velikoj Britaniji se na rat gledačo samo kao sporedni oružani sukob u sklopu Napoleonskih ratova.

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Spoljašnje veze

• POTSI: American War of 1812.
• Partial list of Bermudian-built Royal Naval vessels. From The Andrew and the Onions, by Lt. Cmdr. I. Strannack.
• American Military History - The War of 1812
• The War of 1812 Website
• Casebook: The War of 1812
• President Madison's 1812 War Message, with lesson plans and numerous primary documents from US and Britain regarding the causes of the war
• Treaty of Ghent and related resources on the War of 1812 at the Library of Congress
• Galafilm's War of 1812 website
• Key Events of the War of 1812
• War of 1812 from the James Madison Center of the James Madison University
• militaryheritage.com Large collection of articles
• Historycentral.com War of 1812
• The journal of Major John Norton (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1970)
• The War of 1812 Niagara Region
• New York State Military Museum:Black Americans in the US Military from the American Revolution to the Korean War: The War of 1812
• The War of 1812
• Battle of Plattsburgh & War of 1812
• American Privateers in The War Of 1812
• Bermuda Online: Bermuda's Royal Navy base at Ireland Island. Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (3. februar 2013)