Konjici

Konjici; Vremenski raspon: Jurassic–recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Tettigonia viridissima
	Stridulacija vrste T. viridissima
Naučna klasifikacija
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Arthropoda
Klasa:	Insecta
Red:	Orthoptera
Podred:	Ensifera
Infrared:	Tettigoniidea
Natporodica:	Tettigonioidea; Krauss, 1902
Porodica:	Tettigoniidae; Krauss, 1902
Podfamilije
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Insekti u familiji -{Tettigoniidae} у народу познатији као зрикавци или коњици- су инсекти из реда правокрилаца скакача (Saltatoria/Orthoptera), слични по изгледу скакавцима, али за разлику од њих имају врло дугачке и танке пипке, а женке имају дугачку сабљасту легалицу за полагање јаја; најчешће су зелене, сиве или мрке боје са црним, бело оивиченим мрљама на грудима; мужјаци имају у основи предњих крила прибор за произвођење звука (зрикање), а слушни органи су им на предњим ногама. Слаби су летачи, али одлично скачу помоћу дугих и снажних задњих ногу; хране се биљном храном или другим инсектима. Најпознатији је велики зелени зрикавац (Tettigonia viridissima).

Više od 6.400 vrsta je poznato. Kao deo podreda Ensifera, Tettigoniidae su jedina postojeća familija u nadfamiliji Tettigonioidea.

Oni su uglavnom noćne životinje sa oštrim pozivima na parenje. Mnogi zrikavci ispoljavaju mimikriju i kamuflažu, obično u vidu oblika i boja sličnih lišću.^[1]

Izgled

Telo im je duguljasto, najčešće zelene ili smeđe zaštitne boje, glava velika, oči složene, čeljusti za griženje i žvakanje, antene duge, često duže od njihovog tela. Ženka ima dugu leglicu koja joj omogućava polaganje jaja duboko u tlo. Stridulacijski organi im se nalaze pri dnu prednjih krila pa kad zriču uzdignu prednja krila i brzo ih pomiču. Neke vrste imaju razvijena oba para krila, dok su kod roda Barbitistes zakržljala.

Larve

Larve se razvijaju nepotpunom preobrazbom, a u zadnjem presvlačenju dobijaju krila.

Prehrana

Lisni skakavci ili konjici prvenstveno su biljožderi, ali ima i entomofagnih mesoždera.

Sistematika

Potporodice

Potporodica: Acridoxeninae Zeuner, 1936
Potporodica: Austrosaginae Rentz, D.C.F., 1993
Potporodica: Bradyporinae Thomas, C., 1872
Potporodica: Conocephalinae Thomas, C., 1872
Potporodica: Hetrodinae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
Potporodica: Lipotactinae Ingrisch, 1995
Potporodica: Listroscelidinae Redtenbacher, 1891
Potporodica: Meconematinae Karsch, 1891
Potporodica: Mecopodinae Karsch, 1891
Potporodica: Microtettigoniinae Rentz, D.C.F., 1979
Potporodica: Phaneropterinae Burmeister, 1838
Potporodica: Phasmodinae Caudell, 1912
Potporodica: Phyllophorinae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1898
Potporodica: Pseudophyllinae Burmeister, 1840
Potporodica: Pseudotettigoniinae Sharov, 1962 †
Potporodica: Saginae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878
Potporodica: Tettigoniinae Stoll, C., 1787
Potporodica: Tympanophorinae Kirby, W.F., 1906
Potporodica: Zaprochilinae Rentz, D.C.F. & Clyne, 1983
Rod Arctolocusta Heer †
Rod Lithymnetes Scudder, S.H., 1878 †

Rodovi

Acrodectes Rehn and Hebard, 1920
Aglaothorax Caudell, 1907
Amblycorypha Stål, 1873
Anabrus Haldeman, 1852
Apote Scudder, 1897
Arethaea Stål, 1876
Ateloplus Scudder, 1894
Atlanticus Scudder, 1894
Belocephalus Scudder, 1875
Brachyinsara Rehn and Hebard, 1914
Bucrates Burmeister, 1838
Capnobotes Scudder, 1897
Caulopsis Redtenbacher, 1891
Clinopleura Scudder, 1894
Conocephalus Thunberg, 1815
Copiphora Serville, 1831
Cyrtophyllicus Hebard, 1908
Decticita Hebard, 1939
Dichopetala Brunner, 1878
Eremopedes Cockerell, 1898
Euconocephalus Karny, 1907
Holochlora Stål, 1873
Hubbellia Hebard, 1927
Idionotus Scudder, 1894
Idiostatus Pictet, 1888
Insara F. Walker, 1869
Inscudderia Caudell, 1921
Inyodectes Rentz and Birchim, 1968
Lea Caudell, 1906
Meconema Serville, 1831
Metrioptera Wesmael, 1838
Microcentrum Scudder, 1863
Montezumina Hebard, 1925
Neduba F. Walker, 1869
Neobarrettia Rehn, 1901
Neoconocephalus Karny, 1907
Odontoxiphidium Morse, 1891
Orchelimum Serville, 1839
Orophus Saussure, 1859
Paracyrtophyllus Caudell, 1906
Pediodectes Rehn and Hebard, 1916
Peranabrus Scudder, 1894
Petropedes Tinkham, 1972
Phaneroptera Serville, 1831
Plagiostira Scudder, 1876
Platycleis Fieber, 1853
Platylyra Scudder, 1898

Vrste

Poznato je oko 6400 vrsta.^[2]

Acrodectes philopagus Rehn and Hebard, 1920
Aglaothorax diminutiva (Rentz and Birchim, 1968)
Aglaothorax gurneyi (Rentz and Birchim, 1968)
Aglaothorax longipennis (Rentz and Weissman, 1981)
Aglaothorax morsei (Caudell, 1907)
Aglaothorax ovata (Scudder, 1899)
Aglaothorax propsti (Rentz and Weissman, 1981)
Amblycorypha alexanderi T. J. Walker, 2003
Amblycorypha bartrami T. J. Walker, 2003
Amblycorypha floridana Rehn, 1905
Amblycorypha insolita Rehn and Hebard, 1914
Amblycorypha oblongifolia (De Geer, 1773)
Amblycorypha parvipennis Stål, 1876
Amblycorypha rotundifolia (Scudder, 1863)
Amblycorypha uhleri Stål, 1876
Anabrus cerciata Caudell, 1907
Anabrus longipes Caudell, 1907
Anabrus simplex Haldeman, 1852
Anabrus spokan Rehn and Hebard, 1920
Apote notabilis Scudder, 1897
Apote robusta Caudell, 1907
Arethaea ambulator Hebard, 1936
Arethaea arachnopyga Rehn and Hebard, 1914
Arethaea brevicauda (Scudder, 1900)
Arethaea carita Scudder, 1902
Arethaea constricta Brunner, 1878
Arethaea coyotero Hebard, 1935
Arethaea gracilipes (Thomas, 1870)
Arethaea grallator (Scudder, 1877)
Arethaea mescalero Hebard, 1936
Arethaea phalangium (Scudder, 1877)
Arethaea phantasma Rehn and Hebard, 1914
Arethaea polingi Hebard, 1935
Arethaea sellata Rehn, 1907
Arethaea semialata Rehn and Hebard, 1914
Ateloplus coconino Hebard, 1935
Ateloplus hesperus Hebard, 1934
Ateloplus joaquin Rentz, 1972
Ateloplus luteus Caudell, 1907
Ateloplus minor Caudell, 1907
Ateloplus notatus Scudder, 1901
Ateloplus schwarzi Caudell, 1907
Ateloplus splendidus Hebard, 1934
Atlanticus americanus (Saussure, 1859)
Atlanticus calcaratus Rehn and Hebard, 1916
Atlanticus davisi Rehn and Hebard, 1916
Atlanticus dorsalis (Burmeister, 1838)
Atlanticus gibbosus (Scudder, 1894)
Atlanticus glaber Rehn and Hebard, 1912
Atlanticus monticola Davis, 1915
Atlanticus pachymerus (Burmeister, 1838)
Atlanticus scudderi (Bruner, 1885)
Atlanticus testaceus Scudder, 1901
Belocephalus davisi Rehn and Hebard, 1916
Belocephalus hebardi Davis, 1912
Belocephalus micanopy Davis, 1914
Belocephalus sabalis Davis, 1912
Belocephalus sleighti Davis, 1914
Belocephalus subapterus Scudder, 1875
Belocephalus uncinatus Hebard, 1927
Brachyinsara hemiptera Hebard, 1939
Bucrates malivolans (Scudder, 1878)
Capnobotes arizonensis (Rehn, 1904)
Capnobotes attenuatus Rentz and Birchim, 1968
Capnobotes bruneri Scudder, 1897
Capnobotes fuliginosus (Thomas, 1872)
Capnobotes granti Rentz and Birchim, 1968
Capnobotes imperfectus Rehn, 1901
Capnobotes occidentalis (Thomas, 1872)
Capnobotes spatulatus Rentz and Birchim, 1968
Capnobotes unodontus Rentz and Birchim, 1968
Caulopsis acutula (Scudder, 1878)
Clinopleura flavomarginata Scudder, 1900
Clinopleura infuscata Caudell, 1907
Clinopleura melanopleura (Scudder, 1876)
Clinopleura minuta Caudell, 1907
Conocephalus aigialus Rehn and Hebard, 1915
Conocephalus allardi (Caudell, 1910)
Conocephalus attenuatus (Scudder, 1869)
Conocephalus brevipennis (Scudder, 1863)
Conocephalus fasciatus (De Geer, 1773)
Conocephalus gracillimus Morse, 1891
Conocephalus hygrophilus Rehn and Hebard, 1915
Conocephalus nemoralis (Scudder, 1875)
Conocephalus nigropleuroides Fox, 1912
Conocephalus nigropleurum (Bruner, 1891)
Conocephalus occidentalis (Morse, 1901)
Conocephalus resacensis Rehn and Hebard, 1915
Conocephalus saltans (Scudder, 1872)
Conocephalus spartinae Fox, 1912
Conocephalus spinosus (Morse, 1901)
Conocephalus stictomerus Rehn and Hebard, 1915
Conocephalus strictus (Scudder, 1875)
Copiphora mucronata Thomas, 1872
Cyrtophyllicus chlorum Hebard, 1908
Decticita balli Hebard, 1939
Decticita brevicauda (Caudell, 1907)
Decticita yosemite Rentz and Birchim, 1968
Dichopetala brevihastata Morse, 1902
Dichopetala castanea Rehn and Hebard, 1914
Dichopetala catinata Rehn and Hebard, 1914
Dichopetala emarginata Brunner, 1878
Dichopetala gladiator Rehn and Hebard, 1914
Dichopetala oreoeca Rehn and Hebard, 1914
Dichopetala pollicifera Rehn and Hebard, 1914
Eremopedes balli Caudell, 1902
Eremopedes bilineatus (Thomas, 1875)
Eremopedes californica Rentz, 1972
Eremopedes covilleae Hebard, 1934
Eremopedes cryptoptera (Rehn and Hebard, 1920)
Eremopedes cylindricerca Rentz, 1972
Eremopedes ephippiata (Scudder, 1899)
Eremopedes kelsoensis Tinkham, 1972
Eremopedes pintiati Rentz, 1972
Eremopedes scudderi Cockerell, 1898
Euconocephalus nasutus (Thunberg, 1815)
Holochlora japonica Brunner, 1878
Hubbellia marginifera (F. Walker, 1869)
Idionotus brevipes Caudell, 1907
Idionotus brunneus Scudder, 1901
Idionotus incurvus Rentz and Birchim, 1968
Idionotus lundgreni Rentz and Birchim, 1968
Idionotus similis Caudell, 1934
Idionotus siskiyou Hebard, 1934
Idionotus tehachapi Hebard, 1934
Idionotus tuolumne Hebard, 1934
Idiostatus aberrans Rentz, 1973
Idiostatus aequalis (Scudder, 1899)
Idiostatus apollo Rentz, 1973
Idiostatus bechteli Rentz, 1973
Idiostatus bilineatus (Thomas, 1875)
Idiostatus birchimi Rentz, 1973
Idiostatus californicus Pictet, 1888
Idiostatus callimerus Rehn and Hebard, 1920
Idiostatus chewaucan Rentz and Lightfoot, 1976
Idiostatus elegans Caudell, 1907
Idiostatus fuscopunctatus (Scudder, 1899)
Idiostatus fuscus Caudell, 1934
Idiostatus goedeni Rentz, 1978
Idiostatus gurneyi Rentz, 1973
Idiostatus hermanii (Thomas, 1875)
Idiostatus inermis (Scudder, 1899)
Idiostatus inermoides Rentz, 1973
Idiostatus inyo Rehn and Hebard, 1920
Idiostatus kathleenae Rentz, 1973
Idiostatus magnificus Hebard, 1934
Idiostatus major Caudell, 1934
Idiostatus martinellii Rentz, 1973
Idiostatus middlekauffi Rentz, 1973
Idiostatus rehni Caudell, 1907
Idiostatus sinuata (Scudder, 1899)
Idiostatus variegatus Caudell, 1907
Idiostatus viridis Rentz, 1973
Idiostatus wymorei Caudell, 1934
Insara apache (Rehn, 1907)
Insara covilleae Rehn and Hebard, 1914
Insara elegans (Scudder, 1901)
Insara gemmicula Rehn and Hebard, 1914
Insara juniperi Hebard, 1935
Insara tessellata Hebard, 1935
Inscudderia strigata (Scudder, 1898)
Inscudderia taxodii Caudell, 1921
Inscudderia walkeri Hebard, 1925
Inyodectes pallidus Rentz and Birchim, 1968
Inyodectes schlingeri Rentz, 1972
Lea floridensis (Beutenmuller, 1903)
Meconema thalassinum (De Geer, 1773)
Metrioptera roeselii (Hagenbach, 1822)
Metrioptera sphagnorum (F. Walker, 1869)
Microcentrum californicum Hebard, 1932
Microcentrum latifrons Spooner, 1989
Microcentrum louisianum Hebard, 1939
Microcentrum minus Strohecker, 1952
Microcentrum retinerve (Burmeister, 1838)
Microcentrum rhombifolium (Saussure, 1859)
Microcentrum rostratum Rehn, 1905
Montezumina modesta (Brunner, 1878)
Neduba carinata F. Walker, 1869
Neduba castanea (Scudder, 1899)
Neduba convexa Caudell, 1907
Neduba diabolica (Scudder, 1899)
Neduba extincta Rentz, 1977
Neduba macneilli Rentz and Birchim, 1968
Neduba morsei Caudell, 1907
Neduba propsti Rentz and Weissmann, 1981
Neduba sierranus (Rehn and Hebard, 1911)
Neduba steindachneri (Herman, 1874)
Neobarrettia spinosa (Caudell, 1907)
Neobarrettia victoriae (Caudell, 1907)
Neoconocephalus bivocatus Walker, Whitesell and Alexander, 1973
Neoconocephalus caudellianus (Davis, 1905)
Neoconocephalus ensiger (Harris, 1841)
Neoconocephalus exiliscanorus (Davis, 1887)
Neoconocephalus lyristes (Rehn and Hebard, 1905)
Neoconocephalus melanorhinus (Rehn and Hebard, 1907)
Neoconocephalus nebrascensis (Bruner, 1891)
Neoconocephalus pahayokee Walker and Whitesell, 1978
Neoconocephalus palustris (Blatchley, 1893)
Neoconocephalus retusus (Scudder, 1878)
Neoconocephalus robustus (Scudder, 1863)
Neoconocephalus triops (Linnaeus, 1758)
Neoconocephalus velox Rehn and Hebard, 1914
Odontoxiphidium apterum Morse, 1901
Orchelimum agile (De Geer, 1773)
Orchelimum bradleyi Rehn and Hebard, 1915
Orchelimum bullatum Rehn and Hebard, 1915
Orchelimum campestre Blatchley, 1893
Orchelimum carinatum T. J. Walker, 1971
Orchelimum concinnum Scudder, 1863
Orchelimum delicatum Bruner, 1892
Orchelimum erythrocephalum Davis, 1905
Orchelimum fidicinium Rehn and Hebard, 1907
Orchelimum gladiator Bruner, 1891
Orchelimum laticauda (Redtenbacher, 1891)
Orchelimum militare Rehn and Hebard, 1907
Orchelimum minor Bruner, 1891
Orchelimum nigripes Scudder, 1875
Orchelimum pulchellum Davis, 1909
Orchelimum silvaticum McNeill, 1891
Orchelimum superbum Rehn and Hebard, 1915
Orchelimum volantum McNeill, 1891
Orchelimum vulgare Harris, 1841
Orophus rhombifolia (Saussure, 1859)
Paracyrtophyllus excelsus (Rehn and Hebard, 1914)
Paracyrtophyllus robustus Caudell, 1906
Pediodectes bruneri (Caudell, 1907)
Pediodectes daedelus (Rehn and Hebard, 1920)
Pediodectes grandis (Rehn, 1904)
Pediodectes haldemani (Girard, 1853)
Pediodectes mitchelli (Caudell, 1911)
Pediodectes nigromarginatus (Caudell, 1902)
Pediodectes pratti (Caudell, 1911)
Pediodectes stevensoni (Thomas, 1870)
Pediodectes tinkhami Hebard, 1934
Peranabrus scabricollis (Thomas, 1872)
Petropedes santarosae Tinkham, 1972
Phaneroptera furcifera Stål, 1861
Phaneroptera nana Fieber, 1853
Plagiostira albofasciata Scudder, 1902
Plagiostira albonotata Scudder, 1876
Plagiostira gillettei Caudell, 1907
Plagiostira mescaleroensis Tinkham, 1960
Platycleis tessellata (Charpentier, 1825)
Platylyra californica Scudder, 1898
Platyoplus gilaensis Tinkham, 1973
Pterophylla camellifolia (Fabricius, 1775)
Pterophylla furcata Caudell, 1906
Pyrgocorypha uncinata (Harris, 1841)
Saga pedo (Pallas, 1771)
Scudderia cuneata Morse, 1901
Scudderia curvicauda (De Geer, 1773)
Scudderia fasciata Beutenmuller, 1894
Scudderia furcata Brunner, 1878
Scudderia pistillata Brunner, 1878
Scudderia septentrionalis (Serville, 1839)
Scudderia texensis Saussure and Pictet, 1897
Scudderia williamsi Piza, 1974
Steiroxys borealis Scudder, 1894
Steiroxys pallidipalpus (Thomas, 1872)
Steiroxys strepens Fulton, 1930
Steiroxys trilineatus (Thomas, 1870)
Turpilia rostrata (Rehn and Hebard, 1905)
Zacycloptera atripennis Caudell, 1907

Podvrste

Aglaothorax diminutiva constrictans (Rentz and Weissman, 1981)
Aglaothorax diminutiva dactyla (Rentz and Weissman, 1981)
Aglaothorax diminutiva diminutiva (Rentz and Birchim, 1968)
Aglaothorax diminutiva malibu (Rentz and Weissman, 1981)
Aglaothorax morsei costalis (Rentz and Weissman, 1981)
Aglaothorax morsei curtatus (Rentz and Weissman, 1981)
Aglaothorax morsei islandica (Rentz and Weissman, 1981)
Aglaothorax morsei morsei (Caudell, 1907)
Aglaothorax morsei santacruzae (Rentz and Weissman, 1981)
Aglaothorax morsei tectinota (Rentz and Weissman, 1981)
Aglaothorax ovata armiger Rehn and Hebard, 1920
Aglaothorax ovata gigantea Rentz and Birchim, 1968
Aglaothorax ovata longicaudus Rentz and Birchim, 1968
Aglaothorax ovata ovata (Scudder, 1899)
Aglaothorax ovata segnis Rehn and Hebard, 1920
Aglaothorax ovata tinkhamorum Rentz and Birchim, 1968
Amblycorypha floridana carinata Rehn and Hebard, 1914
Amblycorypha floridana floridana Rehn, 1905
Amblycorypha parvipennis parvipennis Stål, 1876
Arethaea constricta comanche Hebard, 1936
Arethaea constricta constricta Brunner, 1878
Arethaea gracilipes cerciata Hebard, 1936
Arethaea gracilipes gracilipes (Thomas, 1870)
Arethaea gracilipes papago Hebard, 1935
Atlanticus americanus americanus (Saussure, 1859)
Atlanticus americanus hesperus Hebard, 1934
Belocephalus hebardi hebardi Davis, 1912
Belocephalus hebardi proximus Hebard, 1927
Belocephalus sleighti simplex Hebard, 1927
Belocephalus sleighti sleighti Davis, 1914
Belocephalus subapterus hesperus Hebard, 1927
Belocephalus subapterus peninsularis Hebard, 1927
Belocephalus subapterus rehni Davis, 1912
Belocephalus subapterus subapterus Scudder, 1875
Conocephalus brevipennis brevipennis (Scudder, 1863)
Eremopedes balli balli Caudell, 1902
Eremopedes balli pallidus Tinkham, 1944
Insara elegans consuetipes (Scudder, 1900)
Insara elegans elegans (Scudder, 1901)
Lea floridensis divergens Hebard, 1939
Lea floridensis floridensis (Beutenmuller, 1903)
Pediodectes grandis grandis (Rehn, 1904)
Pediodectes grandis insignis (Caudell, 1907)
Pediodectes nigromarginatus griseis (Caudell, 1902)
Pediodectes nigromarginatus nigromarginatus (Caudell, 1902)
Phaneroptera nana nana Fieber, 1853
Plagiostira gillettei gillettei Caudell, 1907
Plagiostira gillettei utahensis Tinkham, 1962
Pterophylla camellifolia camellifolia (Fabricius, 1775)
Pterophylla camellifolia dentifera Hebard, 1941
Pterophylla camellifolia intermedia Caudell, 1906
Pterophylla furcata furcata Caudell, 1906
Pterophylla furcata laletica Hebard, 1941
Scudderia curvicauda borealis Rehn and Hebard, 1914
Scudderia curvicauda curvicauda (De Geer, 1773)
Scudderia curvicauda laticauda Brunner, 1878
Scudderia furcata furcata Brunner, 1878

Reference

^ „Katydid”. Ediotrs of Encyclopaedia Britannica & others. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Приступљено 9. 10. 2014.
^ Ivo Matoničkin, Ivan Habdija, Biserka Primc-Habdija, Beskralješnjaci, biologija viših avertebrata, Školska knjiga. . Zagreb. 1999. ISBN 978-953-0-30824-4.

Spoljašnje veze

North American Katydids with range maps and audio files of katydid songs

[EBChecked-1] „Katydid”. Ediotrs of Encyclopaedia Britannica & others. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Приступљено 9. 10. 2014.

[2] Ivo Matoničkin, Ivan Habdija, Biserka Primc-Habdija, Beskralješnjaci, biologija viših avertebrata, Školska knjiga. . Zagreb. 1999. ISBN 978-953-0-30824-4.

[1]

[2]