Цивилизација долине Инда — разлика између измена

Историја Јужне Азије ; ; Историја Индије
Камено доба	70.000–7000. п. н. е.
Култура Мергар	7000–3300. п. н. е.
Цивилизација долине Инда	3.300.–1700. п. н. е.
Касна Харапа култура	1700.–1300. п. н. е..
Ведска цивилизација	1500.–500. п. н. е.
· Краљевства античке Индије	· 1200.–700. п. н. е.
Махаџанапади	700.–300. п. н. е.
Царство Магада	684.–26. п. н. е.
· Мауријско царство	· 321.–184. п. н. е.
Средња краљевства Индије	230. п. н. е.–1279. нове ере
· Сатавахана царство	· 230. п. н. е.–199. нове ере
· Кушанско царство	· 60.–240. нове ере
· Гупта царство	· 240.–550.
· Чола царство	· 848.–1279.
Исламски султанати у Индији	1210.–1596.
· Делхијски султанат	· 1206.–1526.
· Декански султанати	· 1490.–1596.
Хојсала царство	1040.–1346.
Виџајанагарско царство	1336.–1565.
Могулско царство	1526.–1707.
Марата царство	1674.–1818.
Колонијална Индија	1757.–1947.
Подела Индије	1947.–
	Историје држава; Република Индија · Пакистан · Бангладеш; Шри Ланка · Непал · Бутан · Малдиви
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Историјска карта цивилизације Долине Инда

На обалама реке Инда, у данашњем Пакистану, појавила се и развијала једна од најстаријих светских цивилизација између 2700. и 1750. п. н. е.^[1] Њена средишта су била градови Мохенџо-даро, Харапа и Лотал, са по 40.000 становника. Велике јавне грађевине, грађене од опека од блата , показују да је ова цивилизација била веома напредна. Врло мало знамо о свакодневном животу становника долине Инда, осим да су трговали са Сумерима и практиковали један од првих облика хиндуизма. Њихова је цивилизација необјашњиво пропала након 1750. п. н. е. Узрок може бити нека инвазија Аријеваца или промена тока реке Инда.

Мохенџо-даро

Градови у долини Инда били су плански грађени по узорку мреже. Имали су широке главне путеве и уске уличице. Кућни отпад одводио се одводним каналима. Све су куће биле изграђене око средишњег дворишта. Људи су током дана у том дворишту живели и радили.

Велика житница

Неки историчари сматрају да су становници у долини Инда житницу користили као банку јер је била сигурносно складиште блага трговаца и владара овог града.

Житница- је имала дрвени зид дуг 46 м и кровове дуж целе грађевине.
Купалиште - је било једна од највећих и најважнијих грађевина у Мохенџо-дару.
Малена купалишта - смештена у грађевинама недалеко од главног купалишта.
Средишња купалишта - су се користила за верске намене, примери су обредно прање пре светковине.
Цитадела - је високо подручје на којем су биле смештене важне јавне грађевине. Високо подручје лакше се брани.
Ступа или будистичко светиште - саграђена је много касније након постојања града Мохенџо-даро. Изворни главни храм становника долине Инда може бити скривен испод хумка ступе.

Наука

Попут већине древних цивилизација, становници долине Инда имали су свој састав за мерење масе и дуљине. То је олакшавало трговину, а могло се одређивати и вредност робе ради плаћања пореза. Ти древни становници били су и вешти лончари и металски радници. Израђивали су фине осликане посуде, фигуре од теракоте и леп златни накит. Научили су мешати бакар и калај и призводити бронзу.

Печати

Индски народ је користио печате за показивање имовине. У сваки печат је урезана слика животиње, на пример пример једнорога, и запис. Археолози су пронашли камене печате са записима који не наликују ниједном другом старом писму. Кад би се пронашли дуги текстови, историчари би их могли дешифровати - међутим, записи у долини Инда су кратки па њихово значење остаје тајна.

Религија

О религији у долини Инда се мало зна. Због важности воде, што доказује постојање купалишта, неки историчари су је повезали с каснијим хиндуизмом. Различите пронађене статуе могле би представљати богове и богиње. Већина кипова пронађених у индским градовима имају маске на глави и накит па се претпоставља да представљају фигуре богиња.

Референце

^ Wright 2009, стр. 1.

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Спољашње везе

Indus
Art of the First Cities: Mohenjo Daro - Izložba u Metropolitan Museum of Art
Fotografije iz Mohendžo Daroa
An invitation to the Indus Civilization (Tokyo Metropolitan Museum)
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[FOOTNOTEWright20091-1] Wright 2009, стр. 1.

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 [[Датотека:CiviltàValleIndoMappa.png|thumb|250px|Историјска карта цивилизације Долине Инда]]
-На обалама [[река|реке]] [[Инд]]а, у данашњем [[Пакистан]]у, појавила се и развијала једна од најстаријих светских [[цивилизација]] између 2700. и 1750. п. н. е. Њена средишта су била градови [[Мохенџо-даро]], [[Харапа]] и [[Лотал]], са по 40.000 становника. Велике јавне грађевине, грађене од опека од блата , показују да је ова цивилизација била веома напредна. Врло мало знамо о свакодневном животу становника долине Инда, осим да су трговали са [[Сумер]]има и практиковали један од првих облика [[хиндуизам|хиндуизма]]. Њихова је цивилизација необјашњиво пропала након 1750. п. н. е. Узрок може бити нека инвазија [[Аријевци|Аријеваца]] или промена тока реке Инда.
+На обалама [[река|реке]] [[Инд]]а, у данашњем [[Пакистан]]у, појавила се и развијала једна од најстаријих светских [[цивилизација]] између 2700. и 1750. п. н. е.{{Sfn|Wright|2009|p=1}} Њена средишта су била градови [[Мохенџо-даро]], [[Харапа]] и [[Лотал]], са по 40.000 становника. Велике јавне грађевине, грађене од опека од блата , показују да је ова цивилизација била веома напредна. Врло мало знамо о свакодневном животу становника долине Инда, осим да су трговали са [[Сумер]]има и практиковали један од првих облика [[хиндуизам|хиндуизма]]. Њихова је цивилизација необјашњиво пропала након 1750. п. н. е. Узрок може бити нека инвазија [[Аријевци|Аријеваца]] или промена тока реке Инда.
 == Мохенџо-даро ==
@@ Ред 30: / Ред 30: @@
 О религији у долини Инда се мало зна. Због важности воде, што доказује постојање купалишта, неки историчари су је повезали с каснијим [[Хиндуизам|хиндуизмом]]. Различите пронађене статуе могле би представљати [[бог]]ове и богиње. Већина кипова пронађених у индским градовима имају маске на глави и накит па се претпоставља да представљају фигуре богиња.
+== Референце ==
+{{reflist|30em}}
+== Литература ==
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+*{{cite journal |last1=MacDonald |first1=Glen |title=Potential influence of the Pacific Ocean on the Indian summer monsoon and Harappan decline |journal=Quaternary International |volume=229 |issue=1–2 |year=2011 |pages=140–148 |issn=1040-6182 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2009.11.012|bibcode=2011QuInt.229..140M }}
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+*{{cite book |last=Sen|first=Sudipta|title=Ganges: The Many Pasts of an Indian River|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BHN_DwAAQBAJ|date=2019|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-11916-9}}
+*{{cite journal |ref=harv |last1=Sengupta |year=2005 |first1=S |last2=Zhivotovsky |first2=LA |last3=King |first3=R |last4=Mehdi |first4=SQ |last5=Edmonds|first5=CA |last6=Chow |first6=CE |last7=Lin |first7=AA |last8=Mitra |first8=M |last9=Sil |first9=SK |last10=Ramesh |first10=A. |last11=Usha Rani|first11=M.V. |last12=Thakur |first12=Chitra M. |last13=Cavalli-Sforza |first13=L. Luca |last14=Majumder|first14=Partha P. |last15=Underhill |first15=Peter A. |title=Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=202–221 |pmid=16400607 |pmc=1380230 |doi=10.1086/499411 |display-authors=8}}.
+* {{cite book |first=Shikaripura Ranganatha |last=Rao |authorlink=Shikaripura Ranganatha Rao |year=1991 |title=Dawn and Devolution of the Indus Civilisation |isbn=978-81-85179-74-2 |publisher=Aditya Prakashan |location=New Delhi |ref=harv}}
+* {{cite book |last=Shaffer|first=Jim G. |authorlink=Jim G. Shaffer |chapter=Cultural tradition and Palaeoethnicity in South Asian Archaeology |title=Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia |editor=George Erdosy |year=1995 |isbn=978-3-11-014447-5 |publisher=de Gruyter |location=Berlin u.a. |ref=harv}}
+* {{cite book |last=Shaffer|first=Jim G. |authorlink=Jim G. Shaffer |chapter=Migration, Philology and South Asian Archaeology |title=Aryan and Non-Aryan in South Asia. |editor=Bronkhorst |editor2=Deshpande |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-888789-04-1 |publisher=Harvard University, Dept. of Sanskrit and Indian Studies |location=Cambridge|ref=harv}}
+* {{cite book |last=Shaffer|first=Jim G.|authorlink=Jim G. Shaffer|year=1992|chapter=The Indus Valley, Baluchistan and Helmand Traditions: Neolithic Through Bronze Age |title=Chronologies in Old World Archaeology |edition=Second |editor=R.W. Ehrich |location=Chicago |publisher=University of Chicago Press |ref=harv}}
+* {{cite journal | last =Singh | first =Sakshi | year =2016 | title =Dissecting the influence of Neolithic demic diffusion on Indian Y-chromosome pool through J2-M172 haplogroup | journal =Scientific Reports | doi =10.1038/srep19157 | pmid=26754573 | pmc=4709632 | volume=6 | page=19157| bibcode=2016NatSR...619157S }}
+* {{cite journal |last=Srinivasan |first=Doris |title=The so-called Proto-Śiva seal from Mohenjo-Daro: An iconological assessment |journal=Archives of Asian Art |year=1975 |volume=29 |pages=47–58 |authorlink=Doris Meth Srinivasan |jstor=20062578 |ref=harv}}
+* {{cite book |last=Srinivasan |first=Doris Meth |title=Many Heads, Arms and Eyes: Origin, Meaning and Form in Multiplicity in Indian Art |year=1997 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-10758-8 |authorlink=Doris Meth Srinivasan |url=https://books.google.com/?id=vZheP9dIX9wC |ref=harv}}
+*{{cite journal |last1=Staubwasser |first1=M. |last2=Sirocko|first2=F. |last3=Grootes |first3=P. M. |last4=Segl |first4=M. |title=Climate change at the 4.2 ka BP termination of the Indus valley civilization and Holocene south Asian monsoon variability |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=30 |issue=8 |pages=1425 |year=2003 |issn=0094-8276 |doi=10.1029/2002GL016822|bibcode=2003GeoRL..30.1425S }}
+* {{cite journal |last=Sullivan|first=Herbert P.|title=A Re-Examination of the Religion of the Indus Civilization |journal=History of Religions |year=1964 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=115–125 |jstor=1061875|doi=10.1086/462498 |ref=harv}}
+* {{cite book |last=Thapar |first=Romila |authorlink=Romila Thapar |title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&pg=FA85 |year=2004 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-24225-8 |ref=harv}}
+<!-- U -->
+* {{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Underhill|2009}} |last1=Underhill |first1=Peter A. |last2=Myres |year=2009 |first2=Natalie M |last3=Rootsi |first3=Siiri |last4=Metspalu |first4=Mait |last5=Zhivotovsky |first5=Lev A. |last6=King |issue=4 |first6=Roy J. |last7=Lin |first7=Alice A. |last8=Chow |first8=Cheryl-Emiliane T. |last9=Semino |first9=Ornella |last10=Battaglia |first10=Vincenza |last11=Kutuev |first11=Ildus |last12=Järve |first12=Mari |last13=Chaubey |first13=Gyaneshwer |last14=Ayub|first14=Qasim |last15=Mohyuddin |first15=Aisha |last16=Mehdi |first16=S. Qasim |last17=Sengupta |first17=Sanghamitra |last18=Rogaev |first18=Evgeny I. |last19=Khusnutdinova |first19=Elza K. |last20=Pshenichnov |first20=Andrey |last21=Balanovsky |first21=Oleg |last22=Balanovska |first22=Elena |last23=Jeran |first23=Nina |last24=Augustin |first24=Dubravka Havas |last25=Baldovic |first25=Marian|last26=Herrera |first26=Rene J. |last27=Thangaraj |first27=Kumarasamy |last28=Singh |first28=Vijay |last29=Singh |first29=Lalji |last30=Majumder |first30=Partha |title=Separating the post-Glacial coancestry of European and Asian Y chromosomes within haplogroup R1a |volume=18 |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2009.194 |pmid=19888303 |pmc=2987245 |pages=479–484 |display-authors=8}}
+* {{cite journal | last1 =Underhill | first1 =Peter A. | year =2014 | title =The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a | journal =[[European Journal of Human Genetics]] | volume =23 | issue =1 | pages =124–131 | issn =1018-4813 | doi =10.1038/ejhg.2014.50 | pmid=24667786 | pmc=4266736}}
+* {{cite journal | last =Underhill |first =Peter A. |display-authors=etal| year = 2015 | title =The phylogenetic & geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a | journal =European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=23 |pages=124–131 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2014.50 | pmid=24667786 | pmc=4266736}}
+<!-- W -->
+* {{cite journal |last=Wells |first=R.S. |year=2001 |title=The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=98 |issue=18 |pages=10244–10249 |doi=10.1073/pnas.171305098 |bibcode=2001PNAS...9810244W |pmid=11526236 |pmc=56946}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Willey |last2=Phillips |year=1958 |title=Method and Theory in American Archaeology}}
+* {{cite journal |journal=Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies |authorlink=Michael Witzel |last=Witzel |first=Michael |title=The Languages of Harappa |date=February 2000 |url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/IndusLang.pdf |ref=harv}}
+* {{cite book |last=Wright |first=Rita P. |authorlink=Rita P. Wright |title=The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAgFPQAACAAJ |accessdate=29 September 2013 |year=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-57219-4}}
+* {{cite book | last1 =Coningham | first1 =Robin | last2 =Young | first2 =Ruth | year =2015 | title =The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c. 6500 BCE – 200 CE |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=hB5TCgAAQBAJ | publisher =Cambridge University Press}}
+{{Refend}}
 == Спољашње везе ==
@@ Ред 36: / Ред 142: @@
 * [http://www.metmuseum.org/explore/First_Cities/cities_mohenjo.htm ''Art of the First Cities: Mohenjo Daro''] - Izložba u Metropolitan Museum of Art
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141025145352/http://www.harappa.com/har/moen0.html Fotografije iz Mohendžo Daroa]
+* -{[https://web.archive.org/web/20051125125109/http://pubweb.cc.u-tokai.ac.jp/indus/english/index.html An invitation to the Indus Civilization (Tokyo Metropolitan Museum)]}-
+* -{[https://web.archive.org/web/20110629091226/http://www.upenn.edu/researchatpenn/article.php?674&soc Cache of Seal Impressions Discovered in Western India]}-
+* {{cite web |authorlink=Asko Parpola |last=Parpola |first=Asko |url=http://www.harappa.com/script/indusscript.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060306111112/http://www.harappa.com/script/indusscript.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 March 2006 |title=Study of the Indus Script |date=19 May 2005 |ref=harv}}
+{{Authority control}}
 [[Категорија:Историја Индије]]

Нормативна контрола
Државне	Израел Сједињене Државе Јапан Чешка
Остале	Енциклопедија Британика