Пума — разлика између измена

Пума; Временски распон: 0.3–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ средишњи Pleistocene – Holocene
Статус угрожености
	; Најмање угрожен (IUCN 3.1)
Научна класификација
Царство:	Animalia
Тип:	Chordata
Класа:	Mammalia
Ред:	Carnivora
Породица:	Felidae
Род:	Puma
Врста:	P. concolor
Биномно име
	Puma concolor; (Linnaeus, 1771)
Подврсте
	Puma concolor anthonyi; Puma concolor cabrerae; Puma concolor concolor; Puma concolor couguar; Puma concolor costaricensis; Puma concolor puma
	Ареал распрострањења пуме
Синоними
	Felis concolor

Интерактиван преглед историје

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Инлајн

Верзија на датум 15. август 2021. у 18:22

Пума или кугуар (лат. Puma concolor), сисар је из породице мачака, а може се наћи у Сјеверној, Средњој и Јужној Америци. Ријеч „пума“ долази из кечуа језика. На америчком континенту важи за другу по тежини мачку, одмах након јагуара, а четврта на свету заједно са леопардом, одмах иза тигра, лава и јагуара, иако заправо припада групи мањих мачака.

Именовање и етимологија

The word cougar is borrowed from the Portuguese çuçuarana, via French; it was originally derived from the Tupi language. A current form in Brazil is suçuarana.^[4] In the 17th century, Georg Marcgrave named it cuguacu ara. Marcgrave's rendering was reproduced in 1648 by his associate Willem Piso. Cuguacu ara was then adopted by John Ray in 1693.^[5] In 1774, Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon converted cuguacu ara to cuguar, which was later modified to "cougar" in English.^[6]^[7]^[8]

"Puma" is the common name used in Latin America and most parts of Europe. The term puma is also used in the United States.^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12] The first use of puma in English dates to 1777, introduced from Spanish, and prior from the Quechua language in the 16th century, where it means "powerful".^[13]

In the western United States and Canada, it is also called "mountain lion", a name first used in writing in 1858.^[14] Other names include "panther", "painter" and "catamount".^[15]^[16] Early Spanish explorers of the Americas called it gato montés (meaning "cat of the mountain"), and león (meaning "lion").^[15]

The cougar holds the Guinness record for the animal with the greatest number of names, with over 40 in English alone.^[17]

Таксономија

Felis concolor was the scientific name proposed by Carl Linnaeus in 1771 for a cat with a long tail from Brasilia.^[18] The second half of the name, "concolor" is Latin for "of uniform color". It was placed in the genus Puma by William Jardine in 1834.^[19] This genus is part of the Felinae.^[2] The cougar is most closely related to the jaguarundi and the cheetah.^[20]^[21]

Подврсте

Following Linnaeus' first scientific description of the cougar, 32 cougar zoological specimens were described and proposed as subspecies until the late 1980s. Genetic analysis of cougar mitochondrial DNA indicate that many of these are too similar to be recognized as distinct at a molecular level, but that only six phylogeographic groups exist. The Florida panther samples showed a low microsatellite variation, possibly due to inbreeding.^[21] Following this research, the authors of Mammal Species of the World recognized the following six subspecies in 2005:^[2]

P. c. concolor (Linnaeus, 1771) includes the synonyms bangsi, incarum, osgoodi, soasoaranna, sussuarana, soderstromii, suçuaçuara, and wavula
P. c. puma (Molina, 1782) includes the synonyms araucanus, concolor, patagonica, pearsoni, and puma (Trouessart, 1904)
P. c. couguar (Kerr, 1792) includes arundivaga, aztecus, browni, californica, floridana, hippolestes, improcera, kaibabensis, mayensis, missoulensis, olympus, oregonensis, schorgeri, stanleyana, vancouverensis, and youngi
P. c. costaricensis (Merriam, 1901)
P. c. anthonyi (Nelson and Goldman, 1931) includes acrocodia, borbensis, capricornensis, concolor, greeni, and nigra
P. c. cabrerae Pocock, 1940 includes hudsonii and puma proposed by Marcelli in 1922

In 2006, the Florida panther was still referred to as a distinct subspecies P. c. coryi in research works.^[22]

Ажурирано: 2017.^{[ажурирање]}, the Cat Classification Taskforce of the Cat Specialist Group recognizes only two subspecies as valid:^[23]

P. c. concolor in South America, possibly excluding the region northwest of the Andes
P. c. couguar in North and Central America and possibly northwestern South America

Популација и размножавање

Пре него што је дошло до експлозије људске популације у Америци, пума је обитовала великим делом Америке. Пума има већи простор у којем обитава од других сисара. Живе од Јужног Јукона (у Канади) до јужних Анда (у Чилеу и Аргентини).

Физичке карактеристике

Пуме су крем боје с црним врховима ушију и репа. Може трчати до 50 км/ч, с места може скочити 6 метара, усправан скок износи 2,5 м. Угриз има јачи од било којег пса. Пума има четири прста, а канџе су увучене и по потреби се могу избацити. Одрасли мужјак пуме може бити дугачак и до 2,5 м (од њушке до краја репа), а тежи око 70 кг. У посебним случајевима може достићи и 95 кг. Одрасле женке су дугачке око 2 м и теже око 35 кг (увек рачунајући од врха њушке па до краја репа). Мачићи пуме су прекривени црно-смеђим тачкицама, а реп им је савијен у круг. Пуме живе око 25 година. Пуме које живе ближе екватору су мање од оних које живе ближе полова.

Извори

^ Caso, A., Lopez-Gonzalez, C., Payan, E., Eizirik, E., de Oliveira, T., Leite-Pitman, R., Kelly, M., Valderrama, C. & Lucherini, M. (2008). „Puma concolor”. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Приступљено 22. 3. 2009.
^ ^а ^б ^в Wozencraft, W.C. (2005). „Species Puma concolor”. Ур.: Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd изд.). Johns Hopkins University Press. стр. 544—545. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ Wozencraft 2005, стр. 545–554.
^ „Online Etymology Dictionary”. Douglas Harper. 2001. Приступљено 12. 8. 2006.
& corresponding entry for "Cougar"
^ „Words to the Wise”. Take Our Word for It (205): 2. Архивирано из оригинала 12. 8. 2012. г. Приступљено 31. 7. 2012.
^ Harper, Douglas. „jaguar”. Online Etymology Dictionary.
^ „cougar”. Merriam-Webster Dictionary Online. Архивирано из оригинала 9. 5. 2013. г.
^ „cougar”. Oxford Dictionaries Online, Oxford University Press. 1989. Архивирано из оригинала 1. 6. 2013. г.
^ Rau, J. R.; Jiménez, J. E. (2002). „Diet of puma (Puma concolor, Carnivora: Felidae) in coastal and Andean ranges of southern Chile”. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment. 37 (3): 201—205. S2CID 84264487. doi:10.1076/snfe.37.3.201.8567.
^ Scognamillo, D.; Maxit, I. E.; Sunquist, M.; Polisar, J. (2003). „Coexistence of jaguar (Panthera onca) and puma (Puma concolor) in a mosaic landscape in the Venezuelan llanos”. Journal of Zoology. 259 (3): 269—279. doi:10.1017/S0952836902003230.
^ Holmes, B. R.; Laundré, J. W. (2006). „Use of open, edge and forest areas by pumas Puma concolor in winter: are pumas foraging optimally?” (PDF). Wildlife Biology. 12 (2): 201—210. doi:10.2981/0909-6396(2006)12[201:UOOEAF]2.0.CO;2.
^ Dickson, B. G.; Roemer, G. W.; McRae, B. H.; Rundall, J. M. (2013). „Models of regional habitat quality and connectivity for pumas (Puma concolor) in the southwestern United States”. PLOS ONE. 8 (12): e81898. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...881898D. PMC 3867332 . PMID 24367495. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081898.
^ „The Puma”. Projeto Puma. Архивирано из оригинала 6. 7. 2007. г. Приступљено 31. 7. 2012.
^ Jackson, G. A. (1935). „George A. Jackson's Diary of 1858–1859”. Colorado Magazine. 6: 201—214.
^ ^а ^б Tinsley, J. B. (1987). The Puma: Legendary Lion of the Americas. El Paso: Texas Western Press Publications. ISBN 0874042038.
^ Murray Wrobel, ур. (2006). Elsevier's Dictionary of Mammals. Elsevier. стр. 179 second. ISBN 978-0-0804-8882-0.
^ Folkard, C. (2004). The Guinness Book of World Records. Bt Bound. стр. 49.
^ Linnaeus, C. (1771). „Felis concolor”. Mantissa plantarum altera (на језику: латински). Holmiae: Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii. стр. 522.
^ Jardine, W. (1834). „Genus II. Puma”. Naturalists' library, Mammalia, volume 2. Edinburgh: Lizars, Stirling and Kenney. стр. 266—267.
^ Johnson, W. E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W. J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E.; O'Brien, S. J. (2006). „The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment”. Science. 311 (5757): 73—77. Bibcode:2006Sci...311...73J. PMID 16400146. S2CID 41672825. doi:10.1126/science.1122277.
^ ^а ^б Culver, M.; Johnson, W. E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; O'Brien, S. J. (2000). „Genomic Ancestry of the American Puma”. Journal of Heredity. 91 (3): 186—97. PMID 10833043. doi:10.1093/jhered/91.3.186 .
^ Conroy, M. J.; Beier, P.; Quigley, H.; Vaughan, M. R. (2006). „Improving The Use Of Science In Conservation: Lessons From The Florida Panther”. Journal of Wildlife Management. 70 (1): 1—7. doi:10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[1:ITUOSI]2.0.CO;2.
^ Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O'Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z.; Tobe, S. (2017). „A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group” (PDF). Cat News (Special Issue 11): 33—34.

Литература

Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., ур. Mammal Species of the World (3. изд.). Johns Hopkins University Press. стр. 545—554. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.
Baron, David (2004). The Beast in the Garden: A Modern Parable of Man and Nature. New York: W. W. Norton and Company. ISBN 978-0-393-05807-9.
Bolgiano, Chris (2001). Mountain Lion:An Unnatural History of Pumas and People (Paperback изд.). Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-2867-6.
Eberhart, George M. (2002). Mysterious Creatures: A Guide to Cryptozoology. Volume 2. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. стр. 153—161. ISBN 978-1-57607-283-7.
Hornocker, Maurice; Negri, Sharon; Lindzey, Fred, ур. (2010). Cougar: Ecology and Conservation (Hardcover изд.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-35344-9.
Kobalenko, Jerry (2005). Forest Cats of North America. Hove: Firefly Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1-55209-172-2.
Lester, Todd (октобар 2001). „Search for Cougars in the East North America” (PDF). North American BioFortean Review. 3 (7): 15—17.
Logan, Ken; Linda Sweanor (2001). Desert Puma: Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation of an Enduring Carnivore. Island Press. ISBN 978-1-55963-866-1.
„Publications”. Mountain Lion Foundation.
Parker, Gerry (1994). The Eastern Panther – Mystery Cat of the Appalachians (Softcover изд.). Nimbus Publishing (CN). ISBN 978-1-55109-268-3.
Wright, Bruce S (1972). The Eastern Panther: A Question of Survival. Toronto: Clark, Irwin, and Company. ISBN 978-0772005281.
Van Nuys, Frank (2015). Varmints and Victims: Predator Control in the American West. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.
„Annotated Bibliography”. easterncougar.org – Cougar Rewilding Foundation.

Спољашње везе

„Cougar Puma concolor”. IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group.
Cougar Tracks: How to identify cougar tracks in the wild
„Puma sounds”. National Geographic Society. 10. 9. 2010.
Santa Cruz Puma Project
Eastern Puma Research Network
Felidae Conservation Fund
Cougar Rewilding Foundation, formerly "Eastern Cougar Foundation"
The Cougar Network --Using Science to Understand Cougar Ecology
„Saving America's Lion”. Mountain Lion Foundation.
SaveTheCougar.org: Sightings of cougars in Michigan
The Cougar Fund – Protecting America's Greatest Cat. A Definitive Resource About Cougars: Comprehensive, non-profit 501(c)(3) site with extensive information about cougars, from how to live safely in cougar country, to science abstracts, hunting regulations, state-by-state cougar management/policy info, and rare photos and videos of wild cougars.
Living with California Mountain Lions
Oregon's first fatal cougar attack in the wild claims hiker near Mount Hood

{{Authority control}

[iucn-1] Caso, A., Lopez-Gonzalez, C., Payan, E., Eizirik, E., de Oliveira, T., Leite-Pitman, R., Kelly, M., Valderrama, C. & Lucherini, M. (2008). „Puma concolor”. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Приступљено 22. 3. 2009.

[MSW3-2] а ^б ^в Wozencraft, W.C. (2005). „Species Puma concolor”. Ур.: Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd изд.). Johns Hopkins University Press. стр. 544—545. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

[FOOTNOTEWozencraft2005545–554-3] Wozencraft 2005, стр. 545–554.

[4] „Online Etymology Dictionary”. Douglas Harper. 2001. Приступљено 12. 8. 2006.
& corresponding entry for "Cougar"

[5] „Words to the Wise”. Take Our Word for It (205): 2. Архивирано из оригинала 12. 8. 2012. г. Приступљено 31. 7. 2012.

[6] Harper, Douglas. „jaguar”. Online Etymology Dictionary.

[7] „cougar”. Merriam-Webster Dictionary Online. Архивирано из оригинала 9. 5. 2013. г.

[8] „cougar”. Oxford Dictionaries Online, Oxford University Press. 1989. Архивирано из оригинала 1. 6. 2013. г.

[9] Rau, J. R.; Jiménez, J. E. (2002). „Diet of puma (Puma concolor, Carnivora: Felidae) in coastal and Andean ranges of southern Chile”. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment. 37 (3): 201—205. S2CID 84264487. doi:10.1076/snfe.37.3.201.8567.

[10] Scognamillo, D.; Maxit, I. E.; Sunquist, M.; Polisar, J. (2003). „Coexistence of jaguar (Panthera onca) and puma (Puma concolor) in a mosaic landscape in the Venezuelan llanos”. Journal of Zoology. 259 (3): 269—279. doi:10.1017/S0952836902003230.

[11] Holmes, B. R.; Laundré, J. W. (2006). „Use of open, edge and forest areas by pumas Puma concolor in winter: are pumas foraging optimally?” (PDF). Wildlife Biology. 12 (2): 201—210. doi:10.2981/0909-6396(2006)12[201:UOOEAF]2.0.CO;2.

[12] Dickson, B. G.; Roemer, G. W.; McRae, B. H.; Rundall, J. M. (2013). „Models of regional habitat quality and connectivity for pumas (Puma concolor) in the southwestern United States”. PLOS ONE. 8 (12): e81898. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...881898D. PMC 3867332 . PMID 24367495. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081898.

[13] „The Puma”. Projeto Puma. Архивирано из оригинала 6. 7. 2007. г. Приступљено 31. 7. 2012.

[14] Jackson, G. A. (1935). „George A. Jackson's Diary of 1858–1859”. Colorado Magazine. 6: 201—214.

[Tinsley1987-15] а ^б Tinsley, J. B. (1987). The Puma: Legendary Lion of the Americas. El Paso: Texas Western Press Publications. ISBN 0874042038.

[16] Murray Wrobel, ур. (2006). Elsevier's Dictionary of Mammals. Elsevier. стр. 179 second. ISBN 978-0-0804-8882-0.

[17] Folkard, C. (2004). The Guinness Book of World Records. Bt Bound. стр. 49.

[18] Linnaeus, C. (1771). „Felis concolor”. Mantissa plantarum altera (на језику: латински). Holmiae: Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii. стр. 522.

[19] Jardine, W. (1834). „Genus II. Puma”. Naturalists' library, Mammalia, volume 2. Edinburgh: Lizars, Stirling and Kenney. стр. 266—267.

[Johnson2006-20] Johnson, W. E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W. J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E.; O'Brien, S. J. (2006). „The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment”. Science. 311 (5757): 73—77. Bibcode:2006Sci...311...73J. PMID 16400146. S2CID 41672825. doi:10.1126/science.1122277.

[Culver-21] а ^б Culver, M.; Johnson, W. E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; O'Brien, S. J. (2000). „Genomic Ancestry of the American Puma”. Journal of Heredity. 91 (3): 186—97. PMID 10833043. doi:10.1093/jhered/91.3.186 .

[improving-22] Conroy, M. J.; Beier, P.; Quigley, H.; Vaughan, M. R. (2006). „Improving The Use Of Science In Conservation: Lessons From The Florida Panther”. Journal of Wildlife Management. 70 (1): 1—7. doi:10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[1:ITUOSI]2.0.CO;2.

[Catsg2017-23] Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O'Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z.; Tobe, S. (2017). „A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group” (PDF). Cat News (Special Issue 11): 33—34.

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@@ Ред 1: / Ред 1: @@
+{{Short description|Врста великих мачака из породице -{Felidae}- пореклом из Америке}}
 {{друге употребе}}
 {{Taxobox
 | name = Пума
+| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|0.3|0}}<small>средишњи [[Pleistocene]] – [[Holocene]]</small>
 | status =LC
 | status_system =iucn3.1
@@ Ред 15: / Ред 17: @@
 | species = '''''P. concolor'''''
 | binomial = ''-{Puma concolor}-''
-| binomial_authority = (-{[[Карл фон Лине|Linnaeus]]}-, 1771)
+| binomial_authority = (-{[[Карл фон Лине|Linnaeus]]}-, 1771)<ref name=MSW3/>
-| subdivision_ranks = подврсте{{sfn|Wozencraft|2005|pp=545-554}}
+| subdivision_ranks = Подврсте{{sfn|Wozencraft|2005|pp=545-554}}
 | subdivision =
 ''-{Puma concolor anthonyi}-''<br />
@@ Ред 24: / Ред 26: @@
 ''-{Puma concolor costaricensis}-''<br />
 ''-{Puma concolor puma}-''
-| range_map = Wiki-Puma concolor.png
+| range_map = Cougar_range_map_2010.png
 | range_map_width = 250п
 | range_map_caption = [[Ареал]] распрострањења пуме
@@ Ред 32: / Ред 34: @@
 '''Пума''' или '''кугуар''' ({{јез-лат|Puma concolor}}), [[сисари|сисар]] је из породице [[мачке|мачака]], а може се наћи у [[Северна Америка|Сјеверној]], [[Средња Америка|Средњој]] и [[Јужна Америка|Јужној Америци]]. Ријеч „пума“ долази из [[кечуа (језик)|кечуа]] језика. На америчком континенту важи за другу по тежини мачку, одмах након [[јагуар]]а, а четврта на свету заједно са [[леопард]]ом, одмах иза [[тигар|тигра]], [[лав]]а и јагуара, иако заправо припада групи мањих мачака.
+== Именовање и етимологија ==
-== Подврсте ==
+{{рут}}
-''Флоридски пантер'' је ретка подврста пуме која живи у [[мочвара]]ма Јужне [[Флорида|Флориде]] у Сједињеним Америчким Државама, а посебно у [[Национални парк Еверглејдс|Националном Парку Еверглејдс]]. У Флориди је тренутно велики покрет који покушава спасити преостале пантере откако је њихов број нагло опао.
+The word ''cougar'' is borrowed from the [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] ''çuçuarana'', via [[French language|French]]; it was originally derived from the [[Tupi language]]. A current form in Brazil is ''suçuarana''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=jaguar |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |date=2001 |publisher=[[Douglas Harper]] | access-date = August 12, 2006}}<br /> & corresponding entry for [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=c&p=27 "Cougar"]</ref> In the 17th century, [[Georg Marcgrave]] named it ''cuguacu ara''. Marcgrave's rendering was reproduced in 1648 by his associate [[Willem Piso]]. ''Cuguacu ara'' was then adopted by [[John Ray]] in 1693.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Words to the Wise |journal=Take Our Word for It |issue=205 |page=2 |url=http://www.takeourword.com/TOW205/page2.html |access-date=July 31, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812212012/http://www.takeourword.com/TOW205/page2.html |archive-date=August 12, 2012}}</ref> In 1774, [[Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon]] converted ''cuguacu ara'' to ''cuguar'', which was later modified to "cougar" in English.<ref>{{OEtymD|jaguar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cougar| title= cougar| publisher= Merriam-Webster Dictionary Online| url-status= live| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130509200859/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cougar| archive-date= May 9, 2013| df= mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |year = 1989 |url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/cougar | title=cougar |work=Oxford Dictionaries Online, Oxford University Press| url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130601145645/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/cougar| archive-date = June 1, 2013| df = mdy-all}}</ref>
+"Puma" is the [[common name]] used in Latin America and most parts of Europe. The term ''puma'' is also used in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Rau, J. R. |author2=Jiménez, J. E.  |year=2002 |title=Diet of puma (''Puma concolor'', Carnivora: Felidae) in coastal and Andean ranges of southern Chile |journal=Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=201–205 |doi= 10.1076/snfe.37.3.201.8567|s2cid=84264487 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Scognamillo, D. |author2=Maxit, I. E. |author3=Sunquist, M. |author4=Polisar, J. |year=2003 |title=Coexistence of jaguar (''Panthera onca'') and puma (''Puma concolor'') in a mosaic landscape in the Venezuelan llanos |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=259 |issue=3 |pages=269–279 |doi= 10.1017/S0952836902003230}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Holmes, B. R. |author2=Laundré, J. W.  |year=2006 |title=Use of open, edge and forest areas by pumas Puma concolor in winter: are pumas foraging optimally? |journal=Wildlife Biology |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=201–210 |doi=10.2981/0909-6396(2006)12[201:UOOEAF]2.0.CO;2 |url=https://bioone.org/journals/Wildlife-Biology/volume-12/issue-2/0909-6396(2006)12[201:UOOEAF]2.0.CO;2/Use-of-open-edge-and-forest-areas-by-pumas-span/10.2981/0909-6396(2006)12[201:UOOEAF]2.0.CO;2.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Dickson, B. G. |author2=Roemer, G. W. |author3=McRae, B. H. |author4=Rundall, J. M. |year=2013 |title=Models of regional habitat quality and connectivity for pumas (''Puma concolor'') in the southwestern United States |journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8 |issue=12 |page=e81898 |doi= 10.1371/journal.pone.0081898|pmid=24367495 |pmc=3867332 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...881898D }}</ref>
+The first use of ''puma'' in English dates to 1777, introduced from Spanish, and prior from the [[Quechua language]] in the 16th century, where it means "powerful".<ref>{{cite web |title=The Puma |publisher=Projeto Puma |url=http://uniplac.net/~puma/puma.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706131806/http://uniplac.net/~puma/puma.htm |archive-date=July 6, 2007 |access-date=July 31, 2012}}</ref>
+In the western United States and Canada, it is also called "mountain lion", a name first used in writing in 1858.<ref>{{cite journal |title=George A. Jackson's Diary of 1858–1859 |author=Jackson, G. A. |journal=Colorado Magazine |year=1935 |volume=6 |pages=201–214}}</ref> Other names include "panther", "painter" and "catamount".<ref name="Tinsley1987">{{cite book |author=Tinsley, J. B. |year=1987 |title=The Puma: Legendary Lion of the Americas |location=El Paso |publisher=Texas Western Press Publications |isbn=0874042038}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=Murray Wrobel |title=Elsevier's Dictionary of Mammals |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-0804-8882-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Qn1A9Y1OA2oC&pg=PA179 179] second}}</ref> Early Spanish explorers of the Americas called it ''gato montés'' (meaning "cat of the mountain"), and ''león'' (meaning "lion").<ref name="Tinsley1987"/>
+The cougar holds the [[Guinness World Records|Guinness]] record for the animal with the greatest number of names, with over 40 in English alone.<ref>{{cite book |author=Folkard, C. | title = The Guinness Book of World Records |year = 2004 |page = 49 |publisher=Bt Bound }}</ref>
+== Таксономија ==
+[[File:Torres del Paine puma JF2.jpg|thumb|250px|left|[[South American cougar|Јужноамеричка пума]] у [[Torres del Paine National Park|Националном Парку Торес дел Пајн]], у [[Чиле]]анском делу [[Patagonia|Патагоније]]]]
+''Felis concolor'' was the [[scientific name]] proposed by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1771 for a cat with a long tail from Brasilia.<ref>{{cite book |author=Linnaeus, C. |year=1771 |title=Mantissa plantarum altera |location=Holmiae |publisher=Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii |language=la |page=522 |chapter=''Felis concolor'' |chapter-url=https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/viewer/15082/?offset=#page=529&viewer=picture&o=bookmarks&n=0&q=}}</ref> The second half of the name, "concolor" is Latin for "of uniform color". It was placed in the genus ''[[Puma (genus)|Puma]]'' by [[Sir William Jardine, 7th Baronet|William Jardine]] in 1834.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jardine |first1=W. |year=1834 |title=Naturalists' library, Mammalia, volume 2 |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Lizars, Stirling and Kenney |pages=266–267 |chapter=Genus II. ''Puma'' |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/naturalistslibra16jardrich/page/266}}</ref>
+This genus is part of the [[Felinae]].<ref name=MSW3/> The cougar is most closely related to the [[jaguarundi]] and the [[cheetah]].<ref name="Johnson2006" /><ref name="Culver">{{cite journal |author=Culver, M. |author2=Johnson, W. E. |author3=Pecon-Slattery, J. |author4=O'Brien, S. J. |year=2000 |title=Genomic Ancestry of the American Puma |journal=Journal of Heredity |volume=91 |issue=3 |pages=186–97 |doi = 10.1093/jhered/91.3.186 |pmid=10833043|doi-access=free }}</ref>
+=== Подврсте  ===
+Following Linnaeus' first scientific description of the cougar, 32 cougar [[zoological specimen]]s were described and proposed as [[subspecies]] until the late 1980s. [[Genetics|Genetic]] analysis of cougar [[mitochondrial DNA]] indicate that many of these are too similar to be recognized as distinct at a molecular level, but that only six [[phylogeographic]] groups exist. The [[Florida panther]] samples showed a low [[Microsatellite (genetics)|microsatellite]] variation, possibly due to [[inbreeding]].<ref name="Culver" /> Following this research, the authors of ''[[Mammal Species of the World]]'' recognized the following six subspecies in 2005:<ref name=MSW3>{{MSW3 Wozencraft |id=14000204 |pages=544–545 |heading=Species ''Puma concolor''}}</ref>
+* ''P. c. concolor'' {{small|(Linnaeus, 1771)}} includes the [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonyms]] ''bangsi'', ''incarum'', ''osgoodi'', ''soasoaranna'', ''sussuarana'', ''soderstromii'', ''suçuaçuara'', and ''wavula''
+* ''P. c. puma'' {{small|([[Juan Ignacio Molina|Molina]], 1782)}} includes the synonyms ''araucanus'', ''concolor'', ''patagonica'', ''pearsoni'', and ''puma'' {{small|([[Édouard Louis Trouessart|Trouessart]], 1904)}}
+* ''P. c. couguar'' {{small|([[Robert Kerr (writer)|Kerr]], 1792)}} includes ''arundivaga'', ''aztecus'', ''browni'', ''californica'', ''floridana'', ''hippolestes'', ''improcera'', ''kaibabensis'', ''mayensis'', ''missoulensis'', ''olympus'', ''oregonensis'', ''schorgeri'', ''stanleyana'', ''vancouverensis'', and ''youngi''
+* ''P. c. costaricensis'' {{small|([[Clinton Hart Merriam|Merriam]], 1901)}}
+* ''P. c. anthonyi'' {{small|([[Edward William Nelson|Nelson]] and [[Edward Alphonso Goldman|Goldman]], 1931)}} includes ''acrocodia'', ''borbensis'', ''capricornensis'', ''concolor'', ''greeni'', and ''nigra''
+* ''P. c. cabrerae'' {{small|[[Reginald Innes Pocock|Pocock]], 1940}} includes ''hudsonii'' and ''puma'' proposed by Marcelli in 1922
+In 2006, the Florida panther was still referred to as a distinct subspecies ''P. c. coryi'' in research works.<ref name=improving>{{cite journal |first=M. J. |last=Conroy |author2=Beier, P. |author3=Quigley, H. |author4=Vaughan, M. R. |year=2006 |title=Improving The Use Of Science In Conservation: Lessons From The Florida Panther |journal=Journal of Wildlife Management |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[1:ITUOSI]2.0.CO;2}}</ref>
+{{as of|2017}}, the Cat Classification Taskforce of the Cat Specialist Group recognizes only two subspecies as [[Valid name (zoology)|valid]]:<ref name="Catsg2017">{{cite journal |author1=Kitchener, A. C. |author2=Breitenmoser-Würsten, C. |author3=Eizirik, E. |author4=Gentry, A. |author5=Werdelin, L. |author6=Wilting, A. |author7=Yamaguchi, N. |author8=Abramov, A. V. |author9=Christiansen, P. |author10=Driscoll, C. |author11=Duckworth, J. W. |author12=Johnson, W. |author13=Luo, S.-J. |author14=Meijaard, E. |author15=O'Donoghue, P. |author16=Sanderson, J. |author17=Seymour, K. |author18=Bruford, M. |author19=Groves, C. |author20=Hoffmann, M. |author21=Nowell, K. |author22=Timmons, Z. |author23=Tobe, S. |year=2017 |title=A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group |journal=Cat News |issue=Special Issue 11 |pages=33–34 |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y#page=33}}</ref>
+*''[[South American cougar|P. c. concolor]]'' in South America, possibly excluding the region northwest of the Andes
+*''[[North American cougar|P. c. couguar]]'' in North and Central America and possibly northwestern South America
 == Популација и размножавање ==
@@ Ред 42: / Ред 73: @@
 == Извори ==
-{{reflist}}
+{{reflist|refs=
+<ref name="Johnson2006">{{cite journal |author1=Johnson, W. E. |author2= Eizirik, E. |author3= Pecon-Slattery, J. |author4= Murphy, W. J. |author5= Antunes, A. |author6=Teeling, E. |author7=O'Brien, S. J. |date=2006 |title=The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=311 |issue=5757 |pages=73–77 |doi=10.1126/science.1122277 |pmid=16400146 |bibcode= 2006Sci...311...73J |s2cid= 41672825 |url= https://zenodo.org/record/1230866}}</ref>
+}}
 == Литература ==
+{{refbegin|30em}}
-* {{Cite book |ref= harv|title = Mammal Species of the World |last=Wozencraft|first=W. C. |pages=545-554 | edition=3. | editor = Wilson, D. E., and Reeder, D. M. (eds) |year=2005| publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press | id = {{ISBN|978-0-8018-8221-0}} |url=http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3}}
+* {{Cite book |ref= harv|title = Mammal Species of the World |last=Wozencraft|first=W. C. |pages=545-554 | edition=3. | editor = Wilson, D. E. | editor2 = Reeder, D. M. |year=2005| publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press | id = {{ISBN|978-0-8018-8221-0}} |url=http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3}}
+* {{cite book |last=Baron |first=David |title=The Beast in the Garden: A Modern Parable of Man and Nature |year=2004 |publisher=W. W. Norton and Company |location=New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8WRnVkgi0z4C&lpg=PP1|isbn=978-0-393-05807-9}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Bolgiano |first1=Chris |title=Mountain Lion:An Unnatural History of Pumas and People |place=[[Mechanicsburg, PA]] |publisher=Stackpole Books |year=2001 |edition=Paperback |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/mountain.htm|isbn=978-0-8117-2867-6}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Eberhart |first1=George M. |title=Mysterious Creatures: A Guide to Cryptozoology |url=http://www.ebook3000.com/animals/Mysterious-Creatures--A-Guide-to-Cryptozoology_64383.html |volume=Volume 2 |location=Santa Barbara, CA |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2002 |pages= 153–161 |isbn=978-1-57607-283-7 }}
+* {{cite book |editor1-last=Hornocker |editor1-first=Maurice |editor2-last=Negri |editor2-first=Sharon |year=2010 |editor3-first=Fred |editor3-last=Lindzey|title=Cougar: Ecology and Conservation |edition=Hardcover |location=Chicago |publisher=University of Chicago Press  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSDUxT3fSYEC&lpg=PP1 |isbn=978-0-226-35344-9}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Kobalenko |first1=Jerry |year=2005 |title=Forest Cats of North America |location=Hove |publisher=Firefly Books Ltd. |isbn=978-1-55209-172-2}}
+* {{cite journal|first1=Todd |last1=Lester |title=Search for Cougars in the East North America |journal=North American BioFortean Review. |pages=15–17 |url=http://www.strangeark.com/nabr/NABR7.pdf |volume=3 |issue=7 |date=October 2001}}
+* {{cite book |last=Logan |first=Ken |author2=Linda Sweanor |title=Desert Puma: Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation of an Enduring Carnivore |year=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04joHfHvpsEC&pg=PP1|publisher=Island Press |isbn=978-1-55963-866-1}}
+* {{cite web |url=http://www.mountainlion.org/publications.asp |title=Publications |publisher=Mountain Lion Foundation}}
+* {{cite book |first1=Gerry |last1=Parker |year=1994 |title=The Eastern Panther – Mystery Cat of the Appalachians |publisher=Nimbus Publishing (CN) |edition=Softcover |isbn=978-1-55109-268-3}}
+* {{cite book |last=Wright |first=Bruce S |title=The Eastern Panther: A Question of Survival |location=Toronto |publisher=Clark, Irwin, and Company|year= 1972 |isbn=978-0772005281}}
+* Van Nuys, Frank (2015). ''Varmints and Victims: Predator Control in the American West.'' Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.
+* {{cite web |url=http://www.easterncougar.org/pages/bibliography.html |title=Annotated Bibliography |publisher=easterncougar.org – Cougar Rewilding Foundation}}
+{{refend}}
 == Спољашње везе ==
@@ Ред 58: / Ред 105: @@
 | wikinews    =
 }}
+* {{cite web |url=http://www.catsg.org/index.php?id=94 |website=IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group |title=Cougar ''Puma concolor''}}
+* [http://northernbushcraft.com/animalTracks/cougar/notes.htm Cougar Tracks]: How to identify cougar tracks in the wild
+* {{cite web |url=http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/mountain-lion/?rptregcta=reg_free_np&rptregcampaign=20130924_rw_membership_r3p_c1#close-modal |title=Puma sounds |website=National Geographic Society|date=September 10, 2010 }}
+* [http://santacruzpumas.org/ Santa Cruz Puma Project]
+* [http://www.eprn.homestead.com/ Eastern Puma Research Network]
+* [http://felidaefund.org/ Felidae Conservation Fund]
+* [http://www.easterncougar.org/ Cougar Rewilding Foundation, formerly "Eastern Cougar Foundation"]
+* [http://www.cougarnet.org/ The Cougar Network --Using Science to Understand Cougar Ecology]
+*{{cite web |url=http://www.mountainlion.org/about_the_foundation.asp |website=Mountain Lion Foundation |title=Saving America's Lion}}
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040831044323/http://www.savethecougar.org/ SaveTheCougar.org]: Sightings of cougars in Michigan
+* [http://www.cougarfund.org/ The Cougar Fund – Protecting America's Greatest Cat.] A Definitive Resource About Cougars: Comprehensive, non-profit [[501(c)(3)]] site with extensive information about cougars, from how to live safely in cougar country, to science abstracts, hunting regulations, state-by-state cougar management/policy info, and rare photos and videos of wild cougars.
+* [http://sagehen.ucnrs.org/Documents/visitors/wildlife/lion.pdf Living with California Mountain Lions]
+* [https://www.statesmanjournal.com/story/news/2018/09/11/oregons-first-ever-fatal-cougar-attack-reported-near-mount-hood/1272976002/ Oregon's first fatal cougar attack in the wild claims hiker near Mount Hood]
+{{Taxonbar|from=Q35255}}
-{{клица-животиње}}
+{{Authority control}
-{{Taxonbar}}
-{{Commonscat|Puma concolor}}
 [[Категорија:Мале мачке]]

Идентификатори таксона
Puma concolor	Википодаци: Q35255 Викиврсте: Puma concolor ADW: Puma_concolor BioLib: 1995 BOLD: 12521 CoL: 4QHKG EoL: 311910 FEIS: puco Fossilworks: 51265 GBIF: 2435099 iNaturalist: 42007 IRMNG: 10212875 ITIS: 552479 IUCN: 18868 MSW: 14000204 NatureServe: 2.101637 NCBI: 9696 Open Tree of Life: 42307 Species+: 6330 TSA: 15179
Felis concolor	Википодаци: Q109647288 CoL: 3DXV5 EPPO: FELICO GBIF: 2435104 ITIS: 180587 ZooBank: BB3822FD-503E-4614-8531-42E7D04F0D71