Срп — разлика између измена

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Верзија на датум 16. новембар 2022. у 19:11

Срп је пољопривредна алатка, сачињена од челика, којом се жање жито и друге житарице и траве. Полукружног је облика и оштра је са унутрашње стране. Има дрвену дршку.^[1]

Историјски развој

Срп је једна од најстаријих и најједноставнијих пољопривредних алатки. Развио се из лучно савијених каменова, рогова, костију (животињских вилица у Египту) и сличних оруђа које је човек користио у неолиту. У бронзано доба јављају су ливени плитки српови, а у гвоздено доба железни. Касније се диференцирају срп и коса и многа слична оруђа (на пример, косир за сечење трња). У археолошким налазима из прасловенске ере срп је чест, а коса ретка. Танак је и мање савијен него данашњи, обично уназад повијеног врха. Постепено се све више заокружује, има дрвену дршку, а са унутрашње стране оштрицу, често и назубљену.^[2]

Служио је и као оружје. У старом веку њиме су се оружали Картагињани и Дачани, а у доба феудализма кметови.^[2]

Pre-Neolithic

The development of the sickle in Mesopotamia can be traced back to times that pre-date the Neolithic Era. Large quantities of sickle blades have been excavated in sites surrounding Israel that have been dated to the Epipaleolithic era (18000-8000 BC).^[3] Formal digs in Wadi Ziqlab, Jordan have unearthed various forms of early sickle blades. The artifacts recovered ranged from 10 to 20 cm in length and possessed a jagged edge. This intricate ‘tooth-like’ design showed a greater degree of design and manufacturing credence than most of the other artifacts that were discovered. Sickle blades found during this time were made of flint, straight and used in more of a sawing motion than with the more modern curved design. Flints from these sickles have been discovered near Mt. Carmel, which suggest the harvesting of grains from the area about 10,000 years ago.^[4]

Neolithic

The sickle had a profound impact on the Agricultural Revolution by assisting in the transition to farming and crop based lifestyle. It is now accepted that the use of sickles led directly to the domestication of Near Eastern Wild grasses.^[3] Research on domestication rates of wild cereals under primitive cultivation found that the use of the sickle in harvesting was critical to the people of early Mesopotamia. The relatively narrow growing season in the area and the critical role of grain in the late Neolithic Era promoted a larger investment in the design and manufacture of sickle over other tools. Standardization to an extent was done on the measurements of the sickle so that replacement or repair could be more immediate. It was important that the grain be harvested at the appropriate time at one elevation so that the next elevation could be reaped at the proper time.^[4] The sickle provided a more efficient option in collecting the grain and significantly sped up the developments of early agriculture.^[5]

Bronze Age

In archaeological terminology, Bronze Age sickles are classified by the method of attaching the handle. E.g. the knob-sickle (German Knopfsichel) is so called because of a protruding knob at the base of the blade which apparently served to stabilize the attachment of the blade to the handle.^[6]

Iron Age

The sickle played a prominent role in the Druids' Ritual of oak and mistletoe as described from a single passage in Pliny the Elder's Natural History:

„

A priest arrayed in white vestments climbs the tree and, with a golden sickle, cuts down the mistletoe, which is caught in a white cloak. Then finally they kill the victims, praying to a god to render his gift propitious to those on whom he has bestowed it. They believe that mistletoe given in drink will impart fertility to any animal that is barren and that it is an antidote to all poisons.^[7]

”

Americas

Indigenous sickles have been discovered in southwest North America with unique design. There is evidence that Kodiak islanders had for cutting grass “sickles made of a sharpened animal shoulder blade”.^[8] The artifacts found in present-day Arizona and New Mexico resemble curved tools that were made from the horns of mountain sheep. A similar site discovered sickles made from other material such as the Caddo Sickle, which was made from a deer mandible. Scripture from early natives document the use of these sickles in the cutting of grass. The instruments ranged from 13 to 16 inches tip to haft. Several other digs in eastern Arizona uncovered wooden sickles that were shaped in a similar fashion. The handles of the tools help describe how the tool was held in such a way so that the inner portion that contained the cutting surface could also serve as a gathering surface for the grain. Sickles were sharpened by scraping a shape beveled edge with a coarse tool. This action has left marks on artifacts that have been found. The sharpening process was necessary to keep the cutting edge from being dulled after extended use. The edge is seen to be quite highly polished, which in part proves that the instrument was used to cut grass. After collection, the grass was used as material to create matting and bedding.^[8] The sickle in general provided the convenience of cutting the grass as well as gathering in one step. In South America, the sickle is used as a tool to harvest rice. Rice clusters are harvested using the instrument and left to dry in the sun.^[9]

Употреба

Жање се тако што се једном руком захвата бусен, а другом се одсеца српом. Положај тела косача при томе је погнут и веома напоран, а сам рад овом алатком се у модерно време сматра превазиђеним.^[10]

Симболика

Срп представља симбол сељаштва. Комунистички симбол српа и чекића представља две покретачке снаге овог покрета: сељака и радника.^[11] У античко доба срп је уз косу атрибут различитих божанстава (Сатурна, Деметре), а у средњовековним народним приказима симбол смрти.^[2] У грчкој митологији срп је оружје које је користио Хрон када се побунио против свог оца Урана кога је збацио с престола и преузео власт међу боговима. Мач у облику српа добио је и Персеј од бога Хермеса, како би убио страшну Горгону.^[12]

Види још

Срп и чекић

Референце

^ Група аутора, 1976. Популарна енциклопедија. БИГЗ: Београд.
^ ^а ^б ^в Опћа енциклопедија ЈЛЗ Загреб 1981 pp. 640.
^ ^а ^б Unger-Hamilton, Romana (јул 1985). „Microscopic Striations on Flint Sickle-Blades as an Indication of Plant Cultivation: Preliminary Results”. World Archaeology. 17 (1): 121—6. doi:10.1080/00438243.1985.9979955.
^ ^а ^б Banning, E.B. (1998). „The Neolithic Period: Triumphs of Architecture, Agriculture, and Art”. Near Eastern Archaeology. 61 (4): 188—237. JSTOR 3210656. S2CID 164006022. doi:10.2307/3210656.
^ Unger-Hamilton, Romana (1989). „The Epi-Palaeolithic Southern Levant and the Origins of Cultivation”. Current Anthropology. 30 (1): 88—103. S2CID 143186819. doi:10.1086/203718.
^ Christoph Sommerfeld: Gerätegeld Sichel. Studien zur monetären Struktur bronzezeitlicher Horte im nördlichen Mitteleuropa (Vorgeschichtliche Forschungen Bd. 19), Berlin/New York 1994 ISBN 3-11-012928-0, p. 157.
^ Pliny the Elder. Natural History XVI, 95.
^ ^а ^б Heizer, Robert F. (1951). „The Sickle in Aboriginal Western North America”. American Antiquity. 16 (3): 247—252. JSTOR 276785. S2CID 161405622. doi:10.2307/276785.
^ Works, Martha A. (1987). „Aguaruna Agriculture in Eastern Peru”. Geographical Review. 77 (3): 343—358. JSTOR 214125. doi:10.2307/214125.
^ Историја Крњеуше, према Српском етничком зборнику Петра Рађеновића; књига 25. Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (30. април 2009), Приступљено 25. 4. 2013.
^ David Lempert, Daily Life in a Crumbling Empire: The Absorption of Russia into the World Economy, Columbia University Press/ Eastern European Monographs, 1996.
^ Цермановић-Кузмановић, А. & Срејовић, Д. 1992. Лексикон религија и митова. Савремена администрација. Београд.

Литература

Bhattarai, Devendra; Singh, Suman Bahadur; Baral, Dharanidhar; Sah, Ram Bilakshan; Budhathoki, Shyam Sundar; Pokharel, Paras K. (2016-10-26). „Work-related injuries among farmers: a cross-sectional study from rural Nepal”. Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology. 11 (1): 48. ISSN 1745-6673. PMC 5080695 . PMID 27800010. doi:10.1186/s12995-016-0137-2.
„How to Use a Scythe – Modern Homesteading – Mother Earth News”. мај 1981.
Unger-Hamilton, Romana (јул 1985). „Microscopic Striations on Flint Sickle-Blades as an Indication of Plant Cultivation: Preliminary Results”. World Archaeology. 17 (1): 121—6. doi:10.1080/00438243.1985.9979955.
Banning, E.B. (1998). „The Neolithic Period: Triumphs of Architecture, Agriculture, and Art”. Near Eastern Archaeology. 61 (4): 188—237. JSTOR 3210656. S2CID 164006022. doi:10.2307/3210656.
Heizer, Robert F. (1951). „The Sickle in Aboriginal Western North America”. American Antiquity. 16 (3): 247—252. JSTOR 276785. S2CID 161405622. doi:10.2307/276785.
Works, Martha A. (1987). „Aguaruna Agriculture in Eastern Peru”. Geographical Review. 77 (3): 343—358. JSTOR 214125. doi:10.2307/214125.
Bhattarai, Devendra; Singh, Suman Bahadur; Baral, Dharanidhar; Sah, Ram Bilakshan; Budhathoki, Shyam Sundar; Pokharel, Paras K. (2016-10-26). „Work-related injuries among farmers: a cross-sectional study from rural Nepal”. Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology. 11 (1): 48. ISSN 1745-6673. PMC 5080695 . PMID 27800010. doi:10.1186/s12995-016-0137-2.
„The Hammer and Sickle: The Role of Symbolism and Rituals in the Russian Revolution”. Приступљено 3. 8. 2014.
„The Spectre of Hammer and Sickle"]”. International People's Tribunal 1965. 2015-09-14. Архивирано из оригинала 14. 9. 2015. г. Приступљено 2015-11-06.
„International Gallery of Contemporary Artists”. Архивирано из оригинала 16. 8. 2016. г. Приступљено 2015-11-06.
Lempert, David (1996). Daily Life in a Crumbling Empire: The Absorption of Russia into the World Economy. Columbia University Press/ Eastern European Monographs. ISBN 0-880-33341-3.
Khin Yi (1988). The Dobama Movement in Burma (1930-1938). Cornell University Press. стр. 39.
Communist symbols to be banned in Georgia, BBC News, 4. 5. 2014, Приступљено 13. 5. 2014
„Act C of 2012 on the Criminal Code, Section 335: Use of Symbols of Totalitarianism” (PDF). Ministry of Interior of Hungary. стр. 97. Приступљено 21. 2. 2017. „Any person who: a) distributes, b) uses before the public at large, or c) publicly exhibits, the swastika, the insignia of the SS, the arrow cross, the sickle and hammer, the five-pointed red star or any symbol depicting the above so as to breach public peace – specifically in a way to offend the dignity of victims of totalitarian regimes and their right to sanctity – is guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by custodial arrest, insofar as they did not result in a more serious criminal offense.”
Latvia Bans Soviet, Nazi Symbols, RIA Novosti, 21. 6. 2013, Приступљено 14. 9. 2014
„Lithuanian ban on Soviet symbols”. BBC News. 17. 6. 2008.
LAW OF UKRAINE. On the condemnation of the communist and national socialist (Nazi) regimes, and prohibition of propaganda of their symbols
„Про засудження комуністичного та націонал-соціалістичного ... - від 09.04.2015 № 317-VIII”. rada.gov.ua.
„Free speech questioned as Estonia prepares to ban Soviet, Nazi symbols”.
„Ants Erm: Erinevalt venelaste ajaloost on Venemaa ajalugu Eestis vaid vägivald, küüditamine ja kommunistlik diktatuur”.
„У поліції нагадали, що за серп і молот можна сісти на 5 років”. Українська правда (на језику: украјински). Приступљено 2022-07-05.
Bobkov, Denys (7. 5. 2021). „Заборона символіки тоталітарних режимів: що мають знати миколаївці”.

Спољашње везе

Crangan, Costel (2018-09-01). „De unde vine simbolul "secera şi ciocanul". Ce ţară l-a folosit prima şi în ce state este interzis” [Where does the symbol "sickle and hammer" come from? Which country used it first and in which states it is forbidden] (на језику: румунски). Adevarul Holding.

[1] Група аутора, 1976. Популарна енциклопедија. БИГЗ: Београд.

[опћа-2] а ^б ^в Опћа енциклопедија ЈЛЗ Загреб 1981 pp. 640.

[Unger-Hamilton-3] а ^б Unger-Hamilton, Romana (јул 1985). „Microscopic Striations on Flint Sickle-Blades as an Indication of Plant Cultivation: Preliminary Results”. World Archaeology. 17 (1): 121—6. doi:10.1080/00438243.1985.9979955.

[Banning-E.B.-4] а ^б Banning, E.B. (1998). „The Neolithic Period: Triumphs of Architecture, Agriculture, and Art”. Near Eastern Archaeology. 61 (4): 188—237. JSTOR 3210656. S2CID 164006022. doi:10.2307/3210656.

[5] Unger-Hamilton, Romana (1989). „The Epi-Palaeolithic Southern Levant and the Origins of Cultivation”. Current Anthropology. 30 (1): 88—103. S2CID 143186819. doi:10.1086/203718.

[6] Christoph Sommerfeld: Gerätegeld Sichel. Studien zur monetären Struktur bronzezeitlicher Horte im nördlichen Mitteleuropa (Vorgeschichtliche Forschungen Bd. 19), Berlin/New York 1994 ISBN 3-11-012928-0, p. 157.

[7] Pliny the Elder. Natural History XVI, 95.

[Heizer-Robert-8] а ^б Heizer, Robert F. (1951). „The Sickle in Aboriginal Western North America”. American Antiquity. 16 (3): 247—252. JSTOR 276785. S2CID 161405622. doi:10.2307/276785.

[Works-Martha-9] Works, Martha A. (1987). „Aguaruna Agriculture in Eastern Peru”. Geographical Review. 77 (3): 343—358. JSTOR 214125. doi:10.2307/214125.

[10] Историја Крњеуше, према Српском етничком зборнику Петра Рађеновића; књига 25. Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (30. април 2009), Приступљено 25. 4. 2013.

[11] David Lempert, Daily Life in a Crumbling Empire: The Absorption of Russia into the World Economy, Columbia University Press/ Eastern European Monographs, 1996.

[12] Цермановић-Кузмановић, А. & Срејовић, Д. 1992. Лексикон религија и митова. Савремена администрација. Београд.

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[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

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@@ Ред 1: / Ред 1: @@
+{{Short description|Једноручни пољопривредни алат}}
-[[Датотека:Srp.jpg|мини|275x275px|десно]]
+[[Датотека:Srp.jpg|мини|250px|десно]]
 '''Срп''' је пољопривредна [[алат]]ка, сачињена од [[челик]]а, којом се жање [[житарице|жито]] и друге [[житарице]] и [[трава|траве]]. Полукружног је облика и оштра је са унутрашње стране. Има дрвену дршку.<ref>Група аутора, 1976. Популарна енциклопедија. БИГЗ: Београд.</ref>
 == Историјски развој ==
-[[Датотека:Spomenik krst i srp.JPG|мини|269x269px|лево|''Споменик на гробљу - крст и срп? Ђурићи - Заовине, планина Тара'']]
+[[Датотека:Spomenik krst i srp.JPG|мини|250px|лево|''Споменик на гробљу - крст и срп? Ђурићи - Заовине, планина Тара'']]
 [[Датотека:Muzej Poljoprivrede - zemljoradnja - alat - srp.jpg|250px|мини|десно|Различити српови изложени у [[Пољопривредни музеј у Кулпину|Пољопривредном музеју у Кулпину]]]]
 Срп је једна од најстаријих и најједноставнијих [[пољопривреда|пољопривредних]] алатки. Развио се из лучно савијених [[камен]]ова, [[рог (животињски)|рогова]], [[кост]]ију (животињских вилица у [[Египат|Египту]]) и сличних оруђа које је човек користио у [[неолит]]у. У [[бронзано доба]] јављају су ливени плитки српови, а у [[гвоздено доба]] [[гвожђе|железни]]. Касније се диференцирају срп и [[коса]] и многа слична оруђа (на пример, [[косир]] за сечење трња). У [[археологија|археолошким]] налазима из прасловенске ере срп је чест, а коса ретка. Танак је и мање савијен него данашњи, обично уназад повијеног врха. Постепено се све више заокружује, има дрвену дршку, а са унутрашње стране оштрицу, често и назубљену.<ref name="опћа"/>
 Служио је и као оружје. У [[стари век|старом веку]] њиме су се оружали [[Античка Картагина|Картагињани]] и [[Дачани]], а у доба [[феудализам|феудализма]] [[кмет]]ови.<ref name="опћа"/>
+{{rut}}
+=== Pre-Neolithic ===
+[[File:The Oldest Sickle, Flint & Resin, Tahunian Culture, c. 7000 BC.jpg|thumb|250px|A very early sickle, c. 7000 BC, flint and resin, [[Tahunian culture]], [[Nahal Hemar]] cave, now in the [[Israel Museum]].]]
+The development of the sickle in Mesopotamia can be traced back to times that pre-date the Neolithic Era. Large quantities of sickle blades have been excavated in sites surrounding Israel that have been dated to the [[Epipaleolithic]] era  (18000-8000 BC).<ref name="Unger-Hamilton">{{Cite journal |doi=10.1080/00438243.1985.9979955 |last=Unger-Hamilton |first=Romana |title=Microscopic Striations on Flint Sickle-Blades as an Indication of Plant Cultivation: Preliminary Results |journal=World Archaeology |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=121–6 |date=July 1985}}</ref> Formal digs in Wadi Ziqlab, Jordan have unearthed various forms of early sickle blades. The artifacts recovered ranged from 10 to 20&nbsp;cm in length and possessed a jagged edge.
+This intricate ‘tooth-like’ design showed a greater degree of design and manufacturing credence than most of the other artifacts that were discovered. Sickle blades found during this time were made of [[flint]], straight and used in more of a sawing motion than with the more modern curved design. Flints from these sickles have been discovered near Mt. Carmel, which suggest the harvesting of grains from the area about 10,000 years ago.<ref name="Banning-E.B.">{{Cite journal |doi=10.2307/3210656 |last=Banning|first=E.B.|title=The Neolithic Period: Triumphs of Architecture, Agriculture, and Art |jstor=3210656|journal=Near Eastern Archaeology |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=188–237 |year=1998|s2cid=164006022}}</ref>
+=== Neolithic ===
+[[Image:Museum Quintana - Neolithische Sichel.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Neolithic sickle]]
+The sickle had a profound impact on the Agricultural Revolution by assisting in the transition to farming and crop based lifestyle. It is now accepted that the use of sickles led directly to the domestication of Near Eastern Wild grasses.<ref name="Unger-Hamilton"/> Research on domestication rates of wild cereals under primitive cultivation found that the use of the sickle in harvesting was critical to the people of early Mesopotamia. The relatively narrow growing season in the area and the critical role of grain in the late Neolithic Era promoted a larger investment in the design and manufacture of sickle over other tools. Standardization to an extent was done on the measurements of the sickle so that replacement or repair could be more immediate. It was important that the grain be harvested at the appropriate time at one elevation so that the next elevation could be reaped at the proper time.<ref name="Banning-E.B."/> The sickle provided a more efficient option in collecting the grain and significantly sped up the developments of early agriculture.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1086/203718 |last=Unger-Hamilton |first=Romana |title=The Epi-Palaeolithic Southern Levant and the Origins of Cultivation|journal=Current Anthropology |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=88–103 |year=1989|s2cid=143186819 }}</ref>
+===Bronze Age===
+In archaeological terminology, Bronze Age sickles are classified by the method of attaching the handle.  E.g. the knob-sickle (German ''Knopfsichel'') is so called because of a protruding knob at the base of the blade which apparently served to stabilize the attachment of the blade to the handle.<ref>Christoph Sommerfeld: ''Gerätegeld Sichel. Studien zur monetären Struktur bronzezeitlicher Horte im nördlichen Mitteleuropa'' (Vorgeschichtliche Forschungen Bd. 19), Berlin/New York 1994 {{ISBN|3-11-012928-0}}, p. 157.</ref>
+===Iron Age===
+[[File:1255 - Keramikos Museum, Athens - Iron tool - Photo by Giovanni Dall'Orto, Nov 12 2009.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] iron sickle, [[Kerameikos]] Archaeological Museum, Athens.]]
+The sickle played a prominent role in the [[Druid|Druids']] [[Ritual of oak and mistletoe]] as described from a single passage in [[Pliny the Elder]]'s ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]'':
+{{cquote|A priest arrayed in white vestments climbs the tree and, with a golden sickle, cuts down the mistletoe, which is caught in a white cloak. Then finally they kill the victims, praying to a god to render his gift propitious to those on whom he has bestowed it. They believe that mistletoe given in drink will impart fertility to any animal that is barren and that it is an antidote to all poisons.<ref>Pliny the Elder. Natural History XVI, 95.</ref>}}
+=== Americas ===
+[[File:Sickle and throwing knife at Manchester Museum.jpg|thumb|Congolese sickle, or [[Trumbash]], (left) and replica throwing knife (right) at [[Manchester Museum]]]]
+Indigenous sickles have been discovered in southwest North America with unique design. There is evidence that Kodiak islanders had for cutting grass “sickles made of a sharpened animal shoulder blade”.<ref name="Heizer-Robert"/> The artifacts found in present-day Arizona and New Mexico resemble curved tools that were made from the horns of mountain sheep. A similar site discovered sickles made from other material such as the Caddo Sickle, which was made from a deer mandible. Scripture from early natives document the use of these sickles in the cutting of grass. The instruments ranged from 13 to 16&nbsp;inches tip to haft. Several other digs in eastern Arizona uncovered wooden sickles that were shaped in a similar fashion. The handles of the tools help describe how the tool was held in such a way so that the inner portion that contained the cutting surface could also serve as a gathering surface for the grain. Sickles were sharpened by scraping a shape beveled edge with a coarse tool. This action has left marks on artifacts that have been found. The sharpening process was necessary to keep the cutting edge from being dulled after extended use. The edge is seen to be quite highly polished, which in part proves that the instrument was used to cut grass. After collection, the grass was used as material to create matting and bedding.<ref name="Heizer-Robert">{{Cite journal |doi=10.2307/276785 |last=Heizer|first=Robert F.|title=The Sickle in Aboriginal Western North America |jstor=276785|journal=American Antiquity |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=247–252 | year=1951|s2cid=161405622 }}</ref> The sickle in general provided the convenience of cutting the grass as well as gathering in one step. In South America, the sickle is used as a tool to harvest rice. Rice clusters are harvested using the instrument and left to dry in the sun.<ref name="Works-Martha">{{Cite journal |doi=10.2307/214125 |last=Works|first=Martha A.|title=Aguaruna Agriculture in Eastern Peru |jstor=214125|journal=Geographical Review |volume=77 |issue=3 |pages=343–358 | year=1987}}</ref>
 == Употреба ==
@@ Ред 13: / Ред 39: @@
 == Симболика ==
+[[Датотека:Srpovi u srpnjači.tif|мини|250px|Српови у српњачи]]
 Срп представља симбол сељаштва. [[комунизам|Комунистички]] симбол [[срп и чекић|српа и чекића]] представља две покретачке снаге овог покрета: сељака и радника.<ref>David Lempert, Daily Life in a Crumbling Empire: The Absorption of Russia into the World Economy, Columbia University Press/ Eastern European Monographs, 1996.</ref> У античко доба срп је уз косу атрибут различитих божанстава ([[Сатурн (бог)|Сатурна]], [[Деметра|Деметре]]), а у средњовековним народним приказима симбол смрти.<ref name="опћа">Опћа енциклопедија ЈЛЗ Загреб 1981 pp. 640.</ref>
 У [[Грчка митологија|грчкој митологији]] срп је оружје које је користио [[Хрон (Титан)|Хрон]] када се побунио против свог оца [[Уран (митологија)|Урана]] кога је збацио с престола и преузео власт међу боговима. Мач у облику српа добио је и [[Персеј]] од бога [[Хермес]]а, како би убио страшну [[Горгоне|Горгону]].<ref>[[Aleksandrina Cermanović Kuzmanović|Цермановић-Кузмановић, А.]] & [[Драгослав Срејовић|Срејовић, Д]]. 1992. Лексикон религија и митова. Савремена администрација. Београд.</ref>
-[[Датотека:Srpovi u srpnjači.tif|мини|Српови у српњачи]]
 == Види још ==
@@ Ред 22: / Ред 49: @@
 == Референце ==
 {{reflist}}
+== Литература ==
+{{refbegin|30em}}
+* {{Cite journal|last1=Bhattarai|first1=Devendra|last2=Singh|first2=Suman Bahadur|last3=Baral|first3=Dharanidhar|last4=Sah|first4=Ram Bilakshan|last5=Budhathoki|first5=Shyam Sundar|last6=Pokharel|first6=Paras K.|date=2016-10-26|title=Work-related injuries among farmers: a cross-sectional study from rural Nepal|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s12995-016-0137-2|journal=Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology|volume=11|issue=1|pages=48|doi=10.1186/s12995-016-0137-2|issn=1745-6673|pmc=5080695|pmid=27800010}}
+* {{cite web|url=http://www.motherearthnews.com/homesteading-and-livestock/how-to-use-a-scythe-zmaz81mjzraw.aspx|title=How to Use a Scythe – Modern Homesteading – Mother Earth News|date=May 1981 }}
+* {{Cite journal |doi=10.1080/00438243.1985.9979955 |last=Unger-Hamilton |first=Romana |title=Microscopic Striations on Flint Sickle-Blades as an Indication of Plant Cultivation: Preliminary Results |journal=World Archaeology |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=121–6 |date=July 1985}}
+* {{Cite journal |doi=10.2307/3210656 |last=Banning|first=E.B.|title=The Neolithic Period: Triumphs of Architecture, Agriculture, and Art |jstor=3210656|journal=Near Eastern Archaeology |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=188–237 |year=1998|s2cid=164006022}}
+* {{Cite journal |doi=10.2307/276785 |last=Heizer|first=Robert F.|title=The Sickle in Aboriginal Western North America |jstor=276785|journal=American Antiquity |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=247–252 | year=1951|s2cid=161405622 }}
+* {{Cite journal |doi=10.2307/214125 |last=Works|first=Martha A.|title=Aguaruna Agriculture in Eastern Peru |jstor=214125|journal=Geographical Review |volume=77 |issue=3 |pages=343–358 | year=1987}}
+* {{Cite journal|last1=Bhattarai|first1=Devendra|last2=Singh|first2=Suman Bahadur|last3=Baral|first3=Dharanidhar|last4=Sah|first4=Ram Bilakshan|last5=Budhathoki|first5=Shyam Sundar|last6=Pokharel|first6=Paras K.|date=2016-10-26|title=Work-related injuries among farmers: a cross-sectional study from rural Nepal|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s12995-016-0137-2|journal=Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology|volume=11|issue=1|pages=48|doi=10.1186/s12995-016-0137-2|issn=1745-6673|pmc=5080695|pmid=27800010}}
+* {{cite web|title=The Hammer and Sickle: The Role of Symbolism and Rituals in the Russian Revolution|url=https://www.westminstercollege.edu/myriad/?parent=2514&detail=4475&content=4797|access-date=3 August 2014}}
+* {{cite web |work = International People's Tribunal 1965|title=The Spectre of Hammer and Sickle"]  |url=http://1965tribunal.org/the-spectre-of-hammer-and-sickle/ |date= 2015-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914194725/http://1965tribunal.org/the-spectre-of-hammer-and-sickle/ |access-date= 2015-11-06|archive-date=14 September 2015 }}
+* {{cite web | title =  International Gallery of Contemporary Artists |url=http://www.picture-russia.com/en/painter/582|date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816163416/http://www.picture-russia.com/en/painter/582|access-date= 2015-11-06|archive-date=16 August 2016}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Lempert |first=David |title=Daily Life in a Crumbling Empire: The Absorption of Russia into the World Economy |date=1996 |publisher=Columbia University Press/ Eastern European Monographs |isbn=0-880-33341-3}}
+* {{cite book |author=Khin Yi|date=1988 |title=The Dobama Movement in Burma (1930-1938)|url=https://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/9780877271185/the-dobama-movement-in-burma-19301938/#bookTabs=1|publisher=Cornell University Press|page=39|isbn=}}
+* {{citation|title=Communist symbols to be banned in Georgia|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27272993 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=4 May 2014|access-date=13 May 2014}}
+* {{cite web|title=Act C of 2012 on the Criminal Code, Section 335: Use of Symbols of Totalitarianism|url=http://thb.kormany.hu/download/a/46/11000/Btk_EN.pdf|page=97|website=Ministry of Interior of Hungary|access-date=21 February 2017|quote=Any person who: a) distributes, b) uses before the public at large, or c) publicly exhibits, the swastika, the insignia of the SS, the arrow cross, the sickle and hammer, the five-pointed red star or any symbol depicting the above so as to breach public peace – specifically in a way to offend the dignity of victims of totalitarian regimes and their right to sanctity – is guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by custodial arrest, insofar as they did not result in a more serious criminal offense.}}
+* {{citation|title=Latvia Bans Soviet, Nazi Symbols|url=http://en.ria.ru/russia/20130621/181788657/Latvia-Bans-Soviet-Nazi-Symbols.html|publisher=RIA Novosti|date=21 June 2013|access-date=14 September 2014}}
+* {{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/europe/7459976.stm |publisher=[[BBC News]] |title=Lithuanian ban on Soviet symbols|date=17 June 2008}}
+* {{citation|url=http://www.memory.gov.ua/laws/law-ukraine-condemnation-communist-and-national-socialist-nazi-regimes-and-prohibition-propagan|title=LAW OF UKRAINE. On the condemnation of the communist and national socialist (Nazi) regimes, and prohibition of propaganda of their symbols}}
+* {{cite web|url=http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/317-viii|title=Про засудження комуністичного та націонал-соціалістичного ... - від 09.04.2015 № 317-VIII|publisher=rada.gov.ua}}
+* {{cite web | url=https://www.baltictimes.com/news/articles/16968/ | title=Free speech questioned as Estonia prepares to ban Soviet, Nazi symbols }}
+* {{cite web | url=https://epl.delfi.ee/arvamus/a?id=70252293 | title=Ants Erm: Erinevalt venelaste ajaloost on Venemaa ajalugu Eestis vaid vägivald, küüditamine ja kommunistlik diktatuur }}
+* {{Cite web |title=У поліції нагадали, що за серп і молот можна сісти на 5 років |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2021/05/8/7292841/ |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=Українська правда |language=uk}}
+* {{Cite web |last=Bobkov |first=Denys |date=7 May 2021 |title=Заборона символіки тоталітарних режимів: що мають знати миколаївці |url=https://suspilne.media/128684-zaborona-simvoliki-totalitarnih-rezimiv-so-maut-znati-mikolaivci/#:~:text=%D0%97%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%20%D0%B7%D1%96%20%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%8E%20436%2D1,%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%20%D1%83%20%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%96%20%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97%20%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97.}}
+{{refend}}
 == Спољашње везе ==
 {{Commonscat|Sickles}}
+* {{cite news |last1=Crangan |first1=Costel |trans-title=Where does the symbol "sickle and hammer" come from? Which country used it first and in which states it is forbidden |title=De unde vine simbolul "secera şi ciocanul". Ce ţară l-a folosit prima şi în ce state este interzis  |url=https://adevarul.ro/locale/galati/de-vine-simbolul-secera-ciocanul-tara-l-a-folosit-state-interzis-1_5b891e14df52022f75fe1d8f/index.html |publisher=Adevarul Holding |date=2018-09-01 |language=ro}}
 {{нормативна контрола}}

Нормативна контрола
Државне	Немачка Израел Сједињене Државе Јапан Чешка
Остале	Енциклопедија Британика Историјски речник Швајцарске