Limnocyon

Limnocyon ; (parafiletski rod); Vremenski raspon: 50.3–42.8 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N rani do srednji eocen
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Klasa:	Mammalia
Red:	†Hyaenodonta
Porodica:	†Limnocyonidae
Rod:	†Limnocyon; Marsh, 1872
Tipska vrsta
	†Limnocyon verus; Marsh, 1872
Vrste
	†Limnocyon cuspidens; †Limnocyon potens; †Limnocyon verus;
Sinonimi
	sinonimi roda: Linocyon (Lavrov, 1999) ; Telmatocyon (Marsh, 1899) ; sinonimi vrste: L. potens: Limnocyon douglassi (Peterson, 1919) ; Limnocyon protens (Kay, 1957) ; Limnocyon terglassi (Polly, 1993) ; ; L. verus: Limnocyon riparius (Marsh, 1872) ; Linocyon verus (Lavrov, 1999) ; Oxyaenodon wortmani (Van Valen, 1966) ; Sinopa vera (Matthew, 1899) ; Sinopa verus (Matthew, 1901) ; Stypolophus verus ; Telmatocyon riparius (Marsh, 1899) ; Triacodon grandis (Marsh, 1872) ; Viverravus riparius (Marsh, 1872) ; ;

Limnocyon (Limnokion — „močvarni pas”) je izumrli parafiletski rod placentalnih sisara iz izumrle porodice Limnocyonidae, koji je u periodu od ranog do srednjeg eocena nastanjivao područje Sjeverne Amerike.^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]

Etimologija naziva[uredi | uredi izvor]

Rod:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
Limnocyon	starogrčke riječi limni (stgrč. λίμνη), što znači močvara ili jezero i starogrčke riječi kion (stgrč. κύων), koja znači pas	močvarni pas^[15]

Vrste:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
L. cuspidens	roda Limnocyon latinske riječi kuspis (lat. cuspis), koja znači šiljak i latinske riječi dens (lat. dens), koja znači zub	šiljatozubi Limnokion
L. potens	roda Limnocyon i latinske riječi potens (lat. potens), koja znači sposobnost	sposobni Limnokion
L. verus	roda Limnocyon i latinske riječi verus (lat. verus), koja znači istinito, stvarno ili pravo	pravi Limnokion

Opis[uredi | uredi izvor]

Vrste iz parafiletskog roda Limnocyon su po ishrani bile svaštojedi, a po izgledu i veličini su bile slične lisicama. Vrsta Limnocyon verus je težila od 5,07 do 8,36 kg, a vrsta Limnocyon potens oko 15,84 kg.^[16] Zubna formula kod vrsti iz ovog parafiletskog roda je 2-3.1.4.23.1.4.2.^[17] Treći par gornji i donji kutnjaka (M₃/m₃) nije prisutan u vilicama. Prvi par gornji i donji pretkutnjaka (P₁/p₁) i treći par gornji pretkutnjaka (P₃) ima dvostruki korijen. Lobanje kod ovi vrsta su bile široke, a noge su kratke i robusne. Ove vrste su se kretale plantigradno i bile su sposobne da se penju po drveću.

lobanja vrste
Limnocyon potens

primjer osteomacije na krajevima goljenične
i lisne kosti, i kosti stopala vrste
Limnocyon potens

lobanja vrste Limnocyon verus

ilustracije zadnjeg
stopala vrste
Limnocyon verus

Sistematika[uredi | uredi izvor]

Klasifikacija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Rod: †*Limnocyon* ^{(parafiletski rod)} (Marsh, 1872)
Vrste:	Rasprostranjenost fosila i lokacija:	Vremenski raspon:
†L. cuspidens (Morlo & Gunnell, 2005)^[18]	SAD (Vajoming)	49,2 do 47,0 mil. god.
†L. potens (Matthew, 1909)^[19]	SAD (Vajoming i Juta)	45,7 do 42,8 mil. god.
†L. verus (Marsh, 1872)^[20]	SAD (Vajoming i Juta)	50,3 do 46,2 mil. god.

Filogenija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Dolje prikazan kladogram predstavlja filogenetske veze parafiletskog roda Limnocyon.^[11]^[18]^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25]

†Hyaenodonta

†Eoproviverra

†Boualitomidae

†Limnocyonidae

	†Oxyaenodon

	†Prolaena

?	†"Thinocyon" sichowensis

	†Limnocyon potens

	†Limnocyon cuspidens

	†Limnocyon verus

†Thinocyon

†Iridodon

	†Prolimnocyon atavus

	†Prolimnocyon haematus

†Prolimnocyon antiquus

†Prolimnocyon chowi

†Prolimnocyon eerius

?

†Prolimnocyon sp. (South Pass, Green River Basin, Wyoming)

†Arfiidae

†Sinopidae

†Hyaenodontoidea

	†Gazinocyon

	†Pyrocyon

†Galecyon

†Parvavorodon

	†Indohyaenodontidae

	†Glibzegdouia

†Indohyaenodon grupa

†Koholiidae

†Tritemnodon

†Tritemnodon grupa

†Teratodontidae

†Apterodontinae

	†Maocyon	†Maocyon/Orienspterodon grupa

	†Orienspterodon

†Hyainailourinae

	†Hemipsalodon

	†Ischnognathus

†Akhnatenavus grupa

†Akhnatenavus

?

†"Pterodon" sp. (BC 15’08)

?

†Hyainailourinae sp. (UON 84-359)

?

†Hyainailourinae sp. C (DPC 9243 & DPC 10315)

?

†Hyainailourinae sp. D (DPC 6545)

	†Kerberos

	†"Pterodon" syrtos

†Pterodon grupa

†Pterodontina

?	†Hyainailourinae sp. A (DPC 6555)

	†"Pterodon" africanus

	†Parapterodon

?

†"Pterodon" sp. (DPC 5036)

†"Pterodon" phiomensis

†Hyainailourini

†Paroxyaenini

†Falcatodon

†Sectisodon

	†Exiguodon

	†Isohyaenodon zadoki

†Isohyaenodon (†Isohyaenodontina)

†Isohyaenodon andrewsi

	†Sivapterodon

	†Hyainailouros bugtiensis

†Hyainailouros napakensis

†Hyainailouros

	†Hyainailouros sulzeri

?	†Hyainailourinae sp. (GSN AD 100’96)

†Simbakubwa

	†Leakitheriini

	†Megistotherium

	†Mlanyama

	†Metapterodontini

†Pakakali

†Prionogalidae

†Hyainailouridae

†Hyainailouroidea

†Lahimia grupa

†Limnocyon

†Prolimnocyon

†Arfia grupa

†Galecyon grupa

†afro-arabijska grupa

Vremenska rasprostranjenst parafiletskog roda Limnocyon unutar porodice Limnocyonidae[uredi | uredi izvor]

Vidi još[uredi | uredi izvor]

Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]

^ J. Alroy (2002.) "Synonymies and reidentifications of North American fossil mammals."
^ A. V. Lavrov (1999.) "Adaptive Radiation of Hyaenodontinae (Creodonta, Hyaenodontidae) of Asia." in 6th Congress of the Theriological Society, Moscow, April 13–16, p. 138 [in Russian].
^ Othniel Charles Marsh (1899.) "Note on a Bridger Eocene carnivore." Amer. Journ. Sci., IV. 7:397.
^ O. A. Peterson (1919.) "Report Upon the Material Discovered in the Upper Eocene of the Uinta Basin by Earl Douglas in the Years 1908-1909, and by O. A. Peterson in 1912." Annals of Carnegie Museum 12(2):40-168
^ J. L. Kay (1957.) "The Eocene vertebrates of the Uinta Basin." Utah. Inter-Mountain Association of Petroleum Geologists, Eight Annual Field Conference. 110-14
^ P. D. Polly (1993.) "Hyaenodontidae (Creodonta, Mammalia) from the Early Eocene Four Mile Fauna and their biostratigraphic implications." PaleoBios 14(4):1-10
^ L. Van Valen (1966.) "Deltatheridia, a new order of Mammals." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 132(1):1-126
^ J. L. Wortman and W. D. Matthew (1899.) "A provisional classification of the fresh-water Tertiary of the West." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 12:19-75
^ Matthew, W. D. (1901.) "Additional observations on the Creodonta." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 14: 1-38
^ McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2015. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
^ ^a ^b M. Morlo & G. F. Gunnell (2003.) "Small Limnocyonines (Hyaenodontidae, Mammalia) From the Bridgerian Middle Eocene of Wyoming: Thinocyon, Prolimnocyon And Iridodon, New Genus." Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 31(2):43-78
^ Floréal Solé (2013). „New proviverrine genus from the Early Eocene of Europe and the first phylogeny of Late Palaeocene–Middle Eocene hyaenodontidans (Mammalia)”. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 11 (4): 375—398. doi:10.1080/14772019.2012.686927.
^ Tomiya, S.; Zack, S. P.; Spaulding, M.; Flynn, J. J. (2021). „Carnivorous mammals from the middle Eocene Washakie Formation, Wyoming, USA, and their diversity trajectory in a post-warming world”. Journal of Paleontology. 95 (Supplement S82): 1—115. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.74.
^ Paleobiology Database: Limnocyon
^ Palmer, Theodore Sherman (1904). Index Generum Mammalium: A List of the Genera and Families of Mammals (na jeziku: engleski). U.S. Government Printing Office.
^ Egi, Naoko (2001). „Body mass estimates in extinct mammals from limb bone dimensions: the case of North American hyaenodontids.” (PDF). Palaeontology. 44 (3): 497—528. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 13. 04. 2022. g. Pristupljeno 11. 03. 2021.
^ G. F. Gunnell (1998.) "Creodonta". In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate like Mammals", Cambridge University Press, 703 pages ISBN 9780521355193
^ ^a ^b M. Morlo and G. F. Gunnell (2005.) "New species of Limnocyon (Mammalia, Creodonta) from the Bridgerian (middle Eocene)." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25(1):251-255
^ W. D. Matthew (1909.) "The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, middle Eocene." Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 9:289-567
^ O. C. Marsh (1872.) "Preliminary description of new Tertiary mammals. Part I." American Journal of Science 4(20):122-128
^ Borths, Matthew R.; Stevens, Nancy J. (2017). „Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)”. Palaeontologia Electronica. 20 (3): 55A. doi:10.26879/776 .
^ Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2019). „Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (1): e1570222. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222.
^ Floréal Solé; Bernard Marandat; Fabrice Lihoreau (2020). „The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian”. Geodiversitas. 42 (13): 185—214. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a13.
^ Solé, F.; Morlo, M.; Schaal, T.; Lehmann, T. (2021). „New hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the late Ypresian locality of Prémontré (France) support a radiation of the hyaenodonts in Europe already at the end of the early Eocene”. Geobios. 66-67: 119—141. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2021.02.004.
^ Averianov, Alexander; Obraztsova, Ekaterina; Danilov, Igor; Jin, Jian-Hua (2023). „A new hypercarnivorous hyaenodont from the Eocene of South China”. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 11. ISSN 2296-701X. doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1076819/full.

Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]

W. B. Scott (1892.) "A revision of the North American Creodonta with notes on some genera which have been referred to that group." Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 44:291-323
J. L. Wortman (1902.) "Studies of Eocene Mammalia in the Marsh Collection, Peabody Museum." The American Journal of Science, series 4 13:197-206
O. P. Hay (1902.) "Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America." Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179:1-868
M. R. Thorpe (1923.) "Notes on the Bridger (Eocene) Carnivora." Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (9. januar 2023) American Journal of Science 5(25):23-39
R. H. Denison (1938.) "The broad-skulled Pseudocreodi." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 37:163-256
L. Van Valen (1967.) "New Paleocene insectivores and insectivore classification." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 135(5):217-284
C. L. Gazin (1976.) "Mammalian Faunal Zones of the Bridger Middle Eocene." Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 26:1-25
J. G. Eaton (1982.) "Paleontology and correlation of Eocene volcanic rocks in the Carter Mountain area, Park County, southeastern Absaroka Range, Wyoming." Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming 21(2):153-194
Daniel L. Gebo & Kenneth D. Rose (1993.) "Skeletal morphology and locomotor adaptation in Prolimnocyon atavus, an early Eocene hyaenodontid creodont". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 13:1, 125-144
Matthew R. Borths; Patricia A. Holroyd; Erik R. Seiffert (2016). „Hyainailourine and teratodontine cranial material from the late Eocene of Egypt and the application of parsimony and Bayesian methods to the phylogeny and biogeography of Hyaenodonta (Placentalia, Mammalia)”. PeerJ. 4: e2639. PMC 5111901 . PMID 27867761. doi:10.7717/peerj.2639.
Kort, A. E.; Jones, K. E. (2023). „Function of revolute zygapophyses in the lumbar vertebrae of early placental mammals”. The Anatomical Record. doi:10.1002/ar.25323.

[1] J. Alroy (2002.) "Synonymies and reidentifications of North American fossil mammals."

[Lavrov1999-2] A. V. Lavrov (1999.) "Adaptive Radiation of Hyaenodontinae (Creodonta, Hyaenodontidae) of Asia." in 6th Congress of the Theriological Society, Moscow, April 13–16, p. 138 [in Russian].

[3] Othniel Charles Marsh (1899.) "Note on a Bridger Eocene carnivore." Amer. Journ. Sci., IV. 7:397.

[4] O. A. Peterson (1919.) "Report Upon the Material Discovered in the Upper Eocene of the Uinta Basin by Earl Douglas in the Years 1908-1909, and by O. A. Peterson in 1912." Annals of Carnegie Museum 12(2):40-168

[5] J. L. Kay (1957.) "The Eocene vertebrates of the Uinta Basin." Utah. Inter-Mountain Association of Petroleum Geologists, Eight Annual Field Conference. 110-14

[6] P. D. Polly (1993.) "Hyaenodontidae (Creodonta, Mammalia) from the Early Eocene Four Mile Fauna and their biostratigraphic implications." PaleoBios 14(4):1-10

[7] L. Van Valen (1966.) "Deltatheridia, a new order of Mammals." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 132(1):1-126

[8] J. L. Wortman and W. D. Matthew (1899.) "A provisional classification of the fresh-water Tertiary of the West." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 12:19-75

[9] Matthew, W. D. (1901.) "Additional observations on the Creodonta." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 14: 1-38

[McKenna_&_Bell-10] McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2015. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[Morlo2003-11] M. Morlo & G. F. Gunnell (2003.) "Small Limnocyonines (Hyaenodontidae, Mammalia) From the Bridgerian Middle Eocene of Wyoming: Thinocyon, Prolimnocyon And Iridodon, New Genus." Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 31(2):43-78

[12] Floréal Solé (2013). „New proviverrine genus from the Early Eocene of Europe and the first phylogeny of Late Palaeocene–Middle Eocene hyaenodontidans (Mammalia)”. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 11 (4): 375—398. doi:10.1080/14772019.2012.686927.

[13] Tomiya, S.; Zack, S. P.; Spaulding, M.; Flynn, J. J. (2021). „Carnivorous mammals from the middle Eocene Washakie Formation, Wyoming, USA, and their diversity trajectory in a post-warming world”. Journal of Paleontology. 95 (Supplement S82): 1—115. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.74.

[pbd-14] Paleobiology Database: Limnocyon

[15] Palmer, Theodore Sherman (1904). Index Generum Mammalium: A List of the Genera and Families of Mammals (na jeziku: engleski). U.S. Government Printing Office.

[16] Egi, Naoko (2001). „Body mass estimates in extinct mammals from limb bone dimensions: the case of North American hyaenodontids.” (PDF). Palaeontology. 44 (3): 497—528. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 13. 04. 2022. g. Pristupljeno 11. 03. 2021.

[Gunnell1998-17] G. F. Gunnell (1998.) "Creodonta". In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate like Mammals", Cambridge University Press, 703 pages ISBN 9780521355193

[Morlo2005-18] M. Morlo and G. F. Gunnell (2005.) "New species of Limnocyon (Mammalia, Creodonta) from the Bridgerian (middle Eocene)." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25(1):251-255

[19] W. D. Matthew (1909.) "The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, middle Eocene." Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 9:289-567

[20] O. C. Marsh (1872.) "Preliminary description of new Tertiary mammals. Part I." American Journal of Science 4(20):122-128

[Matthew2017-21] Borths, Matthew R.; Stevens, Nancy J. (2017). „Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)”. Palaeontologia Electronica. 20 (3): 55A. doi:10.26879/776 .

[Simbakubwa-22] Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2019). „Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (1): e1570222. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222.

[Geodiversitas4213-23] Floréal Solé; Bernard Marandat; Fabrice Lihoreau (2020). „The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian”. Geodiversitas. 42 (13): 185—214. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a13.

[hyaenodontsGeobios-24] Solé, F.; Morlo, M.; Schaal, T.; Lehmann, T. (2021). „New hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the late Ypresian locality of Prémontré (France) support a radiation of the hyaenodonts in Europe already at the end of the early Eocene”. Geobios. 66-67: 119—141. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2021.02.004.

[Maocyon-25] Averianov, Alexander; Obraztsova, Ekaterina; Danilov, Igor; Jin, Jian-Hua (2023). „A new hypercarnivorous hyaenodont from the Eocene of South China”. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 11. ISSN 2296-701X. doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1076819/full.

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