Kušansko carstvo

Ne poistovećivati sa Kraljevstvo Kuš.

Prostor na kome se prostiralo Kušansko carstvo

Kušansko carstvo je bila drevna država formirana na teritoriji antičke Baktrije na obalama Amu Darije, odnosno teritorijama današnjeg severnog Avganistana, te južnog Tadžikistana i Uzbekistana. U 1. i 2. veku su Kušani prodrli na severni deo Indijskog potkontineta sve do Sakete i Sarnata kraj Varanasija (Benares) gde natpisi iz 127. n. e. spominju najpoznatijeg kušanskog vladara Kanišku.

Kušani su predstavljali jedan od ogranaka Jueži plemenskog saveza, te su održavali diplomatske kontakte s Rimom, Persijom i Kinom dinastije Han. Iako su unutar njegovih granica stvorena brojna umetnička i književna dela, jedini tekstovi o Kušanima potiču od drugih naroda koji su im bili savremenici, pogotovo Kineza. Carstvo je oslabilo u 3. veku te palo pod vlast Sasanida i Gupta.

Literatura

• Avari, Burjor (2007). India: The Ancient Past. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-35616-9. 
• Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-2994-1. 
• Benjamin, Craig (2007). The Yuezhi: Origin, Migration and the Conquest of Northern Bactria. ISD. ISBN 978-2-503-52429-0. 
• Bopearachchi, Osmund (2003). De l'Indus à l'Oxus, Archéologie de l'Asie Centrale (na jeziku: francuski). Lattes: Association imago-musée de Lattes. ISBN 2-9516679-2-2. 
• Bopearachchi, Osmund (2007). „Some Observations on the Chronology of the Early Kushans”. Ur.: Gyselen, Rika. Des Indo-Grecs aux Sassanides: données pour l'histoire et la géographie historique. XVII. Group pour l'Etude de la Civilisation du Moyen-Orient. 
• Chavannes, Édouard (1906). Trois Généraux Chinois de la dynastie des Han Orientaux. Pan Tch'ao (32–102 p.C.); – son fils Pan Yong; – Leang K'in (112 p.C.). Chapitre LXXVII du Heou Han chou'. T'oung pao 7. 
• Chavannes, Édouard (1907). Les pays d'occident d'après le Heou Han chou. T'oung pao 8. str. 149—244. 
• Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Litvinsky, Boris Abramovich; Zamir Safi, M. H. "Eastern Kushans, Kidarines in Gandhara ans Kashmir, and Later Hephthalites". In Litvinsky (1996), pp. 163–184.
• Dorn'eich, Chris M. (2008). Chinese sources on the History of the Niusi-Wusi-Asi (oi)-Rishi (ka)-Arsi-Arshi-Ruzhi and their Kueishuang-Kushan Dynasty. Shiji 110/Hanshu 94A: The Xiongnu: Synopsis of Chinese original Text and several Western Translations with Extant Annotations. Berlin. To read or download go to: [1]
• Enoki, K.; Koshelenko, G. A.; Haidary, Z. "The Yu'eh-chih and their migrations". In Harmatta, Puri & Etemadi (1994), pp. 165–183.
• Faccenna, Domenico (1980). Butkara I (Swāt, Pakistan) 1956–1962, Volume III 1 (in English). Rome: IsMEO (Istituto Italiano Per Il Medio Ed Estremo Oriente).
• Falk, Harry (1995—1996). Silk Road Art and Archaeology IV. 
• Falk, Harry (2001). „The yuga of Sphujiddhvaja and the era of the Kuṣāṇas”. Silk Road Art and Archaeology VII. str. 121—136. 
• Falk, Harry (2004). „The Kaniṣka era in Gupta records”. Silk Road Art and Archaeology X. str. 167—176. 
• Foucher, M. A. 1901. "Notes sur la geographie ancienne du Gandhâra (commentaire à un chaptaire de Hiuen-Tsang)." BEFEO No. 4, Oct. 1901, pp. 322–369.
• Golden, Peter B. (1992). An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples. Harrassowitz Verlag. 
• Goyal, S. R. (2005). Ancient Indian Inscriptions. Jodhpur, India: Kusumanjali Book World. 
• Grousset, René (1970). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-1304-1. 
• Hargreaves, H. (1910–11). "Excavations at Shāh-jī-kī Dhērī"; Archaeological Survey of India. pp. 25–32.
• Harmatta, János. "Religions in the Kushan Empire". In Harmatta, Puri & Etemadi (1999), pp. 313–330.
• Harmatta, János; Puri, B. N.; Etemadi, G. F., ur. (1994). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume II The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B.C. to A.D. 250. Paris: UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-102846-5. Pristupljeno 29. 5. 2015. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Harmatta, János; Puri, B. N.; Etemadi, G. F., ur. (1999) [1994]. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume II The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B.C. to A.D. 250. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-8-1208-1408-0. Pristupljeno 31. 7. 2021. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Hill, John E. 2004. The Peoples of the West from the Weilüe 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE. Draft annotated English translation. [2]
• Hill, John E. (2009). Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, First to Second Centuries CE. BookSurge. ISBN 978-1-4392-2134-1. 
• Hoey, W. (1902). „The Word Kozola as Used of Kadphises on Ku͟s͟hān Coins”. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland: 428—429. JSTOR 25208419. S2CID 163536753. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00029312. .
• Iloliev, Abdulmamad (2015). „King of Men: ῾Ali ibn Abi Talib in Pamiri Folktales”. Journal of Shi'a Islamic Studies. 8 (3): 307—323. S2CID 146653121. doi:10.1353/isl.2015.0036. .
• Kennedy, J. (1913). „The Later Kushans”. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 45 (4): 1054—1064. JSTOR 25189078. S2CID 163377622. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00045718. .
• Konow, Sten, ed. 1929. Kharoshthī Inscriptions with Exception of those of Asoka. Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol. II, Part I. Reprint: Indological Book House, Varanasi, 1969.
• Lebedynsky, Iaroslav (2006). Les Saces. Paris: Editions Errance. ISBN 2-87772-337-2. 
• Lerner, Martin (1984). The flame and the lotus: Indian and Southeast Asian art from the Kronos collections. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 0-87099-374-7. 
• Litvinsky, Boris Abramovich, ur. (1996). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. Paris: UNESCO. ISBN 9789231032110. 
• Liu, Xinru (jesen 2001). „Migration and Settlement of the Yuezhi-Kushan: Interaction and Interdependence of Nomadic and Sedentary Societies”. Journal of World History. University of Hawaii Press. 12 (2): 261—292. S2CID 162211306. doi:10.1353/jwh.2001.0034. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Liu, Xinru (2010). The Silk Road in World History. New York: Oxford University Press. 
• Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L. (1999). The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-47030-7. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521470308. 
• Mallory, J. P. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 1-884964-98-2. 
• Mallory, J. P.; Mair, Victor H. (2008). The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28372-1. 
• Masson, V. M. (1984). „The Forgotten Kushan Empire: New Discoveries at Zar-tepe”. Archaeology. 37 (1): 32—37. JSTOR 41728802. .
• Narain, A. K. (1990). „Indo-Europeans in Central Asia”. Ur.: Sinor, Denis. The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. 1. Cambridge University Press. str. 151—177. ISBN 978-1-139-05489-8. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521243049.007. 
• Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1966). „Chinese and Indo-Europeans”. The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 98 (1/2): 9—39. JSTOR 25202896. S2CID 144332029. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00124566. 
• Puri, Baij Nath. "The Sakas and Indo-Parthians". In Harmatta, Puri & Etemadi (1994), pp. 184–201.
• Puri, Baij Nath. "The Kushans". In Harmatta, Puri & Etemadi (1999), pp. 247–264.
• „Red Sandstone Railing Pillar”. The British Museum Quarterly. 30 (1/2): 64. 1965. JSTOR 4422925. .
• Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017a). „East Iran in Late Antiquity”. ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity. Edinburgh University Press. str. 1—256. ISBN 978-1-4744-0030-5. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctt1g04zr8. 
• Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017b). „From the Kushans to the Western Turks”. Ur.: Daryaee, Touraj. King of the Seven Climes: A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BCE - 651 CE). UCI Jordan Center for Persian Studies. str. 1—236. ISBN 978-0-692-86440-1. 
• Rife, Joseph L. (2014). „The Making of Roman India by Grant Parker”. American Journal of Philology. 135 (4): 672—675. S2CID 160104128. doi:10.1353/ajp.2014.0046. .
• Rosenfield, John M. (1967). The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans. University of California Press. 
• Rosenfield, John M. (1993). The Dynastic Art of the Kushans. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal. ISBN 81-215-0579-8. 
• Roux, Jean-Paul (1997). L'Asie Centrale, Histoire et Civilization [Central Asia: History and Civilization] (na jeziku: francuski). Fayard. ISBN 978-2-213-59894-9. 
• Sailendra Nath Sen (1999). Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Age International. ISBN 978-81-224-1198-0. 
• Sarianidi, Viktor. 1985. The Golden Hoard of Bactria: From the Tillya-tepe Excavations in Northern Afghanistan. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. New York.
• Sims-Williams, Nicholas; Cribb, Joe. "A new Bactrian inscription of Kanishka the Great". In Falk (1995–1996), pp. 75–142.
• Sims-Williams, Nicholas. 1998. "Further notes on the Bactrian inscription of Rabatak, with an Appendix on the names of Kujula Kadphises and Vima Taktu in Chinese." Proceedings of the Third European Conference of Iranian Studies Part 1: Old and Middle Iranian Studies. Edited by Nicholas Sims-Williams. Wiesbaden. pp. 79–93.
• Sivaramamurti, C. (1976). Śatarudrīya: Vibhūti of Śiva's Iconography. Delhi: Abhinav Publications. 
• Spooner, D. B. (1908–09). "Excavations at Shāh-jī-kī Dhērī."; Archaeological Survey of India. pp. 38–59.
• Watson, Burton. Trans. 1993. Records of the Grand Historian of China: Han Dynasty II. Translated from the Shiji of Sima Qian. Chapter 123: "The Account of Dayuan", Columbia University Press. Revised Edition. ISBN 0-231-08166-9; ISBN 0-231-08167-7 (pbk.)
• Wink, André (2002). Al-Hind: The Slavic Kings and the Islamic conquest, 11th-13th centuries. BRILL. 
• Zürcher, E. (1968). „The Yüeh-chih and Kaniṣka in the Chinese sources”. Ur.: Basham, A. L. Papers on the Date of Kaniṣka. Leiden: E. J. Brill. str. 346—393. 

Spoljašnje veze

• Metropolitan Museum capsule history
• New documents help fix controversial Kushan dating na sajtu Wayback Machine (arhivirano 2005-02-04)
• Antique Indian Coins na sajtu Library of Congress Web Archives|Web Archives (arhivirano 2013-02-07)
• Brief Guide to Kushan History Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (25. septembar 2004)
• Article on Kushana Art
• The CoinIndia Online Catalogue of Kushan Coins
• Kushan dynasty in Encyclopædia Britannica
• Coins of the Kushans on wildwinds.com
• Dedicated resource to study of Kushan Empire Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (25. septembar 2004)