Halil Džubran
Halil Džubran | |
|---|---|
 Halil Džubran 1913. godine | |
| Puno ime | Džubran Halil Džubran |
| Datum rođenja | 6. januar 1883. |
| Mesto rođenja | Bšari Osmansko carstvo |
| Datum smrti | 10. april 1931. (48 god.) |
| Mesto smrti | Njujork SAD |
| Supružnik | nema vrednosti |
| Veb-sajt | www |
Džubran Halil Džubran (arap. جبران خليل جبران; [1][2] 6. januar 1883 - 10. april 1931) bio je libansko-američki pisac, pesnik i umetnik.[3][4]
Detinjstvo i mladost[uredi | uredi izvor]
Džubran je rođen u mestu Bšari, u današnjem Libanu, a tadašnjem delu Osmanskog carstva. Njegova majka, Kamila, bila je dete sveštenika i brak sa njegovim ocem, Halilom, bio joj je treći brak.[5] Njegova porodica je pripadala Maronitskoj katoličkoj crkvi. Tokom mladosti, Džubranova porodica je bila siromašna, pa u mladosti nije imao formalno obrazovanje, iako ga je sveštenik podučavao arapskom jeziku i Bibliji.[6] Džubranov otac je bio apotekar, ali je zbog kockarskih dugova počeo da radi za gradskog upravnika. Nakon nekoliko optužbi, njegov otac biva optužen za proneveru, uhapšen i bila mu je oduzeta sva imovina. Nakon par godina u zatvoru, njegov otac biva pušten i 1895. na inicijativu njegove majke, cela porodica odlazi u Boston, u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama.
U Bostonu, prilikom upisa u školu, njegovo ime biva pogrešno napisano kao Kahlil Gibran (umesto Khalil) usled čega, kasnije, postaje poznat na inostranom govornom području i po ovom imenu. Džubran biva smešten u specijalno odeljenje za učenje engleskog jezika. Istovremeno se učlanjuje u lokalnu likovnu školu. Tamo se, preko svojih učitelja, upoznaje sa avangardnim umetnikom, fotografom i izdavačem Fredom Holandom Dejom koji je ohrabrivao i podržavao Džubrana.[7]
Džubranova majka je želela da Džubran ne zaboravi svoju kulturu zbog Zapadnog uticaja koji je Džubranu bio primamljiv, te ga 1898. šalje natrag u Maronitsku školu i potom na studije u Bejrutu. Džubran se 1902. godine vraća u Boston. Nakon smrti majke, sestre i brata, živi sa svojom sestrom Marijanom koja ih oboje izdržava radeći u krojačkoj radnji.[6]
Karijera i lični život[uredi | uredi izvor]
Od 1908. do 1910. Džubran je pohađao akademiju Džulijan u Parizu.[8] Džubran je imao svoju prvu izložbu crteža 1904. godine u Bostonu. Tada je upoznao Meri Elizabet Haskel, sa kojom je razvio dugogodišnje prijateljstvo i koja je u njega ulagala novac i lektorisala njegove radove na engleskom jeziku. Džubran i Meri Elizabet su bili vereni kratak period, ali je Džubran raskinuo veridbu.[9] Ona se 1923. udala za drugog čoveka, ali je nastavila da finansijski pomaže Džubrana.[7]
Slomljena krila, njegov jedini roman, nastaje 1912. godine. Džubran do 1918. piše na arapskom jeziku. Tada izlazi njegovo prvo delo na engleskom jeziku Ludak, delo napisano između poezije i proze. Prorok, njegovo najpoznatije delo, objavljeno je 1923. godine. Još neka od značajnih dela su: Pesak i pena, Bogovi zemlje, Prorokova bašta...
Nakon objavljivanja Proroka, Džubran počinje da pije, ponekad zatvarajući se u svoj stan. Umro je u Njujorku, 1931. godine u 48. godini života od posledica ciroze jetre usled hroničnog alkoholizma i tuberkuloze. Džubran je izrazio želju da bude sahranjen u Libanu, te su nakon njegove smrti Meri Elizabet i njegova sestra Marijana kupile Mar Sarkis manastir u Libanu, koji je pretvoren u Džubranov muzej. Na njegovom grobu se nalaze njegove reči: „reč koju želim da vidim na svom grobu: živ sam poput tebe i stojim pored tebe. Zatvori oči i pogledaj oko sebe, videćeš me ispred sebe"[10]
Svoju zaostavštinu i atelje Džubran je ostavio Meri Elizabet. Ona je u ateljeu otkrila da je Džubran čuvao njena pisma tokom 23 godine prepiske sa njom. Pre nego što je umrla 1964. ona ih je, zajedno sa svojim pismima koje je dobila od njega, dala Univerzitetu Severna Karolina, i ona su objavljena 1972. godine pod imenom Dragi prorok.[11]
Stil pisanja i uticaj[uredi | uredi izvor]
Džubran je veoma cenio pisca Francisa Maraša[12][13] čija je dela izučavao dok je bio u Bejrutu. Prema nekim izvorima, sam Džubranov stil oponaša Marašev, mnoge su ideje preuzete od njega, pa i sama struktura nekih radova, posebno koncept univerzalne, kao i spiritualne ljubavi.[14] Džubranova poezija u sebi često sadrži formalni jezik i spiritualne termine. Mnoga dela se bave hrišćanstvom. Njegov misticizam nadilazi pojedinačne religije, već je prisutan uticaj islama, hrišćanstva, judaizma i teozofije, kao i sufizma. Pisao je: „Ti si moj brat i ja te volim. Volim te kad se ispružiš u svojoj džamiji, kada klečiš u svojoj crkvi i kada se moliš u svojoj sinagogi. Ti i ja smo sinovi jedne vere - Duha."[15]
Na Džubrana je, pored spomenutih religija, uticalo znanje istorije Libana i krvavih sukoba koji su se odvijali tokom istorije i destruktivnih podvojenih frakcija koje su ovome bile uzrok da oformi veru u fundamentalnu jednakost svih religija, to jest njenu jedinstvenost. Ovome su doprineli i njegovi roditelji koji su uvek sa dobrodošlicom primali u svoj dom ljude različitih veroispovesti. Takođe, uticaj su imale muslimanska i evropska umetnost, posebno klasicizam i romantizam, simbolizam i nadrealizam.[16]
Džubranovo najpoznatije delo je Prorok. Sačinjeno je od 26 poetskih eseja. Svoju popularnost je steklo tokom 1960-ih godina sa Nju ejdž pokretima. Prevođeno je na više od 40 jezika.[17] Kada je ovo delo došlo do Elvisa Preslija, ostvarilo je veliki uticaj na njega, toliko da je poklanjao kopije ovog dela svojim prijateljima i kolegama. Džon Lenon iz grupe Bitlsi je iskoristio njegov stih iz knjige Pesak i pena u pesmi Džulija na njihovom albumu iz 1968. Stih glasi: „Pola onoga što kažem je besmisleno, ali i dalje izgovaram da bi čuo drugu polovinu." Džoni Keš je snimio audio kasetu njegovog dela Prorokovo oko. Selma Hajek je 2014. godine bila producent animiranog filma Prorok.[18]
Dela[uredi | uredi izvor]
Na arapskom:
- Nubthah fi Fan Al-Musiqa (Muzika, 1905)
- Ara'is al-Muruj (Nimfe doline, 1906)
- Al-Arwah al-Mutamarrida (Buntovnički dusi, 1908)
- Al-Ajniha al-Mutakassira (Slomljena krila, 1912)
- Dam'a wa Ibtisama (Suza i osmeh, 1914)
- Al-Mawakib (Procesije, 1919)
- Al-'Awāsif (Bura, 1920)
- Al-Bada'i' waal-Tara'if (Novi i izuzetni, 1923)
Na engleskom:
- Ludak (1918)
- Dvadeset crteža (1919)
- Glasnik (1920)
- Prorok (1923)
- Pesak i pena (1926)
- Kraljevstvo mašte (1927)
- Isus, čovekov sin (1928)
- Zemaljski bogovi (1931)
Vidi još[uredi | uredi izvor]
Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]
- ^ Cachia 2002, str. 189
- ^ Farrāj ʻAṭā Sālim. كشاف معجم المؤلفين لكحالة (na jeziku: arapski).
- ^ Gibran & Gibran 1991, str. 29
- ^ Acocella 2007.
- ^ „Gibran - Birth and Childhood”. leb.net. Pristupljeno 2018-11-14.
- ^ a b „Wayback Machine” (PDF). 2009-03-04. Arhivirano iz originala 04. 03. 2009. g. Pristupljeno 2018-11-14.
- ^ a b „Prophet Motive”. The New Yorker (na jeziku: engleski). Pristupljeno 2018-11-14.
- ^ Waterfield, Robin (2015-09-08). Prophet: The Life and Times of Kahlil Gibran (na jeziku: engleski). St. Martin's Press. ISBN 9781250097682.
- ^ Amirani, Shoku; Hegarty, Stephanie (2012-05-12). „Why is The Prophet so loved?”. BBC News (na jeziku: engleski). Pristupljeno 2018-11-14.
- ^ Waterfield, Robin (1998). Prophet: The Life and Times of Kahlil Gibran. St. Martin's Press. str. 281–282.
- ^ Salem Otto, Annie (1964). The Love letters of Kahlil Gibran and Mary Haskell. Houston.
- ^ Moreh, Shmuel (1976). Modern Arabic poetry 1800-1970 : the development of its forms and themes under the influence of Western literature. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9004047956. OCLC 2867226.
- ^ Khadra., Jayyusi, Salma (1977). Trends and movements in modern Arabic poetry. Tingley, Christopher. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9004049207. OCLC 3885234.
- ^ Bushrui, Suheil B. (1998). Kahlil Gibran, man and poet : a new biography. Jenkins, Joe. Oxford, England: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 1851681779. OCLC 39976347.
- ^ Najjar, Alexandre (2008). Kahlil Gibran, a biography. Saqi. str. 150.
- ^ „The Prophet” (PDF).
- ^ „Source: The Arab American Dialogue, Vol”. www.alhewar.com. Pristupljeno 2018-11-14.
- ^ „The Prophet imdb”.
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- Schuster, Shlomit C. (2003). „Kahlil Gibran: A Self-portrait”. The Philosopher's Autobiography: A Qualitative Study. Westport, CT, US: Praeger. ISBN 9780313013287. OCLC 52925492.
- „Ship manifest, Saint Paul, arriving at New York”. The Statue of Liberty & Ellis Island. 10. 5. 1902. Pristupljeno 26. 11. 2020.
- Tillery, Gary (2013). The Seeker King: A Spiritual Biography of Elvis Presley. Wheaton, IL, US: Quest Books. ISBN 9780835621229. OCLC 868956543.
- Thompson, Juliet (1978). „Juliet Remembers Gibran as told to Marzieh Gail”. World Order. 12 (4): 29—31. ISSN 0043-8804. OCLC 1716399. Arhivirano iz originala 25. 05. 2012. g. Pristupljeno 04. 01. 2023.
- Turner, Sheila (13. 3. 1971). „Tales of a Levantine Guru”. Saturday Review. 54. ISSN 0036-4983. OCLC 1588490, 563914761.
- „View Bahai film”. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Brooklyn, New York. 3. 3. 1928. str. 3. Pristupljeno 4. 11. 2021 — preko Newspapers.com.
- Waldbridge, John (januar 1998). „Gibran, his Aesthetic, and his Moral Universe”. Juan Cole's Kahlil Gibran Page – Writings, Paintings, Hotlinks, New Translations. Professor Juan R.I. Cole. Arhivirano iz originala 22. 4. 2001. g.
- Waterfield, Robin (1998). Prophet: The Life and Times of Kahlil Gibran. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 9780312193195. OCLC 1036791274.
- Young, Barbara (1945). This Man from Lebanon: A Study of Kahlil Gibran. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. OCLC 609555101.
- Abinader, Elmaz (30. 8. 2000). „Children of Al-Mahjar: Arab American Literature Spans a Century”. U.S. Society and Values, "Contemporary U.S. Literature: Multicultural Perspectives, Department of State, International Information Programs, February 2000. Arhivirano iz originala 30. 8. 2000. g.
- Hassan, Waïl S (2011). „The Gibran Phenomenon”. Immigrant NarrativesOrientalism and Cultural Translation in Arab American and Arab British Literature. Oxford University Press. str. 59—77. ISBN 9780199919239. OCLC 772499865. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199792061.003.0002. Preview of first eleven article pages at Immigrant Narratives: Orientalism and Cultural Translation in Arab American, str. PA59, na sajtu Gugl knjige
- Hawi, Khalil S. (1982). Kahlil Gibran: his Background, Character, and Works. Third World Centre for Research and Publishing. ISBN 978-0-86199-011-5.
- Kesting, Piney (2019). „The Borderless Worlds of Kahlil Gibran”. Aramco World. str. 28—37.
- Oueijan, Naji B.; et al., ur. (1999). Khalil Gibran and Ameen Rihani: Prophets of Lebanese-American Literature. Louaize: Notre Dame Press.
- Poeti arabi a New York. Il circolo di Gibran (na jeziku: italijanski). Bari: Palomar. 2009. ISBN 978-88-7600-340-0.
- Popp, Richard A. (2000). Al-Funun: the Making of an Arab-American Literary Journal.
Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Biografija
- Poezija suštine
- Works by Halil Džubran in eBook form na sajtu Standard Ebooks
- Halil Džubran na sajtu Projekat Gutenberg (jezik: engleski)
- Halil Džubran na sajtu Internet Archive (jezik: engleski)
- Halil Džubran na sajtu LibriVox (jezik: engleski)
- Gibran Museum, Bsharri, Lebanon
- Online copies of texts by Gibran
- Kahlil Gibran: Profile and Poems on Poets.org
- BBC World Service: "The Man Behind the Prophet"
- The Kahlil Gibran Collective, website including a digital archive of his works Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (4. januar 2023)
- Featured Author: Kahlil Gibran in The New York Times Archives
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