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Krzno

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Krzno oposuma

Krzno je gusti rast dlake koja pokriva kožu mnogih životinja. Ova karakteristika definiše sisare. Krzno se sastoji od kombinacije uljaste zaštitne dlake na vrhu i debelog donjeg podkrzna ispod. Zaštitna dlaka čuva vlagu, a podkrzno služi kao izolaciona deka koja održava životinju toplom.[1]

Krzno sisara ima mnoge primene. Ono ima zaštitne, senzorske svrhe, koristi se kao hidroizolacija i kamuflaža, pri čemu je primarna upotreba termoregulacija.[2] Tipovi dlake obuhvataju definitivnu dlaku, koja može da bude odbačena nakon što se dosegne određenu dužinu; vibrise, koje su senzorna dlaka, i to su najčešće brkovi; pelag, koja se sastoji od zaštitnih dlačica, ispod krzna i bodljikave dlake; bodlje, koje su vrsta krute dlake kaja služi za odbranu, na primjer kod bodljikavog praseta; čekinje, koje su dugačke dlake koje se obično koriste u vizuelnim signalima, kao što je griva lava; veli, koji se često naziva „donjim krznom”, koje služi kao izolacija novorođenih sisara; i vuna, koja je duga, meka i često kovrčava.[3]‍:99 Dužina dlake je zanemariva u termoregulaciji, jer neki tropski sisari, kao što su lenjivci, imaju istu dužinu krzna kao i neki arktički sisari, ali sa manje izolacije; i obratno, drugi tropski sisari sa kratkom dlakom imaju istu izolacionu vrednost kao i arktički sisari. Gustina krzna može povećati životinjsku izolacionu vrednost, i arktički sisari imaju posebno gusto krzno; na primer, mošusno goveče ima zaštitne dlake dimenzija 30 cm (12 in), kao i gusto podkrzno, koje formira hermetički omotač, omogućavajući im da prežive na temperaturama od −40 °C (−40 °F).[3]‍:162–163 Neki pustinjski sisari, kao što su kamile, koriste gusto krzno kako bi sprečili da solarna toplota dođe do njihove kože, što omoguućava životinji da ostane hladna; kamelino krzno može da dostigne 70 °C (158 °F) tokom leta, ali koža ostaje na 40 °C (104 °F).[3]‍:188 Vodeni sisari, suprotno tome, zadržavaju vazduh u svom krznu da bi sačuvali toplotu održavajući kožu suvom.[3]‍:162–163

Leopardovo prošarano krzno pruža kamuflažu ovom predatoru iz zasede.

Krzna sisara su obojena iz više razloga, glavni selektivni pritisci, uključujući kamuflažu, polnu selekciju, komunikaciju i fiziološke procese kao što je regulacija temperature. Kamuflaža je moćan uticaj kod velikog broja sisara, jer im pomaže da se prikriju od predatora ili plena.[4] Aposematizam, kao moguće upozorenje mogućim predatorima, je najverovatnije objašnjenje postojanja crno-bele dlake kod mnogih sisara koji se mogu obraniti, kao što je to slučaj kod tvorova, i kod snažnih i agresivnih medojednih jazavaca.[5] Kod arktičkih i subarktičkih sisara kao što su polarna lisica (Alopex lagopus), obojeni leming (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus), velika lasica (Mustela erminea) i zec belac (Lepus americanus), sezonska promena boje između smeđe u leto i bele zimi u velikoj meri je posledica sposobnosti kamuflaže.[6] Razlike u boji dlake ženki i mužjaka mogu ukazivati na nivo ishrane i hormona, što je važno u izboru partnera.[7] Neki šumski sisari, naročito primati i torbari, imaju nijanse ljubičaste, zelene ili plave kože na delovima njihovih tela, što ukazuje na određenu prednost u njihovom uglavnom šumskom staništu usled konvergentne evolucije.[8] Zelena obojenost lenjivaca, međutim, rezultat je simbiotičke veze sa algama.[9] Boja dlake je ponekad polno dimorfna, kao kod mnogih vrsta primata.[10] Boja dlake može da utiče na sposobnost zadržavanja toplote, u zavisnosti od toga koliko se svetlosti reflektuje. Sisari sa tamnije obojenim krznom mogu da apsorbuju više toplote sunčevog zračenja i da ostanu topliji, i neki manji sisari, kao što su poljski miševi, imaju zimi tamnije krzno. Belo, bezpigmentno krzno arktičkih sisara, kao što je polarni medved, može da reflektue više sunčevog zračenja direktno na kožu.[3]‍:166–167[2]

Termin pelage, sa prvom poznata upotrebom u engleskom jeziku oko 1828 (francuski, od srednjefrancuskog, od poil za „dlaku”, od starofrancuskog peilss, od latinskog pilus[11]) ponekad se koristi za označavanje kompletnog životinjskog krzna. Termin krzno se takođe koristi za označavanje životinjskih koža koje su prerađene u kožu sa dlakom koja je i dalje pričvršćena. Životinja sa komercijalno vrednim krznom poznata je u industriji krzna kao nosilac krzna.[12] Upotreba krzna kao odeće ili za dekoraciju je kontroverzna; zagovornici dobrobiti životinja se protive hvatanju i ubijanju divljih životinja, kao i zatvaranju i ubijanju životinja na farmama krzna.

Reference

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  1. ^ „Fur | animal skin”. Encyclopedia Britannica (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 30. 10. 2018. 
  2. ^ а б Dawson, T. J.; Webster, K. N.; Maloney, S. K. (2014). „The fur of mammals in exposed environments; do crypsis and thermal needs necessarily conflict? The polar bear and marsupial koala compared”. Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 184 (2): 273—284. PMID 24366474. doi:10.1007/s00360-013-0794-8. 
  3. ^ а б в г д Feldhamer, George A.; Drickamer, Lee C.; Vessey, Stephen H.; Merritt, Joseph H.; Krajewski, Carey (2007). Mammalogy: Adaptation, Diversity, Ecology (3 изд.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8695-9. OCLC 124031907. 
  4. ^ Caro, Tim (2005). „The Adaptive Significance of Coloration in Mammals” (PDF). BioScience. 55 (2): 125—136. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0125:tasoci]2.0.co;2. 
  5. ^ Caro, Tim (februar 2009). „Contrasting coloration in terrestrial mammals”. Philos Trans Royal Soc B. 364 (1516): 537—548. PMC 2674080 Слободан приступ. PMID 18990666. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0221. 
  6. ^ Mills, L. Scott; Zimova, Marketa; Oyler, Jared; Running, Steven; Abatzoglou, John T.; Lukacs, Paul M. (april 2013). „Camouflage mismatch in seasonal coat color due to decreased snow duration”. PNAS. 110 (8): 7360—7365. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110.7360M. PMC 3645584 Слободан приступ. PMID 23589881. doi:10.1073/pnas.1222724110. 
  7. ^ Bradley, Brenda; et al. (2012). „Coat Color Variation and Pigmentation Gene Expression in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca Mulatta)” (PDF). Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 20 (3): 263—70. doi:10.1007/s10914-012-9212-3. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 24. 9. 2015. г. 
  8. ^ Prum, Richard O.; Torres, Rodolfo H. (2004). „Structural colouration of mammalian skin: convergent evolution of coherently scattering dermal collagen arrays”. Journal of Experimental Biology. 207 (12): 2157—72. PMID 15143148. doi:10.1242/jeb.00989. 
  9. ^ Suutari, Milla; Majaneva, Markus; Fewer, David P.; Voirin, Bryson; Aiello, Annette; Friedl, Thomas; Chiarello, Adriano G.; Blomster, Jaanika (2010). „Molecular evidence for a diverse green algal community growing in the hair of sloths and a specific association with Trichophilus welckeri (Chlorophyta, Ulvophyceae)”. Evolutionary Biology. 10 (86): 86. PMC 2858742 Слободан приступ. PMID 20353556. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-86. 
  10. ^ Plavcan, J. M. (2001). „Sexual dimorphism in primate evolution”. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 116 (33): 25—53. PMID 11786990. doi:10.1002/ajpa.10011. 
  11. ^ „Pelage”. Merriam-Webster. Приступљено 9. 1. 2013. 
  12. ^ Peterson, Judy Monroe (15. 1. 2011). Varmint Hunting (на језику: енглески). The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 9781448823666. 

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