Naseljavanje Amerikâ

Karta najranijih sigurno datiranih lokacija koja pokazuju prisustvo ljudi u Americi, 16–13 ka za Severnu Ameriku i 15–11 ka za Južnu Ameriku.

Naseljavanje Amerikâ počelo je kad su paleolitski lovci-sakupljači prispeli u Severnu Ameriku iz severnoazijskih Mamutskih stepa preko beringijskog kopnenog mosta, koja se formirao između severoistočnog Sibira i zapadne Aljaske zbog snižavanja nivoa mora tokom poslednjeg ledničkog maksimuma.^[1] Ove populacije su se proširile južno od Laurentidine ledene ploče i brzo se raširile na područje Severne i Južne Amerike, pre 14.000 godina.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] Najranije populacije u Americi, pre otprilike 10.000 godina, poznate su kao Paleoindijanci.

Oljuđivanje Amerike je dugogodišnje otvoreno pitanje, i dok su napredak u arheologiji, pleistocenskoj geologiji, fizičkoj antropologiji i DNK analizi postupno bacali sve više svetla na temu, značajna pitanja ostaju nerešena.^[6] Iako postoji opšte saglasnost da su Amerike prvo naseljene iz Azije, obrazac migracije, hronologija i mesta porekla u Evroaziji naroda koji su migrirali u Ameriku ostaju nejasni.^[3]

Prevladavajući modeli migracija ocrtavaju različite vremenske okvire za azijsku migraciju iz Beringovog tesnaca i dalje širenje osnivačke populacije širom kontinenta.^[7] Autohtoni narodi Amerike bili su povezani sa sibirskim populacijama lingvističkim faktorima, raspodelom krvnih tipova i genetskom kompozicijom, kao što je prikazano molekularnim podacima, poput DNK.^[8]^[9]

„Prva teorija Klovisa” se odnosi na hipotezu iz 1950-ih da kultura Klovisa predstavlja najranije ljudsko prisustvo u Americi, počevši od pre oko 13.000 godina; dokazi o kulturama pre Klovisa akumulirani su od 2000. godine, što je potisnulo moguće vreme prvog oljuđavanja Amerike na pre približno 13.200-15.500 godina.^[10]^[11]

Životna sredina tokom zadnjeg pleistocena[уреди | уреди извор]

Za uvod u tehnike radiougljeničnog datiranja koje koriste arheolozi i geolozi, pogledajte metod radioaktivnog ugljenika.

Pojavljivanje i potapanje Beringije[уреди | уреди извор]

Tokom Viskonsinske glacijacije, varirajuće porcije Zemljine vode bile su zadržane kao glečerski led. Kako se voda akumulirala u glečerima, količina vode u okeanima se smanjivala, što je rezultiralo snižavanjem globalnog nivoa mora. Varijacija nivoa mora tokom vremena rekonstruisana je korišćenjem kiseonične izotopske analize jezgara iz dubokog mora, datiranja morskih terasa i uzorkovanjem izotopa kiseonika visoke rezolucije iz okeanskih bazena i modernih ledenih kapa. Pad eustatičkog nivoa mora za oko 60 m do 120 m niže od današnjih nivoa, počevši od pre oko 30.000 godina, stvorio je Beringiju, trajno i opsežno geografsko obeležje koji povezuje Sibir sa Aljaskom.^[12] S porastom nivoa mora nakon poslednjeg ledenog maksimuma (LGM), Beringijski kopneni most ponovo je potopljen. Procene konačnog ponovnog potapanja Beringijskog kopnenog mosta zasnovane isključivo na sadašnjoj batimetriji Beringovog tesnaca i krivoj eustatskih nivoa mora stavljaju taj događaj na pre oko 11.000 godina. Tekuća istraživanja koja su rekonstruisala Beringijsku paleogeografiju tokom deglaciacije mogla bi promeniti tu procenu, a moguća ranija potapanja mogla bi dodatno ograničiti modele migracije ljudi u Severnu Ameriku.^[12]

Reference[уреди | уреди извор]

^ Pringle, Heather (8. 3. 2017). „What Happens When an Archaeologist Challenges Mainstream Scientific Thinking?”. Smithsonian. Приступљено 13. 10. 2019.
^ Fagan, Brian M.; Durrani, Nadia (2016). World Prehistory: A Brief Introduction. Routledge. стр. 124. ISBN 978-1-317-34244-1.
^ ^а ^б Goebel, Ted; Waters, Michael R.; O'Rourke, Dennis H. (2008). „The Late Pleistocene dispersal of modern humans in the Americas” (PDF). Science. 319 (5869): 1497—1502. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.398.9315 . PMID 18339930. doi:10.1126/science.1153569. Архивирано из оригинала 2. 1. 2014. г. Приступљено 5. 2. 2010.
^ Zimmer, Carl (3. 1. 2018). „In the Bones of a Buried Child, Signs of a Massive Human Migration to the Americas”. The New York Times. Приступљено 3. 1. 2018.
^ Moreno-Mayer, J. Victor; et al. (2018). „Terminal Pleistocene Alaskan genome reveals first founding population of Native Americans”. Nature. 553 (7687): 203—07. PMID 29323294. doi:10.1038/nature25173.
^ Waguespack, Nicole (2012). „Early Paleoindians, from Colonization to Folsom”. Ур.: Timothy R. Pauketat. The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford University Press. стр. 86—95. ISBN 978-0-19-538011-8.
^ Cummings, Vicki; Jordan, Peter; Zvelebil, Marek (24. 4. 2014). The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-Gatherers. Oxford University Press Oxford. стр. 572. ISBN 978-0-19-102526-6.
^ Ash, Patricia J.; Robinson, David J. (2011). The Emergence of Humans: An Exploration of the Evolutionary Timeline. John Wiley & Sons. стр. 289. ISBN 978-1-119-96424-7.
^ Roberts, Alice (2010). The Incredible Human Journey. A&C Black. стр. 101—03. ISBN 978-1-4088-1091-0.
^ Gremillion, David H.; Auton, Adam; Falush, Daniel (25. 9. 2008). „Archaeolog: Pre Siberian Human Migration to America: Possible validation by HTLV-1 mutation analysis”. PLoS Genetics. 4 (5): e1000078. PMC 2367454 . PMID 18497854. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000078. Архивирано из оригинала 10. 7. 2009. г. Приступљено 12. 10. 2010.
^ Waters, M. R.; Forman, S. L.; Jennings, T. A.; Nordt, L. C.; Driese, S. G.; Feinberg, J. M.; Keene, J. L.; Halligan, J.; Lindquist, A.; Pierson, J.; Hallmark, C. T.; Collins, M. B.; Wiederhold, J. E. (24. 3. 2011). „The Buttermilk Creek Complex and the Origins of Clovis at the Debra L. Friedkin Site, Texas”. Science. 331 (6024): 1599—1603. PMID 21436451. doi:10.1126/science.1201855.
^ ^а ^б Brigham-Grette, Julie; Lozhkin, Anatoly V.; Anderson, Patricia M.; Glushkova, Olga Y. (16. 9. 2004). „Western Beringia before and during the Last Glacial Maximum (Chapter 2)”. in Madsen, David B. (editor) Entering America: Northeast Asia and Beringia Before the Last Glacial Maximum, University of Utah Press, 2004, 486p. ISBN 978-0-87480-786-8. ISBN 9780874807868.

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Dennis J. Stanford; Bruce Bradely (2012). Pre-Clovis First Americans: The Origin of America's Clovis Culture. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-22783-5.
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Spoljašnje veze[уреди | уреди извор]

The Paleoindian Database – The University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology.
"The first Americans: How and when were the Americas populated?", Earth, January 2016
"When Did Humans Come to the Americas?" – Smithsonian Magazine February 2013 Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (9. децембар 2013)
The Paleoindian Period – United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service
Shepard Krech III, Paleoindians and the Great Pleistocene Die-Off – American Academy of Arts and Sciences, National Humanities Center, 2008.
Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey (movie) на сајту YouTube – by Spencer Wells – PBS and National Geographic Channel, 2003 – 120 Minutes, UPC/EAN: 841887001267

[Smithsonian-1] Pringle, Heather (8. 3. 2017). „What Happens When an Archaeologist Challenges Mainstream Scientific Thinking?”. Smithsonian. Приступљено 13. 10. 2019.

[FaganDurrani2016-2] Fagan, Brian M.; Durrani, Nadia (2016). World Prehistory: A Brief Introduction. Routledge. стр. 124. ISBN 978-1-317-34244-1.

[Goebel-3] а ^б Goebel, Ted; Waters, Michael R.; O'Rourke, Dennis H. (2008). „The Late Pleistocene dispersal of modern humans in the Americas” (PDF). Science. 319 (5869): 1497—1502. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.398.9315 . PMID 18339930. doi:10.1126/science.1153569. Архивирано из оригинала 2. 1. 2014. г. Приступљено 5. 2. 2010.

[NYT-20180103-4] Zimmer, Carl (3. 1. 2018). „In the Bones of a Buried Child, Signs of a Massive Human Migration to the Americas”. The New York Times. Приступљено 3. 1. 2018.

[NAT-20180103-5] Moreno-Mayer, J. Victor; et al. (2018). „Terminal Pleistocene Alaskan genome reveals first founding population of Native Americans”. Nature. 553 (7687): 203—07. PMID 29323294. doi:10.1038/nature25173.

[Pauketat2012-6] Waguespack, Nicole (2012). „Early Paleoindians, from Colonization to Folsom”. Ур.: Timothy R. Pauketat. The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford University Press. стр. 86—95. ISBN 978-0-19-538011-8.

[CummingsJordan2014-7] Cummings, Vicki; Jordan, Peter; Zvelebil, Marek (24. 4. 2014). The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-Gatherers. Oxford University Press Oxford. стр. 572. ISBN 978-0-19-102526-6.

[AshRobinson2011-8] Ash, Patricia J.; Robinson, David J. (2011). The Emergence of Humans: An Exploration of the Evolutionary Timeline. John Wiley & Sons. стр. 289. ISBN 978-1-119-96424-7.

[Roberts2010-9] Roberts, Alice (2010). The Incredible Human Journey. A&C Black. стр. 101—03. ISBN 978-1-4088-1091-0.

[:0-10] Gremillion, David H.; Auton, Adam; Falush, Daniel (25. 9. 2008). „Archaeolog: Pre Siberian Human Migration to America: Possible validation by HTLV-1 mutation analysis”. PLoS Genetics. 4 (5): e1000078. PMC 2367454 . PMID 18497854. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000078. Архивирано из оригинала 10. 7. 2009. г. Приступљено 12. 10. 2010.

[11] Waters, M. R.; Forman, S. L.; Jennings, T. A.; Nordt, L. C.; Driese, S. G.; Feinberg, J. M.; Keene, J. L.; Halligan, J.; Lindquist, A.; Pierson, J.; Hallmark, C. T.; Collins, M. B.; Wiederhold, J. E. (24. 3. 2011). „The Buttermilk Creek Complex and the Origins of Clovis at the Debra L. Friedkin Site, Texas”. Science. 331 (6024): 1599—1603. PMID 21436451. doi:10.1126/science.1201855.

[Brighametal2004-12] а ^б Brigham-Grette, Julie; Lozhkin, Anatoly V.; Anderson, Patricia M.; Glushkova, Olga Y. (16. 9. 2004). „Western Beringia before and during the Last Glacial Maximum (Chapter 2)”. in Madsen, David B. (editor) Entering America: Northeast Asia and Beringia Before the Last Glacial Maximum, University of Utah Press, 2004, 486p. ISBN 978-0-87480-786-8. ISBN 9780874807868.

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