Infinitezimalni račun — разлика између измена

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=== Dodatna literatura ===
=== Dodatna literatura ===
{{Refbegin|2}}
{{Refbegin|2}}
* Larson, Ron, Bruce H. Edwards (2010). "Calculus", 9th ed., Brooks Cole Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-547-16702-2
* Larson, Ron, Bruce H. Edwards (2010). "Calculus", 9th ed., Brooks Cole Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-547-16702-2.
* McQuarrie, Donald A. (2003). ''Mathematical Methods for Scientists and Engineers'', University Science Books. ISBN 978-1-891389-24-5
* McQuarrie, Donald A. (2003). ''Mathematical Methods for Scientists and Engineers'', University Science Books. ISBN 978-1-891389-24-5.
* {{Cite book |ref= harv|last= Stewart|first= James|title= Calculus: Early Transcendentals|year= 2008|url= |publisher= 6th ed., Brooks Cole Cengage Learning|location= |id= ISBN 978-0-495-01166-8}}
* {{Cite book |ref= harv|last= Stewart|first= James|title= Calculus: Early Transcendentals|year= 2008|url= |publisher= 6th ed., Brooks Cole Cengage Learning|location= |isbn=978-0-495-01166-8}}
* Thomas, George B., Maurice D. Weir, Joel Hass, Frank R. Giordano (2008), "Calculus", 11th ed., Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-321-48987-X
* Thomas, George B., Maurice D. Weir, Joel Hass, Frank R. Giordano (2008), "Calculus", 11th ed., Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-321-48987-X
* Courant, Richard ISBN 978-3-540-65058-4 ''Introduction to calculus and analysis 1.''
* Courant, Richard. ISBN 978-3-540-65058-4. ''Introduction to calculus and analysis 1.''
* Edmund Landau. ISBN 0-8218-2830-4 ''Differential and Integral Calculus'', American Mathematical Society.
* Edmund Landau. ISBN 0-8218-2830-4 ''Differential and Integral Calculus'', American Mathematical Society.
* Robert A. Adams. (1999). ISBN 978-0-201-39607-2 ''Calculus: A complete course''.
* Robert A. Adams. (1999). ISBN 978-0-201-39607-2. ''Calculus: A complete course''.
* Albers, Donald J.; Richard D. Anderson and Don O. Loftsgaarden, ed. (1986) ''Undergraduate Programs in the Mathematics and Computer Sciences: The 1985-1986 Survey'', Mathematical Association of America No. 7.
* Albers, Donald J.; Richard D. Anderson and Don O. Loftsgaarden, ed. (1986) ''Undergraduate Programs in the Mathematics and Computer Sciences: The 1985-1986 Survey'', Mathematical Association of America No. 7.
* John Lane Bell: ''A Primer of Infinitesimal Analysis'', Cambridge University Press. {{page|1998|978-0-521-62401-5|pages=}} Uses synthetic differential geometry and nilpotent infinitesimals.
* John Lane Bell: ''A Primer of Infinitesimal Analysis'', Cambridge University Press. {{page|1998|978-0-521-62401-5|pages=}} Uses synthetic differential geometry and nilpotent infinitesimals.
* Florian Cajori, "The History of Notations of the Calculus." ''Annals of Mathematics'', 2nd Ser., Vol. 25, No. 1 (Sep., 1923), pp. 1–46.
* Florian Cajori, "The History of Notations of the Calculus." ''Annals of Mathematics'', 2nd Ser., Vol. 25, No. 1 (Sep., 1923), pp. 1–46.
* Leonid P. Lebedev and Michael J. Cloud: "Approximating Perfection: a Mathematician's Journey into the World of Mechanics, Ch. 1: The Tools of Calculus", Princeton Univ. Press, 2004.
* Leonid P. Lebedev and Michael J. Cloud: "Approximating Perfection: a Mathematician's Journey into the World of Mechanics, Ch. 1: The Tools of Calculus", Princeton Univ. Press, 2004.
* Cliff Pickover. (2003). ISBN 978-0-471-26987-8 ''Calculus and Pizza: A Math Cookbook for the Hungry Mind''.
* Cliff Pickover. (2003). ISBN 978-0-471-26987-8. ''Calculus and Pizza: A Math Cookbook for the Hungry Mind''.
* Michael Spivak. (September 1994). ISBN 978-0-914098-89-8'' Calculus''. Publish or Perish publishing.
* Michael Spivak. (September 1994). ISBN 978-0-914098-89-8.'' Calculus''. Publish or Perish publishing.
* Tom M. Apostol. (1967). ISBN 978-0-471-00005-1 ''Calculus, Volume 1, One-Variable Calculus with an Introduction to Linear Algebra''. Wiley.
* Tom M. Apostol. (1967). ISBN 978-0-471-00005-1. ''Calculus, Volume 1, One-Variable Calculus with an Introduction to Linear Algebra''. Wiley.
* Tom M. Apostol. (1969). ISBN 978-0-471-00007-5 ''Calculus, Volume 2, Multi-Variable Calculus and Linear Algebra with Applications''. Wiley.
* Tom M. Apostol. (1969). ISBN 978-0-471-00007-5. ''Calculus, Volume 2, Multi-Variable Calculus and Linear Algebra with Applications''. Wiley.
* Silvanus P. Thompson and Martin Gardner. (1998). ISBN 978-0-312-18548-0 ''Calculus Made Easy''.
* Silvanus P. Thompson and Martin Gardner. (1998). ISBN 978-0-312-18548-0. ''Calculus Made Easy''.
* Mathematical Association of America. (1988). ''Calculus for a New Century; A Pump, Not a Filter'', The Association, Stony Brook, NY. ED 300 252.
* Mathematical Association of America. (1988). ''Calculus for a New Century; A Pump, Not a Filter'', The Association, Stony Brook, NY. ED 300 252.
* Thomas/Finney. (1996). ISBN 978-0-201-53174-9 ''Calculus and Analytic geometry 9th'', Addison Wesley.
* Thomas/Finney. (1996). ISBN 978-0-201-53174-9. ''Calculus and Analytic geometry 9th'', Addison Wesley.
* Weisstein, Eric W. [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/SecondFundamentalTheoremofCalculus.html "Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus."] From MathWorld—A Wolfram Web Resource.
* Weisstein, Eric W. [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/SecondFundamentalTheoremofCalculus.html "Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus."] From MathWorld—A Wolfram Web Resource.
{{Refend}}
{{Refend}}

Верзија на датум 26. септембар 2014. у 02:31

Infinitezimalni račun je grana matematike koja se bavi funkcijama, izvodima, integralima, limesima i beskonačnim nizovima. Proučava razumevanje i opisivanje promena merljivih varijabli. Središnji koncept kojim se opisuje promena varijable je funkcija. Dve glavne grane su diferencijalni račun i integralni račun. Infinitezimalni račun je osnova matematičke analize.[1]

Koristi se u nauci, ekonomiji, inženjerstvu itd. Služi za rešavanje mnogih matematičkih problema, koji se ne mogu rešiti algebrom ili geometrijom.

Infinitezimalni račun se na latinskom jeziku kaže „calculus infinitesimalis" i iz toga je proizašao naziv „kalkulus", koji se koristi u jednom delu sveta. Reč „infinitesimalis" znači "beskrajno mala veličina".

Istorija

Isak Njutn
Gotfrid Vilhelm Lajbnic

U antičkom razdoblju bilo je ideja sličnih infinitezimalnom računu. Egipćani su računali zapreminu zarubljene piramide. Grci Eudoks i Arhimed koristili su metodu iscrpljivanja kojom se površina nekog oblika izračunava tako što se u njega ubacuje niz mnogouglova čije površine konvergiraju prema površini celog oblika. Tu metodu koristio je i Kinez Liu Hui u 3. veku, da bi izračunao površinu kruga. U 5. veku Ču Čungdži koristio je metodu koja će kasnije biti nazvana Kavalijerijev princip za zapreminu lopte.

Godine 499. indijski matematičar Ariabhata I. je računao infinitezimalanim računom i zapisao astronomski problem u obliku diferencijalne jednačine. Na osnovu te jednačine je u 12. veku Bhaskara razvio neku vrstu izvoda. Oko 1000. godine Ibn al-Haitam je osmislio formulu za sve vrste četvrtih stepena i time pripremio put za integralni račun. U 12. veku persijski matematičar Šaraf al-Din al-Tusi otkrio je pravilo za odvajanje kubnog polinoma. U 17. veku japanski matematičar Šinsuke Seki Kova došao je do osnovnih spoznaja infinitezimalnog računa.

Infinitezimalni račun otkrili su nezavisno jedan od drugog u otprilike isto vreme Isak Njutn i Gotfrid Vilhelm Lajbnic. Oni su otkrili zakone diferencijalnog i integralnog računa, izvoda (derivacije) i aproksimacija polinomnih nizova. Njihov rad nastavili su matematičari Ogisten Luj Koši, Bernhard Riman, Karl Vajerštras, Henri Lion Lebesk i dr.

Glavna poglavlja

Izvod

Izvod (derivacija) funkcije je granična vrednost koeficijenta porasta funkcije i prirasta argumenta kada prirast argumenta teži nuli.

Integral

Za datu funkciju f(x) realne promenljive x i interval [a,b] na pravcu realnih brojeva, integral

predstavlja površinu područja u ravni xy ograničenog grafom od f, x-osom i vertikalnim crtama x=a i x=b.

Limes

Poglavlje limesa funkcije razvilo se iz problema kako izračunati vrednost funkcije u slučajevima kada funkcija nije dobro definisana, npr. deljenje nulom. Limes funkcije f u tački a je broj kome se pridružuje funkcijska vrednost f(x), kada vrednost x teži a.

npr.

Svojstva limesa

Reference

  1. ^ Donald R. Latorre, John W. Kenelly, Iris B. Reed, Sherry Biggers (2007). Calculus Concepts: An Applied Approach to the Mathematics of Change. Cengage Learning. ISBN 0-618-78981-2. 

Dodatna literatura

  • Larson, Ron, Bruce H. Edwards (2010). "Calculus", 9th ed., Brooks Cole Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-547-16702-2.
  • McQuarrie, Donald A. (2003). Mathematical Methods for Scientists and Engineers, University Science Books. ISBN 978-1-891389-24-5.
  • Stewart, James (2008). Calculus: Early Transcendentals. 6th ed., Brooks Cole Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-495-01166-8. 
  • Thomas, George B., Maurice D. Weir, Joel Hass, Frank R. Giordano (2008), "Calculus", 11th ed., Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-321-48987-X
  • Courant, Richard. ISBN 978-3-540-65058-4. Introduction to calculus and analysis 1.
  • Edmund Landau. ISBN 0-8218-2830-4 Differential and Integral Calculus, American Mathematical Society.
  • Robert A. Adams. (1999). ISBN 978-0-201-39607-2. Calculus: A complete course.
  • Albers, Donald J.; Richard D. Anderson and Don O. Loftsgaarden, ed. (1986) Undergraduate Programs in the Mathematics and Computer Sciences: The 1985-1986 Survey, Mathematical Association of America No. 7.
  • John Lane Bell: A Primer of Infinitesimal Analysis, Cambridge University Press. Uses synthetic differential geometry and nilpotent infinitesimals.
  • Florian Cajori, "The History of Notations of the Calculus." Annals of Mathematics, 2nd Ser., Vol. 25, No. 1 (Sep., 1923), pp. 1–46.
  • Leonid P. Lebedev and Michael J. Cloud: "Approximating Perfection: a Mathematician's Journey into the World of Mechanics, Ch. 1: The Tools of Calculus", Princeton Univ. Press, 2004.
  • Cliff Pickover. (2003). ISBN 978-0-471-26987-8. Calculus and Pizza: A Math Cookbook for the Hungry Mind.
  • Michael Spivak. (September 1994). ISBN 978-0-914098-89-8. Calculus. Publish or Perish publishing.
  • Tom M. Apostol. (1967). ISBN 978-0-471-00005-1. Calculus, Volume 1, One-Variable Calculus with an Introduction to Linear Algebra. Wiley.
  • Tom M. Apostol. (1969). ISBN 978-0-471-00007-5. Calculus, Volume 2, Multi-Variable Calculus and Linear Algebra with Applications. Wiley.
  • Silvanus P. Thompson and Martin Gardner. (1998). ISBN 978-0-312-18548-0. Calculus Made Easy.
  • Mathematical Association of America. (1988). Calculus for a New Century; A Pump, Not a Filter, The Association, Stony Brook, NY. ED 300 252.
  • Thomas/Finney. (1996). ISBN 978-0-201-53174-9. Calculus and Analytic geometry 9th, Addison Wesley.
  • Weisstein, Eric W. "Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus." From MathWorld—A Wolfram Web Resource.

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