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[[Датотека:Brown Rot on Apple.jpg|мини|Patogen na voću]]
[[Датотека:Brown Rot on Apple.jpg|мини|Patogen na voću]]
{{rut}}
'''Patogen, izazivač bolesti, klica''' (od {{jez-gr|πάθος|pathos|patnja}}, i {{jez-gr|γἰγνομαι|gignomai|rađam, uzrokujem}} u slobodnom prevodu "onaj koji uzrokuje patnju"; {{jez-en|pathogen, infective, infectious, morbific, pathogenic}}), je [[biologija|biološki]] agens koji uzrokuje [[bolest]] [[Организам|organizma]]. U patogene agense spadaju [[Бактерија|bakterije]], [[virus]]i, [[Гљивица|gljivice]], [[Приони|prioni]] ({{јез-ен|proteinaceous infectious particle|el}}) i [[Паразит|paraziti]]. Termin je prvi put primenjen око [[1880]], a nešto ređe se koristi i za označavanje agenasa koji u organizmu izazivaju nezarazne bolesti kao što su npr. „[[Хемијски елемент|hemijski patogeni]]“. <ref>-{''Definition of Pathogen''}- na [http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=6383 -{MedicineNet}-] Pristupljeno 28. 11. 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/genomics/pathogen/ -{''Pathogen Genomics'' for Public Health}-] Pristupljeno 28. 2. 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/naegleria/pathogen.html ''-{Pathogen & Environment}-''] Pristupljeno 28. 2. 2014.</ref>
'''Patogen, izazivač bolesti, klica''' (od {{jez-gr|πάθος|pathos|patnja}}, i {{jez-gr|γἰγνομαι|gignomai|rađam, uzrokujem}} u slobodnom prevodu "onaj koji uzrokuje patnju"; {{jez-en|pathogen, infective, infectious, morbific, pathogenic}}), je [[biologija|biološki]] agens koji uzrokuje [[bolest]] [[Организам|organizma]]. U patogene agense spadaju [[Бактерија|bakterije]], [[virus]]i, [[Гљивица|gljivice]], [[Приони|prioni]] ({{јез-ен|proteinaceous infectious particle|el}}) i [[Паразит|paraziti]]. A pathogen may also be referred to as an '''infectious agent''', or simply a '''[[Germ theory of disease|germ]]'''.<ref name="pmid5050429">{{cite journal |vauthors=Thomas L |title=Germs |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=287 |issue=11 |pages=553–5 |date=September 1972 |pmid=5050429 |doi=10.1056/NEJM197209142871109 |url=}}</ref> Termin je prvi put primenjen око [[1880]], a nešto ređe se koristi i za označavanje agenasa koji u organizmu izazivaju nezarazne bolesti kao što su npr. „[[Хемијски елемент|hemijski patogeni]]“.<ref>-{''Definition of Pathogen''}- na [http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=6383 -{MedicineNet}-] Pristupljeno 28. 11. 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/genomics/pathogen/ -{''Pathogen Genomics'' for Public Health}-] Pristupljeno 28. 2. 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/naegleria/pathogen.html ''-{Pathogen & Environment}-''] Pristupljeno 28. 2. 2014.</ref>

The term ''pathogen'' came into use in the 1880s.<ref>{{Dictionary.com|Pathogen|access-date=August 17, 2013}}</ref><ref name="casadevall2014" /> Typically, the term ''pathogen'' is used to describe an ''infectious'' [[microorganism]] or agent, such as a [[virus]], [[bacterium]], [[protozoan]], [[prion]], [[viroid]], or [[fungus]].<ref name = "Alberts_2002" /><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.metapathogen.com | title=MetaPathogen – about various types of pathogenic organisms | access-date=15 January 2015 | archive-date=5 October 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005150918/http://www.metapathogen.com/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | work = Basic Biology | date= 18 March 2016 | title= Bacteria | url= https://basicbiology.net/micro/microorganisms/bacteria}}</ref> Small animals, such as [[helminths]] and insects, can also cause or [[Transmission (medicine)|transmit]] disease. However, these animals are usually referred to as [[parasite]]s rather than pathogens.<ref name="pmid30416709">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gazzinelli-Guimaraes PH, Nutman TB |title=Helminth parasites and immune regulation |journal=F1000Research |volume=7 |issue= |date=2018 |page=1685 |pmid=30416709 |pmc=6206608 |doi=10.12688/f1000research.15596.1 |url=}}</ref> The scientific study of microscopic organisms, including microscopic pathogenic organisms, is called [[microbiology]], while [[parasitology]] refers to the scientific study of parasites and the organisms that host them.

== Patogenost ==

'''Patogenost''' is the potential disease-causing capacity of pathogens, involving a combination of [[infectivity]] (pathogen's ability to infect hosts) and [[virulence]] (severity of host disease). [[Koch's postulates]] are used to establish causal relationships between microbial pathogens and diseases. Whereas [[meningitis]] can be caused by a variety of bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic pathogens, [[cholera]] is only caused by some strains of ''[[Vibrio cholerae]]''. Additionally, some pathogens may only cause disease in hosts with an [[immunodeficiency]]. These [[opportunistic infection]]s often involve [[hospital-acquired infection]]s among patients already combating another condition.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Thomas |first1=Stephen R. |last2=Elkinton |first2=Joseph S. |date=2004-03-01 |title=Pathogenicity and virulence |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022201104000072 |journal=Journal of Invertebrate Pathology |language=en |volume=85 |issue=3 |pages=146–151 |doi=10.1016/j.jip.2004.01.006 |pmid=15109897 |issn=0022-2011}}</ref>

Infectivity involves [[pathogen transmission]] through direct contact with the bodily fluids or airborne droplets of infected hosts, indirect contact involving contaminated areas/items, or transfer by living [[Disease vector|vectors]] like [[mosquito]]s and [[tick]]s. The [[basic reproduction number]] of an infection is the expected number of subsequent cases it is likely to cause through transmission.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=van den Driessche |first=Pauline |date=2017-08-01 |title=Reproduction numbers of infectious disease models |journal=Infectious Disease Modelling |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=288–303 |doi=10.1016/j.idm.2017.06.002 |pmid=29928743 |pmc=6002118 |issn=2468-0427}}</ref>

Virulence involves pathogens extracting host nutrients for their survival, evading host immune systems by producing [[microbial toxin]]s and causing [[immunosuppression]]. [[Optimal virulence]] describes a theorized equilibrium between a pathogen spreading to additional hosts to parasitize resources, while lowering their virulence to keep hosts living for [[vertical transmission]] to their offspring.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Alizon S, Hurford A, Mideo N, Van Baalen M | title = Virulence evolution and the trade-off hypothesis: history, current state of affairs and the future | journal = Journal of Evolutionary Biology | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | pages = 245–59 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 19196383 | doi = 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01658.x | s2cid = 1586057 | doi-access = free }}</ref>


== Vrste ==
== Vrste ==
Ред 53: Ред 64:
* Gljive paraziti (patogene gljivice) koje napadaju žive biljke, životinje, ljude i druge gljive.
* Gljive paraziti (patogene gljivice) koje napadaju žive biljke, životinje, ljude i druge gljive.


== Izvori ==
{{извори|2}}
=== Napomene ===
=== Napomene ===
{{Napomene}}
{{Napomene}}

== Reference ==
{{извори|refs=
<ref name="casadevall2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Casadevall A, Pirofski LA | title = Microbiology: Ditch the term pathogen | journal = Nature | volume = 516 | issue = 7530 | pages = 165–6 | date = December 2014 | pmid = 25503219 | doi = 10.1038/516165a | author-link2 = Liise-anne Pirofski | type = paper | author-link = Arturo Casadevall | department = Comment | bibcode = 2014Natur.516..165C | doi-access = free }}</ref>

<ref name = "Alberts_2002">{{cite book | vauthors = Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P |date=2002 | chapter = Introduction to Pathogens| chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26917/| title = Molecular Biology of the Cell | edition = 4th | publisher = Garland Science }}</ref>

}}

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== Spoljašnje veze ==
== Spoljašnje veze ==

Верзија на датум 27. фебруар 2023. у 00:25

Patogen na voću

Patogen, izazivač bolesti, klica (od грч. πάθος, i грч. γἰγνομαι u slobodnom prevodu "onaj koji uzrokuje patnju"; енгл. pathogen, infective, infectious, morbific, pathogenic), je biološki agens koji uzrokuje bolest organizma. U patogene agense spadaju bakterije, virusi, gljivice, prioni (engl. proteinaceous infectious particle) i paraziti. A pathogen may also be referred to as an infectious agent, or simply a germ.[1] Termin je prvi put primenjen око 1880, a nešto ređe se koristi i za označavanje agenasa koji u organizmu izazivaju nezarazne bolesti kao što su npr. „hemijski patogeni“.[2][3][4]

The term pathogen came into use in the 1880s.[5][6] Typically, the term pathogen is used to describe an infectious microorganism or agent, such as a virus, bacterium, protozoan, prion, viroid, or fungus.[7][8][9] Small animals, such as helminths and insects, can also cause or transmit disease. However, these animals are usually referred to as parasites rather than pathogens.[10] The scientific study of microscopic organisms, including microscopic pathogenic organisms, is called microbiology, while parasitology refers to the scientific study of parasites and the organisms that host them.

Patogenost

Patogenost is the potential disease-causing capacity of pathogens, involving a combination of infectivity (pathogen's ability to infect hosts) and virulence (severity of host disease). Koch's postulates are used to establish causal relationships between microbial pathogens and diseases. Whereas meningitis can be caused by a variety of bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic pathogens, cholera is only caused by some strains of Vibrio cholerae. Additionally, some pathogens may only cause disease in hosts with an immunodeficiency. These opportunistic infections often involve hospital-acquired infections among patients already combating another condition.[11]

Infectivity involves pathogen transmission through direct contact with the bodily fluids or airborne droplets of infected hosts, indirect contact involving contaminated areas/items, or transfer by living vectors like mosquitos and ticks. The basic reproduction number of an infection is the expected number of subsequent cases it is likely to cause through transmission.[12]

Virulence involves pathogens extracting host nutrients for their survival, evading host immune systems by producing microbial toxins and causing immunosuppression. Optimal virulence describes a theorized equilibrium between a pathogen spreading to additional hosts to parasitize resources, while lowering their virulence to keep hosts living for vertical transmission to their offspring.[13]

Vrste

Mikroorganizmi - neki protisti

Najčešće prisutni patogeni mikroorganizmi u okruženju čoveka su; bakterije, virusi, prioni, rikecije, klamidije, gljivice i paraziti.[14][15]

Prema patogenim osobinama ili riziku po zdravlje mikroorganizmi se mogu podeliti na:

  • Mikroorganizme sa niskim ličnim i društvenim rizikom, koji ne uzrokuju infekciju u organizmu zdravih osoba.
  • Mikroorganizme sa srednjim ili ograničenim ličnim i društvenim rizikom, ili mikroorganizme koji ne izazivaju «ozbiljne» infekcije, odnosno infekcije opasne po život.
  • Mikroorganizme sa visokim ličnim i društvenim rizikom,ili mikroorganizme koji uzrokuju infekcije koje se ne šire socijalnim kontaktom.
  • Mikroorganizme sa visokim rizikom koji uzrokuju bolesti (često neizlečive) koje se prenose socijalnim, direktnim ili indirektnim kontaktima.

Bakterije

Glavni članak: Bakterije
Bacilarni oblik bakterija - Bacillus subtilis
Kolonija bakterija u Petrijevoj šolji

Bakterije su u čovekovom okruženju najzastupljeniji patogeni agensi (mikroorganizmi) odgovorni za pojavu velikog broja bolesti. Bakterije su jednoćelijski mikroorganizmi, koji žive samostalno ili u raznim grupacijama ili kolonijama. Na osnovu njihovih oblika bakterije se dele na:

  • koke,
  • bacile,
  • spirila i
  • vibrione

U odnosu na zavisnost od kiseonika bakterije se dele na;

  • Aerobne - bakterije koje za život trebaju kiseonik.
  • Anaerobne - bakterije koje mogu da žive bez kiseonika.
  • Anaaerobe - bakterije koje mogu da žive u oba okruženja.

Neke vrste bakterija svoje patogeno dejstvo ispoljavaju direktnim uništavanjem ćelije svog domaćina, a druge (u koje spada najveći broj bakterijskih vrsta) koje proizvode toksine (otrove) koji nanose štetu metabolizmu ćelija domaćina.

Virusi

Glavni članak: Virus
Shematizovan prikaz Adenovirusa

Virusi su acelularni-nećelijski, ultramikroskopski, mikroorganizmi [а] nesposobni da se razmnožavaju van ćelije domaćina. Izvan ćelije domaćina oni ne pokazuju osobine živih bića, čak mogu i da kristalizuju, pri čemu i u tom obliku zadržavaju sposobnost infekcije ćelije.[16]

Za viruse se u pravom smislu može reći da se nalaze između živog i neživog sveta. Prisustvo nukleinske kiseline i sposobnost da se ona menja (mutira) čime se virusi prilagođavaju promenama u spoljašnjoj sredini kao i prisustvo proteina su svojstva živih bića. S druge strane, u odnosu na živi svet, virusi nemaju ćelijsku građu (acelularni su), niti sposobnost obavljanja metabolizma. Kako im sve to nedostaje oni se mogu razmnožavati samo unutar žive ćelije.

Iako se virusi tradicionalno definišu kao nećelijske infektivne čestica, neki gigantski virusi poput Mimivirusa (koji inficiraju amebe) imaju genom koji se može po veličini uporediti sa bakterijama (1,2 milion baznih parova) i sadrže brojne ćelijske enzime. Brojna istraživanja su pokazala da je Mimivirus vervatno evoluirao od bakterije kroz evolutivne promene. Slične promene verovatno su doživeli i drugi veliki DNK virusi poput herpes virusa. Mimivirus čak može biti napadnuto od strane manjih virusa pod nazivom "virofag". [17][18][19]

Zrela virusna, vanćelijska, čestica sposobna da inficira ćeliju domaćina naziva se virion. Ulaskom u ćeliju virion postaje aktivan tj. virus. Virus u ćeliji preuzima kontrolu nad molekularnim aparatom domaćina i koristi ga za sopstveno razmnožavanje. Ćelija domaćina tada stvara delove virusa, a ne materije koje su njoj potrebne za normalan rad. To u domaćinu dovodi do patološkog stanja (bolesti), pa se virusi smatraju isključivim unutarćelijskim – obligatnim parazitima.

Prioni

Humani prion proteina
Gljivica Kandida u citološkom razmazu sekreta grlića materice (Papanikolau test)
Glavni članak: Prioni

Prioni (engl. proteinaceous infectious particle) su posebni oblici proteina koji mogu izazvati neke bolesti kod ljudi i životinja. Nastaju mutacijom gena koji kodira jedan protein ljudskog tela, „prion protein“.[20] Ovako izmenjeni proteini mogu se preneti na druge osobe (poprimaju osobine patogena) i tada izazivajući promenu konformacije prion proteina kod obolelih oni razvijaju bolest u organizmu ljudi i životinja.[21]

Gljivice

Glavni članak: Gljive

Patogene gljivice su gljive koje uzrokuju bolesti kod ljudi ili drugih organizama. Deo medicine, koja se bavi proučavanjem patogenih gljiva naziva se Medicinska mikologija.
Gljive spadaju u najrasprostranjenije organizme na Zemlji, iz grupe eukariota. Gljive su jednoćelijski i višećelijski organizmi, koji se razmnožavaju polno i bespolno, a telo višećelijskih gljiva organizovano je u vidu micelija ili pseudomicelija, sastavljenih od hifa koje poput paukove mreže, prorastaju supstrat na kome se razmnožavaju. Iako su gljivice eukariotski organizme mnoge patogene gljivice su mikroorganizmi.[22]

Gljive predstavljaju zaseban oblik života na zemlji koji je razvio tri osnovne strategije preživljavanja u prirodi:

  • Gljive simbionti
  • Gljive saprobionti
  • Gljive paraziti (patogene gljivice) koje napadaju žive biljke, životinje, ljude i druge gljive.

Napomene

  1. ^ Veličina virusa kreće se od 10–300 nm (1 nm ili 0,000001 mm) tako da se mogu videti samo elektronskim mikroskopom što znači da su ultramikroskopski.

Reference

  1. ^ Thomas L (септембар 1972). „Germs”. The New England Journal of Medicine. 287 (11): 553—5. PMID 5050429. doi:10.1056/NEJM197209142871109. 
  2. ^ Definition of Pathogen na MedicineNet Pristupljeno 28. 11. 2010.
  3. ^ Pathogen Genomics for Public Health Pristupljeno 28. 2. 2014.
  4. ^ Pathogen & Environment Pristupljeno 28. 2. 2014.
  5. ^ „Pathogen”. Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House. Приступљено 17. 8. 2013. 
  6. ^ Casadevall A, Pirofski LA (децембар 2014). „Microbiology: Ditch the term pathogen”. Comment. Nature (paper). 516 (7530): 165—6. Bibcode:2014Natur.516..165C. PMID 25503219. doi:10.1038/516165a Слободан приступ. 
  7. ^ Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2002). „Introduction to Pathogens”. Molecular Biology of the Cell (4th изд.). Garland Science. 
  8. ^ „MetaPathogen – about various types of pathogenic organisms”. Архивирано из оригинала 5. 10. 2017. г. Приступљено 15. 1. 2015. 
  9. ^ „Bacteria”. Basic Biology. 18. 3. 2016. 
  10. ^ Gazzinelli-Guimaraes PH, Nutman TB (2018). „Helminth parasites and immune regulation”. F1000Research. 7: 1685. PMC 6206608 Слободан приступ. PMID 30416709. doi:10.12688/f1000research.15596.1. 
  11. ^ Thomas, Stephen R.; Elkinton, Joseph S. (2004-03-01). „Pathogenicity and virulence”. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology (на језику: енглески). 85 (3): 146—151. ISSN 0022-2011. PMID 15109897. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2004.01.006. 
  12. ^ van den Driessche, Pauline (2017-08-01). „Reproduction numbers of infectious disease models”. Infectious Disease Modelling (на језику: енглески). 2 (3): 288—303. ISSN 2468-0427. PMC 6002118 Слободан приступ. PMID 29928743. doi:10.1016/j.idm.2017.06.002. 
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Literatura

Urban, M.; Cuzick, A.; Rutherford, K.; Irvine, A. G.; Pedro, H.; Pant, R.; Sadanadan, V.; Khamari, L.; Billal, S.; Mohanty, S.; Hammond-Kosack, K. (2017). „PHI-base: a new interface and further additions for the multi-species pathogen-host interactions database”. Nucleic Acids Res. 45 (D1): D604—D610. PMC 5210566 Слободан приступ. PMID 27915230. doi:10.1093/nar/gkw1089. 

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