Pyrocyon

Pyrocyon; Vremenski raspon: 55.8–50.3 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N rani eocen
	ilustracija djela gornje i donje; vilice vrste Pyrocyon strenuus
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Klasa:	Mammalia
Red:	†Hyaenodonta
Rod:	†Pyrocyon; Gingerich & Deustch, 1989
Tipska vrsta
	†Pyrocyon dioctetus; Gingerich & Deustch, 1989
Vrste
	†Pyrocyon dioctetus; †Pyrocyon strenuus;
Sinonimi
	sinonimi roda: Pirocyon (Lavrov, 1999) ; sinonimi vrste: P. strenuus: Prototomus strenuus (Cope, 1875) ; Stypolophus aculeatus (Cope, 1881) ; Stypolophus hians (Cope, 1877) ; Stypolophus strenuus (Cope, 1880) ; Stypolophus whiteae (Cope, 1882) ; Stypolophus whitiae (Cope, 1882) ; Sinopa aculeata (Matthew, 1899) ; Sinopa hians (Matthew, 1901) ; Sinopa strenua (Matthew, 1899) ; Sinopa strenuus (Matthew, 1901) ; Sinopa whitiae (Cope, 1882) ; Tritemnodon hians (Van Valen, 1965) ; Tritemnodon strenua (Van Valen, 1965) ; Tritemnodon strenuus (Van Valen, 1965) ; Tritemnodon whitiae (Matthew, 1906) ; ;

Pyrocyon (Pirokion — „vatreni pas”) je izumrli rod placentalnih sisara iz izumrlog reda Hyaenodonta, koji je u periodu ranog eocena nastanjivao područje Sjeverne Amerike.^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]

Etimologija naziva[uredi | uredi izvor]

Rod:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
Pyrocyon	starogrčke riječi piro (stgrč. πῦρ), koja znači vatra i starogrčke riječi kion (stgrč. κύων), koja znači pas	vatreni pas

Vrste:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
P. dioctetus	roda Pyrocyon starogrčke riječi di (stgrč. δι), koja znači dva latinske riječi okto (lat. octo), koja znači osam i starogrčke riječi etos (stgrč. έτος), koja znači godina	dvostruki osmogodišnji Pirokion
P. strenuus	roda Pyrocyon i latinske riječi strenus (lat. strenuus), koja znači brz	brzi Pirokion

Opis[uredi | uredi izvor]

Odrasli primjerci vrste Pyrocyon dioctetus su dostizali težinu oko 2,62 kg, a kod vrste Pyrocyon strenuus težinu od 7,62 do 13,15 kg.^[14]

Ponašanje i paleoekologija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Vrsta iz roda Pyrocyon su bile mali kopneni predatori koji je u prošlosti Sjeverne Amerike nastanjivali plavne ravnice i kopnene ekosisteme.

Sistematika[uredi | uredi izvor]

Klasifikacija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Rod: †*Pyrocyon* (Gingerich & Deustch, 1989)
Vrste:	Rasprostranjenost fosila i lokacija:	Vremenski raspon:
†P. dioctetus (Gingerich & Deustch, 1989)^[15]	SAD (Vajoming)	55,8 do 50,3 mil. god.
†P. strenuus (Cope, 1875)^[16]	SAD (Vajoming i Kolorado)	55,8 do 50,3 mil. god.

Filogenija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Dolje prikazan kladogram predstavlja filogenetske veze roda Pyrocyon.^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]

†Hyaenodonta

†Eoproviverra

†Boualitomidae

	†Arfiidae

	†Limnocyonidae

†Sinopidae

†Hyaenodontoidea

†Pyrocyon

	†Pyrocyon dioctetus

	†Pyrocyon strenuus

†Gazinocyon

†Galecyon

†Parvavorodon

	†Indohyaenodontidae

	†Glibzegdouia

†Indohyaenodon grupa

†Koholiidae

†Tritemnodon

†Tritemnodon grupa

†Teratodontidae

†Apterodontinae

	†Maocyon	†Maocyon/Orienspterodon grupa

	†Orienspterodon

†Hyainailourinae

	†Hemipsalodon

	†Ischnognathus

†Akhnatenavus grupa

†Akhnatenavus

?

†"Pterodon" sp. (BC 15’08)

?

†Hyainailourinae sp. (UON 84-359)

?

†Hyainailourinae sp. C (DPC 9243 & DPC 10315)

?

†Hyainailourinae sp. D (DPC 6545)

	†Kerberos

	†"Pterodon" syrtos

†Pterodon grupa

†Pterodontina

?	†Hyainailourinae sp. A (DPC 6555)

	†"Pterodon" africanus

	†Parapterodon

?

†"Pterodon" sp. (DPC 5036)

†"Pterodon" phiomensis

†Hyainailourini

†Paroxyaenini

†Falcatodon

†Sectisodon

	†Exiguodon

	†Isohyaenodon zadoki

†Isohyaenodon (†Isohyaenodontina)

†Isohyaenodon andrewsi

	†Sivapterodon

	†Hyainailouros bugtiensis

†Hyainailouros napakensis

†Hyainailouros

	†Hyainailouros sulzeri

?	†Hyainailourinae sp. (GSN AD 100’96)

†Simbakubwa

	†Leakitheriini

	†Megistotherium

	†Mlanyama

	†Metapterodontini

†Pakakali

†Prionogalidae

†Hyainailouridae

†Hyainailouroidea

†Lahimia grupa

†Arfia grupa

†Galecyon grupa

†afro-arabijska grupa

Vremenska rasprostranjenst roda Pyrocyon unutar reda Hyaenodonta[uredi | uredi izvor]

Vidi još[uredi | uredi izvor]

Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]

^ A. V. Lavrov (1999.) "Adaptive Radiation of Hyaenodontinae (Creodonta, Hyaenodontidae) of Asia." in 6th Congress of the Theriological Society, Moscow, April 13–16, p. 138 [in Russian].
^ E. D. Cope (1881.) "On the Vertebrata of the Wind River Eocene beds of Wyoming." Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey 6(1):183-202
^ E. D. Cope (1877.) "Report upon the extinct Vertebrata obtained in New Mexico by parties of the expedition of 1874." Report upon United States Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian, in charge of First Lieut. G.M. Wheeler, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, Vol. IV Paleontology, Part II, pp. 1-365. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
^ E. D. Cope (1880.) "On the genera of the Creodonta." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 19:76-82
^ E. D. Cope (1882.) "Contributions to the history of the Vertebrata of the lower Eocene of Wyoming and New Mexico, made during 1881." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 20(111):139-197
^ J. L. Wortman and W. D. Matthew (1899.) "The ancestry of certain members of the Canidae, the Viverridae, and Procyonidae." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 12(6):109-138
^ Matthew, W. D. (1901.) "Additional observations on the Creodonta." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 14: 1-38
^ Van Valen, Leigh (1965). „Some European Proviverrini (Mammalia, Deltatheridia)” (PDF). Palaeontology. 8: 638—665.
^ Matthew, W. D. (1906.) "The Osteology of Sinopa, a Creodont Mammal of the Middle Eocene." Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXX, pp. 203-233, pl. XVI
^ McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2015. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
^ G. F. Gunnell (1998.) "Creodonta". In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate like Mammals", Cambridge University Press, 703 pages ISBN 9780521355193
^ Solé, Floréal (2013). „New proviverrine genus from the Early Eocene of Europe and the first phylogeny of Late Palaeocene–Middle Eocene hyaenodontidans (Mammalia)”. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 11 (4): 375—398. doi:10.1080/14772019.2012.686927.
^ Solé, F.; Lhuillier, J.; Adaci, M.; Bensalah, M.; Mahboubi, M.; Tabuce, R. (2013). „The hyaenodontidans from the Gour Lazib area (?Early Eocene, Algeria): implications concerning the systematics and the origin of the Hyainailourinae and Teratodontinae”. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 12 (3): 303—322. doi:10.1080/14772019.2013.795196.
^ Egi, Naoko (2001). „Body mass estimates in extinct mammals from limb bone dimensions: the case of North American hyaenodontids.” (PDF). Palaeontology. 44 (3): 497—528. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 13. 04. 2022. g. Pristupljeno 09. 01. 2021.
^ Philip D. Gingerich and Harvey A. Deutsch (1989). „Systematics and evolution of early Eocene Hyaenodontidae (Mammalia, Creodonta) in the Clarks Fork Basin, Wyoming” (PDF). Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan. 27 (13): 327—391.
^ Cope, Edward D. (1875). „Systematic Catalogue of Vertebrata of the Eocene of New Mexico: Collected in 1874. Report to the Engineer Department”. Washington D.C.: United States Army, US Government Printing Office: 5—37.
^ Borths, Matthew R.; Stevens, Nancy J. (2017). „Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)”. Palaeontologia Electronica. 20 (3): 55A. doi:10.26879/776 .
^ Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2019). „Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (1): e1570222. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222.
^ Solé, Floréal; Marandat, Bernard; Lihoreau, Fabrice (2020). „The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian”. Geodiversitas. 42 (13): 185—214. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a13.
^ Solé, F.; Morlo, M.; Schaal, T.; Lehmann, T. (2021). „New hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the late Ypresian locality of Prémontré (France) support a radiation of the hyaenodonts in Europe already at the end of the early Eocene”. Geobios. 66-67: 119—141. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2021.02.004.
^ Averianov, Alexander; Obraztsova, Ekaterina; Danilov, Igor; Jin, Jian-Hua (2023). „A new hypercarnivorous hyaenodont from the Eocene of South China”. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 11. ISSN 2296-701X. doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1076819/full.

Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]

W. B. Scott (1892.) "A revision of the North American Creodonta with notes on some genera which have been referred to that group." Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 44:291-323
O. P. Hay (1902.) "Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America." Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179:1-868
W. D. Matthew (1909.) "The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, middle Eocene." Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 9:289-567
W. D. Matthew and W. Granger (1915.) "A revision of the Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River faunas." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 34(1):1-103
T. E. White (1952.) "Preliminary analysis of the vertebrate fossil fauna of the Boysen Reservoir area." Proceedings of the United States National Museum 102(3296):185-207
D. A. Guthrie (1971.) "The Mammalian Fauna of the Lost Cabin Member, Wind River Formation (lower Eocene) of Wyoming." Annals of Carnegie Museum 43(4):47-113
A. J. Kihm (1984.) "Early Eocene Mammalian Fauna of the Piceance Creek Basin, Northwestern Colorado." Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. Boulder: The University of Colorado.

[Lavrov1999-1] A. V. Lavrov (1999.) "Adaptive Radiation of Hyaenodontinae (Creodonta, Hyaenodontidae) of Asia." in 6th Congress of the Theriological Society, Moscow, April 13–16, p. 138 [in Russian].

[2] E. D. Cope (1881.) "On the Vertebrata of the Wind River Eocene beds of Wyoming." Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey 6(1):183-202

[3] E. D. Cope (1877.) "Report upon the extinct Vertebrata obtained in New Mexico by parties of the expedition of 1874." Report upon United States Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian, in charge of First Lieut. G.M. Wheeler, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, Vol. IV Paleontology, Part II, pp. 1-365. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

[4] E. D. Cope (1880.) "On the genera of the Creodonta." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 19:76-82

[5] E. D. Cope (1882.) "Contributions to the history of the Vertebrata of the lower Eocene of Wyoming and New Mexico, made during 1881." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 20(111):139-197

[6] J. L. Wortman and W. D. Matthew (1899.) "The ancestry of certain members of the Canidae, the Viverridae, and Procyonidae." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 12(6):109-138

[7] Matthew, W. D. (1901.) "Additional observations on the Creodonta." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 14: 1-38

[8] Van Valen, Leigh (1965). „Some European Proviverrini (Mammalia, Deltatheridia)” (PDF). Palaeontology. 8: 638—665.

[9] Matthew, W. D. (1906.) "The Osteology of Sinopa, a Creodont Mammal of the Middle Eocene." Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXX, pp. 203-233, pl. XVI

[McKenna_&_Bell-10] McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2015. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[Gunnell1998-11] G. F. Gunnell (1998.) "Creodonta". In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate like Mammals", Cambridge University Press, 703 pages ISBN 9780521355193

[12] Solé, Floréal (2013). „New proviverrine genus from the Early Eocene of Europe and the first phylogeny of Late Palaeocene–Middle Eocene hyaenodontidans (Mammalia)”. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 11 (4): 375—398. doi:10.1080/14772019.2012.686927.

[hyaenodontidansGourLazib-13] Solé, F.; Lhuillier, J.; Adaci, M.; Bensalah, M.; Mahboubi, M.; Tabuce, R. (2013). „The hyaenodontidans from the Gour Lazib area (?Early Eocene, Algeria): implications concerning the systematics and the origin of the Hyainailourinae and Teratodontinae”. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 12 (3): 303—322. doi:10.1080/14772019.2013.795196.

[14] Egi, Naoko (2001). „Body mass estimates in extinct mammals from limb bone dimensions: the case of North American hyaenodontids.” (PDF). Palaeontology. 44 (3): 497—528. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 13. 04. 2022. g. Pristupljeno 09. 01. 2021.

[15] Philip D. Gingerich and Harvey A. Deutsch (1989). „Systematics and evolution of early Eocene Hyaenodontidae (Mammalia, Creodonta) in the Clarks Fork Basin, Wyoming” (PDF). Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan. 27 (13): 327—391.

[16] Cope, Edward D. (1875). „Systematic Catalogue of Vertebrata of the Eocene of New Mexico: Collected in 1874. Report to the Engineer Department”. Washington D.C.: United States Army, US Government Printing Office: 5—37.

[Matthew2017-17] Borths, Matthew R.; Stevens, Nancy J. (2017). „Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)”. Palaeontologia Electronica. 20 (3): 55A. doi:10.26879/776 .

[Simbakubwa-18] Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2019). „Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (1): e1570222. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222.

[Geodiversitas4213-19] Solé, Floréal; Marandat, Bernard; Lihoreau, Fabrice (2020). „The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian”. Geodiversitas. 42 (13): 185—214. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a13.

[hyaenodontsGeobios-20] Solé, F.; Morlo, M.; Schaal, T.; Lehmann, T. (2021). „New hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the late Ypresian locality of Prémontré (France) support a radiation of the hyaenodonts in Europe already at the end of the early Eocene”. Geobios. 66-67: 119—141. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2021.02.004.

[Maocyon-21] Averianov, Alexander; Obraztsova, Ekaterina; Danilov, Igor; Jin, Jian-Hua (2023). „A new hypercarnivorous hyaenodont from the Eocene of South China”. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 11. ISSN 2296-701X. doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1076819/full.

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