Vilijam Pit Mlađi

Vilijam Pit Mlađi
Datum rođenja	(1759-05-28)28. maj 1759.
Mesto rođenja	Hejz, Velika Britanija
Datum smrti	23. januar 1806.(1806-01-23) (46 god.)
Mesto smrti	London, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo
Roditelji	Vilijam Pit Stariji Hester Pitt, Countess of Chatham
Politička karijera
Politička stranka	Torijevci
Potpis

Vilijam Pit Mlađi (engl. William Pitt the Younger; Hejz, 28. maj 1759 — London, 23. januar 1806) je bio britanski političar sa kraja 18. i početka 19. veka. Postao je 1783. najmlađi premijer Velike Britanije sa 24 godine. Napustio je funkciju 1801, ali je bio ponovo premijer od 1804. sve do smrti 1806. Bio je takođe i kancelar blagajne za vreme svog mandata premijera i lord upravnik pet luka od avgusta 1792. Dobio je nadimak „mlađi“ da bi se razlikovao od svog oca Vilijama Pita Starijeg, koji je takođe bio premijer.

Prvim mandaomt mlađeg Pita na mestu premijera, koji je bio za vreme vladavine Džordža III, su dominirali veliki događaji u Evropi, kao što su Francuska revolucija i Napoleonovi ratovi. Pit je često nazivan „torijevcem“ ili „novim torijevcem“, ali on je sebe smatrao za „nezavisnog vigovca“ i uglavnom se protivio razvoju strogog partijskog političkog sistema.

Najpoznatiji je po tome što je predvodio Britaniju u velikim ratovima protiv Francuske i Napoleona. Pit je bio izvrsni upravnik koji je tražio efikasnost i reforme, i doveo je novu generaciju sjajnih upravitelja. Podigao je poreze da plati troškove rata protiv Francuske i suzbio je radikalizam. Da bi otklonio opasnost od irske podrške Francuskoj, osmislio je Zakone o uniji iz 1800. i pokušao je bez uspeha da progura katoličku emancipaciju kao deo sporazuma. Pit je osnovao novi torizam, koji je obnovio torijevsku stranku i omogućio mu da ostane na vlasti narednih četvrt veka.

Istoričar Ejsa Brigs tvrdi da njegova karakter nije pogodovao britanskom umu, jer je Pit bio previše usamljen i previše bezbojan, i prečesto je odisao stavom superiornosti. Njegova veličina došla je do izražaja u ratu sa Francuskom. Pit je reagovao da postane ono što je lord Minto nazvao „Atlasom našeg kolutajućeg globusa”. Vilijam Vilberfors je izjavio: „u pogledu lične čistote, nezainteresovanosti i ljubav prema ovoj zemlji, nikada nisam poznavao njemu ravnog.“ Istoričar Čarls Petri zaključuje da je bio jedan od najvećih premijera „ako ni po kojoj drugo osnovi do po tome što je omogućio zemlji da pređe sa starog poretka na novi bez ikakvih nasilnih prevrata ... On je razumeo novu Britaniju.” Zbog toga je visoko rangiran među svim britanskim premijerima u više istraživanja.

Literatura

• Ehrman, John (1969—1996). The Younger Pitt (3 volumes). Constable & Co. 
  • Ehrman, John (1984) [1969]. The Younger Pitt, Vol. 1: The years of acclaim. St Edmundsbury Press. ISBN 978-0-09-465990-2. 
  • Ehrman, John (1969). The Younger Pitt, Vol. 2: The reluctant transition. Constable. ISBN 978-0-80-471184-5. 
  • Ehrman, John (1996). The Younger Pitt, Vol. 3: The consuming struggle. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-80-472754-9. 
• Black, Jeremy (1994). British Foreign Policy in an Age of Revolutions, 1783-1793. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521466844. 
• Black, Jeremy (2006). „Pitt and the king”. George III: America's Last King. Yale University Press. str. 264–287. ISBN 9780300117325. 
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• Duffy, Michael (1987). Soldiers, Sugar, and Seapower: The British Expeditions to the West Indies and the War Against Revolutionary France. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 
• Evans, Eric (2002). William Pitt the Younger. London: Routledge. 
• Hague, William (2005). William Pitt the Younger. HarperPerennial. ISBN 978-0-00-714720-5. 
• Perry, James (2005). Arrogant Armies: Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them. Edison: Castle Books. 
• Turner, Michael (2003). Pitt the younger: a life. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-85285-377-8. 
• Duffy, Michael (2000). The Younger Pitt (Profiles In Power). Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-05279-6. 
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• Mori, Jennifer. William Pitt & the French Revolution, 1785–1795 (1997) 305pp
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• Rose, J. Holland. William Pitt and National Revival (1911); William Pitt and the Great War (1912), solid, detailed study superseded by Ehrman; . ISBN 1112092803.  . vol 1; William Pitt and the Great War. . vol 2 free;
• Stanhope, Philip Henry [5th Earl Stanhope] (1861—62). Life of the Right Honourable William Pitt. John Murray. . (4 volumes); includes many extracts from Pitt's correspondence vol 1 online; vol 2 online
• Blanning, T. C. W. The French Revolutionary Wars, 1787–1802 (1996)
• Bryant, Arthur. Years of Endurance 1793–1802 (1942); and Years of Victory, 1802–1812 (1944), well-written surveys of the British story
• Cooper, Richard (1982). „William Pitt, Taxation, and the Needs of War”. Journal of British Studies. 22 (1): 94—103. JSTOR 175658. doi:10.1086/385799. 
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• Ledger-Lomas, Michael (2004). „The Character of Pitt the Younger and Party Politics, 1830-1860”. The Historical Journal. 47 (3): 641—661. JSTOR 4091759. S2CID 154765794. doi:10.1017/S0018246X04003899. 
• Mori, Jennifer. "The political theory of William Pitt the Younger," History, April 1998, Vol. 83 Issue 270, pp. 234–248
• Richards, Gerda C. (1928). „The Creations of Peers Recommended by the Younger Pitt”. The American Historical Review. 34 (1): 47—54. JSTOR 1836479. doi:10.2307/1836479. 
• Sack, James J. From Jacobite to Conservative: Reaction and Orthodoxy in Britain c.1760–1832 (Cambridge University Press, 1993), does not see Pitt as a Tory
• Sack, James J. The Grenvillites, 1801–29: Party Politics and Factionalism in the Age of Pitt and Liverpool (U. of Illinois Press, 1979)
• Simms, Brendan (1998). „Britain and Napoleon”. The Historical Journal. 41 (3): 885—894. JSTOR 2639908. S2CID 162840420. doi:10.1017/S0018246X98008048. 
• Wilkinson, D. "The Pitt-Portland Coalition of 1794 and the Origins of the 'Tory' party" History Vol. 83 (1998), pp. 249–264
• Foster, R. E. "Forever Young: Myth, Reality and William Pitt," History Review (March 2009) No. 63 online Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (19. decembar 2018)
• Ledger-Lomas, Michael. "The Character of Pitt the Younger and Party Politics, 1830–1860" The Historical Journal, 47#3 (2004), pp. 641–661
• Loades, David Michael, ed. Reader's guide to British history (2003) 2: 1044–45
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• Petrie, Charles, "The Bicentenary of the Younger Pitt," Quarterly Review (1959), Vol. 297 Issue 621, pp. 254–265
• Sack, J. J. (1987). „The Memory of Burke and the Memory of Pitt: English Conservatism Confronts Its Past, 1806-1829”. The Historical Journal. 30 (3): 623—640. JSTOR 2639162. S2CID 154447696. doi:10.1017/S0018246X00020914. 
• Turner, Simon. "‘I will not alter an Iota for any Mans Opinion upon Earth’: James Gillray's Portraits of William Pitt the Younger in Kim Sloan et al. eds., Burning Bright: Essays in Honour of David Bindman (2015) pp. 197–206.
• Pitt, William (1817). The Speeches of the Right Honourable William Pitt, in the House of Commons. 
• Temperley, Harold and L.M. Penson, eds. Foundations of British Foreign Policy: From Pitt (1792) to Salisbury (1902) (1938), primary sources Foundations of British Foreign Policy(1938). 1938. 
• Blaufarb, Rafe. The French army 1750–1820: Careers, talent, merit (Manchester University Press, 2021).
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• Bell, David A. The first total war: Napoleon's Europe and the birth of warfare as we know it (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2014).
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• Bryant, Arthur. Years of Endurance 1793–1802 (1942); on Britain
• Bryant, Arthur. Years of victory, 1802–1812 (1942); on Britain
• Clausewitz, Carl von (2018). Napoleon's 1796 Italian Campaign. Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-2676-2
• Clausewitz, Carl von (2020). Napoleon Absent, Coalition Ascendant: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 1. Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-3025-7
• Clausewitz, Carl von (2021). The Coalition Crumbles, Napoleon Returns: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 2. Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-3034-9
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• Dupuy, Trevor N. and Dupuy, R. Ernest. The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History (2nd ed. 1970) pp. 678–93
• Esdaile, Charles. The French Wars 1792–1815 (2002) 113pp The French Wars 1792-1815. Routledge. 22. 1. 2002. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza). excerpt and text search, ch 1
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• Fremont-Barnes, Gregory. The French Revolutionary Wars (Essential Histories) (2013) Amazon https://www.amazon.com/French-Revolutionary-Wars-Essential-Histories-ebook/dp/B00DSLXXKM/.  . excerpt and text search
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• Gardiner, Robert. Fleet Battle And Blockade: The French Revolutionary War 1793–1797 (2006), naval Gardiner, Robert (2005). Fleet Battle and Blockade: The French Revolutionary War 1793-1797. Mercury Books. ISBN 1845600118. . excerpt and text search
• Griffith, Paddy. The Art of War of Revolutionary France, 1789–1802 (1998) Griffith, Paddy (1998). The Art of War of Revolutionary France, 1789-1802. Greenhill Books. ISBN 1853673358. . excerpt and text search; military topics, but not a battle history
• Knight, Roger. Britain Against Napoleon: The Organisation of Victory, 1793–1815 (2013)
• Lavery, Brian. Nelson's Navy, Revised and Updated: The Ships, Men, and Organization, 1793–1815 (2nd ed. 2012)
• Lefebvre, Georges. The French Revolution Volume II: from 1793 to 1799 (1964).
• Lynn, John A. The Bayonets of the Republic: Motivation And Tactics in the Army of Revolutionary France, 1791–94 (1984)
• Roberts, Andrew. Napoleon (2014), a major biography
• Rodger, A.B. The War of the Second Coalition: 1798 to 1801, a strategic commentary (1964)
• Ross, Steven T. Quest for Victory; French Military Strategy, 1792–1799 (1973)
• Ross, Steven T. European Diplomatic History, 1789–1815: France Against Europe (1969)
• Rothenberg, Gunther E. (1982). Napoleon's Great Adversaries: The Archduke Charles and the Austrian Army 1792–1814. 
• Rothenberg, Gunther E. (1988). „The Origins, Causes, and Extension of the Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon”. The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 18 (4): 771—793. JSTOR 204824. doi:10.2307/204824. 
• Schroeder, Paul W. The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848 (Oxford University Press, 1996); advanced diplomatic history; pp. 100–230
• Schneid, Frederick C.: The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, 2011. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
• Scott, Samuel F. From Yorktown to Valmy: The Transformation of the French Army in an Age of Revolution (University Press of Colorado, 1998)

Dodatna literatura

• Hutchinson, John (1892). „William Pitt”. Men of Kent and Kentishmen (Subscription izd.). Canterbury: Cross & Jackman. str. 108–110. 

Spoljašnje veze

• 1791 Caricature of William Pitt by James Gillray
• Pitt the Younger on the 10 Downing Street website
• Chisholm, Hugh, ur. (1911). „Pitt, William”. Encyclopædia Britannica (na jeziku: engleski) (11 izd.). Cambridge University Press. 
• After Words interview with William Hague on his book William Pitt the Younger, February 27, 2005