Kolos sa Rodosa
Kolos sa Rodosa (grč. Κολοσσός της Ρόδου) je jedno od sedam svetskih čuda starog sveta. Iako je od vremena izgradnje ove ogromne statue do njenog uništenja proteklo svega 56 godina, ova svojevrsna i neponovljiva građevina svakako je zaslužila svoje mesto među svetskim čudima. Kolos sa Rodosa nije samo gigantska statua - ona je simbol jedinstva naroda koji je naseljavao Rodos, prelepo mediteransko ostrvo.
Ova statua se nalazila na samom ulazu u luku Mitraki,ostrva Rodos u Grčkoj. U staroj Grčkoj, na malom ostrvu Rodosu nalazila su se 3 grada-države (polisa): Lalisos, Kamiros i Lindos. 408. godine p. n. e. ovi gradovi su se ujedinili i sačinili jedinstvenu teritoriju - grad Rodos. Grad se brzo razvijao i gradio snažne ekonomske veze sa svojim glavnim saveznikom Ptolemejem I, tadašnjim vladarom starog Egipta. 305. godine p. n. e, Antagonidi iz Makedonije koji su bili veliki rivali Ptolomejima, napali su Rodos u pokušaju da slome njegovu alijansu sa Egiptom. Ipak, nisu uspeli da uđu u grad. Kada je postignut mirovni sporazum 304. godine p. n. e, Antagonidi su se povukli ostavljajući za sobom velike količine ratne opreme. Kako bi proslavili svoje jedinstvo, stanovnici Rodosa prodali su svu tu ratnu opremu i za dobijeni novac podigli gigantsku statuu posvećenu grčkom bogu Sunca, Heliosu. Izgradnja statue trajala je 12 godina i završena je 282. godine p. n. e. Godinama je statua stajala na ulazu u rodosku luku, sve dok snažan zemljotres nije pogodio Rodos 226. godine p. n. e. Grad je bio teško oštećen, a Kolos je slomljen na najslabijem mestu - u kolenu. Rodos je tada primio ponudu Ptolemeja III da plati sve troškove restauracije polomljene statue, ali nakon što su konsultovani proroci, ponovno podizanje statue je zabranjeno, a Ptolemejeva ponuda odbijena. Skoro 1000 godina statua je ležala polomljena. 654. godine n. e Arapi su napali Rodos. Uzeli su ostatke polomljenog Kolosa i prodali ih Siriji - bili su otpremljeni na leđima 900 kamila.
Ogromnu statuu osmislio je rodoski vajar Ares iz Lindosa. Osnova statue je bila napravljena od mermera, a najpre su postavljena stopala i članci noge. Statua je postupno građena tako što je bronzana prevlaka bila učvršćivana gvozdenim i kamenim ojačanjima. Da bi statua bila dovršena, izgrađena je visoka rampa oko statue koja je kasnije uklonjena. Kada je Kolos završen, bio je visok 33 metra. Kolika je zapravo bila veličina statue, najbolje svedoči Plinije Stariji: „Kada je statua polomljena i pala na zemlju, grupa od 5-6 ljudi ispruženih ruku je jedva mogla da opaše prst ruke Kolosa“.
Prema većini savremenih opisa, Kolos je bio visok oko 70 lakata, ili 33 m (108 ft) – otprilike visine moderne Statue slobode od stopala do krune – što ga čini najvišom statuom u drevnom svetu.[1] Srušio se tokom zemljotresa 226. p.n.e, iako su njegovi delovi sačuvani. U skladu sa izvesnim proročištem, Rodošani ga nisu ponovo podigli.[2] Jovan Malala je pisao da je Hadrijan tokom svoje vladavine ponovo podigao Kolosa,[3] ali su njegove tvrnje pogrešne.[4] Prema Sudu, Rodošani su nazvani Kolosi (Κολοσσαεῖς), jer su oni postavili statuu na ostrvu.[5]
Godine 653, arapske snage pod muslimanskim generalom Muavijom I osvojile su Rodos, a prema Hronici Teofana Ispovednika,[6] statua je potpuno uništena, a ostaci prodati;[7] ovaj izveštaj može biti nepouzdan.[8] Od 2008. godine objavljen je niz još nerealizovanih predloga za izgradnju novog Kolosa u luci Rodos, iako je stvarna lokacija prvobitnog spomenika i dalje sporna.[9][10]
Opsada Rodosa
[uredi | uredi izvor]U ranom četvrtom veku pre nove ere, Rodos je, u savezu sa Ptolemejem I iz Egipta, sprečio masovnu invaziju koju je organizovao njihov zajednički neprijatelj, Antigon I Monoftalm.
Godine 304. p. n. e. stigla je pomoćna snaga brodova koje je poslao Ptolomej, i Demetrije (Antigonov sin) i njegova vojska su napustili opsadu, ostavljajući za sobom većinu svoje opreme za opsadu. Da bi proslavili svoju pobedu, Rodošani su prodali ostavljenu opremu za 300 talenata[11] i odlučili da iskoriste novac za izgradnju kolosalne statue svog boga zaštitnika, Heliosa. Izgradnja je ostavljena u nadzoru Čaresa, rodom iz Lindosa na Rodosu, koji se ranije bavio velikim statuama. Njegov učitelj, vajar Lisip, konstruisao je bronzanu statuu Zevsa visoku 22 m (72 ft)[12] u Tarentu.
Konstrukcija
[uredi | uredi izvor]Izgradnja je počela 292. godine pre nove ere. Drevni izveštaji, koji se donekle razlikuju, opisuju strukturu kao da je izgrađena od gvozdenih šipki za vezivanje na koje su bile pričvršćene mesingane ploče da formiraju kožu. Unutrašnjost građevine, koja je stajala na postolju od 15-metre-high (49-foot) visine od belog mermera u blizini ulaza u luku Rodos, tada je bila ispunjena kamenim blokovima kako je izgradnja napredovala.[13] Drugi izvori postavljaju Kolos na lukobran u luci. Prema većini savremenih opisa, sama statua je bila oko 70 lakata, ili 32 m (105 ft) visoka.[14] Veliki deo gvožđa i bronze je ponovo iskovan od različitog oružja koje je Demetrijeva vojska ostavila za sobom, a napuštena druga opsadna kula je možda korišćena za skele oko nižih nivoa tokom izgradnje.
Filon Vizantijski je napisao u De septem mundi miraculis da je Hares stvorio skulpturu in situ tako što je izlio u horizontalnim slojevim, a zatim postavio „... ogromnu humku zemlje oko svakog dela čim je završen, čime je završeno delo zatrpano ispod nagomilane zemlje, i vršeno je livenje sledećeg dela na površini.“[15]
Savremeni inženjeri su izneli verodostojnu hipotezu za konstrukciju statue, zasnovanu na tehnologiji tog vremena (koja nije bila zasnovana na savremenim principima zemljotresnog inženjerstva), i na izveštajima Filona i Plinija, koji su videli i opisali ruševine.[16]
Arheolog Ursula Veder je predložila da je skulptura izlivena u velikim delovima prema tradicionalnim grčkim metodama i da Filonov izveštaj „nije kompatibilan sa situacijom koju je dokazala arheologija u staroj Grčkoj.“[15]
Napomene
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Sadržaj ovog članka je delom preuzet sa internet prezentacije
Reference
[uredi | uredi izvor]- ^ Higgins, Reynold (1988). „The Colossus of Rhodes”. Ur.: Peter A. Clayton; Martin Jessop Price. The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Psychology Press. str. 130. ISBN 9780415050364.
- ^ Strabo, Geography, 14.2.5
- ^ Malalas, Chronography Bks 10–11, 11.279
- ^ Boatwright, Mary T. (2002). Hadrian and the Cities of the Roman Empire. Princeton University Press. str. 24. ISBN 978-0691094939.
- ^ Suda, ka.1932
- ^ See also Constantine VII Porphyrogenitos, De administrando imperio xx–xxi.
- ^ „AM 6145, AD 652/-3”. The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor. Clarendon Press – Oxford. 1997. str. 481.
- ^ Conrad, L. I. (jul 1996). „The Arabs and the Colossus”. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 6 (2): 179—186. JSTOR 25183179. S2CID 163298319. doi:10.1017/S1356186300007173.
- ^ Williams, Kate (26. 12. 2015). „Rhodes reconstruction project will be a colossal gamble for Greece – but it might well pay off”. Guardian. Pristupljeno 25. 7. 2016.
- ^ Bennett, Jay (7. 1. 2016). „There's a Plan To Rebuild the Colossus of Rhodes”. Popular Mechanics. Pristupljeno 25. 7. 2016.
- ^ Pliny the Elder, Natural History xxxiv.18.
- ^ Forty cubits high, according to Pliny the Elder (Natural History xxxiv.18).
- ^ Accounts of Philo of Byzantium ca. 150 BC and Pliny (Plineus Caius Secundus) ca. 50 AD based on viewing the broken remains
- ^ „Colossus of Rhodes | Description, Location, & Facts”. 7. 7. 2023.
- ^ a b Vedder 2017, str. 25
- ^ „Engineering Aspects of the Collapse of the Colossus of Rhodes Statue”. International Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms. Springer. 2004. str. 69—85. ISBN 978-1-4020-2203-6.
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