Boginja

Afrodita, starogrčka boginja ljepote i ljubavi

Boginja je žensko božanstvo.^[1] Mnoge kulture ima boginje. Boginju uglavnom imaju politeisti, jer monoteisti vjeruju u jednog Boga, iako sve više hrišćana smatra da Bog ne mora uvijek biti muškog roda, pa zamjenicom Ona nazivaju Boga.^[2] Od indoevropskih religija najviše boginja imala je nordijska mitologija. Česti simbol boginja je krug, kojem s lijeve i desne strane stoji po jedan polumjesec.

U nekim verama, sveta ženska figura zauzima centralno mesto u verskoj molitvi i bogosluženju. Na primer, šaktizam, obožavanje ženske sile koja animira svet, jedna je od tri glavne sekte hinduizma.

Politeističke religije, uključujući politeističke rekonstrukcioniste, poštuju više boginja i bogova i obično ih posmatraju kao diskretna, odvojena bića. Ova božanstva mogu biti deo panteona, ili različiti regioni mogu imati božanstva čuvara.

Religije[уреди | уреди извор]

Hinduizam[уреди | уреди извор]

Hindu boginja Sarasvati.

Hinduizam je religija koja ima nekoliko bogova i boginja, a od sviju božanstava najvažniji je Brahma, stvoritelj svijeta, a žena mu je Sarasvati. Shaktas je je majka sviju boginja. Šiva ima ženu Parvati. U hinduizmu postoji 180 imena nekoliko boginja. U hinduizmu ima i dvospolnih bogova kao što su Lakšmi-Višnu, Šiva-Šakti, Radha-Krišna i drugi. Jedan bog je muški bog (Šaktiman) i ženska energija (Šakti), koji radi s dinamičnom ženskom energijom.

Sikhizam[уреди | уреди извор]

Sikhi su monoteisti i vjeruju u Boga. Glavni im je vođa Guru Granth Sahib, koji se punim imenom zove Adi Sri Guru Granth Sahib. Skulpture sikhizma govore o Bogu kao Ocu i Majci.

Grčkorimska mitologija[уреди | уреди извор]

Cerera, rimska boginja agrikulture.

Perzefona, kraljica podzemnog svijeta,
Demetra, boginja ratarsta, Zemlje i plodnosti,
Afrodita, boginja ljubavi i ljepote,
Artemida, boginja lova i šuma,
Atena, boginja rata, zanatstva i zaštitnica grada Atene,
Kibela, "majka Zemlja",
Hera, boginja braka, Zeusova žena,
Nika, boginja trijumfa i pobjede,
Potria Theron,
Selena, boginja Mjeseca, ali i njegova personifikacija.

Keltska mitologija[уреди | уреди извор]

Agrona, boginja rata,
Brigid,
Matrona, "majka boginja",
Morrígan, boginja bitki i plodnosti,
Sulis.

Nordijska mitologija[уреди | уреди извор]

Freyja, boginja ljubavi i ljepote,
Frigg, vrhovna boginja Asa,
Fulla,
Gná,
Gullveig, misteriozna boginja,
Hel, boginja podzemlja,
Hlín,
Nanna,
Nerthus,
Norne, suđenice nordijske mitologije,
Nótt, boginja koja je personifikacija noći,
Sol.

Egipatska mitologija[уреди | уреди извор]

Egipatska boginja Neith.

Mut, kćer boga Sunca, Amonova žena,
Izida, boginja majka,
Hathor, boginja koja može preuzeti lik krave, najljepša boginja,
Neftis, boginja grobnica,
Nut, boginja neba i zvijezda,
Tawaret, boginja trudnoće i majčinstva,
Meskhenet, boginja rađanja, zaštitnica male djece.

Monoteističke religije[уреди | уреди извор]

Monoteistička kultura nema boginja te se za Boga smatra da spada u muški rod, ali gramatički ne može se utvrditi kojeg je Bog roda, no većina monoteista Boga zove i Ocem i sličnim imenima. Hrišćani Bogorodicu Mariju smatraju da je nešto kao boginja. Njen sin je Bog u utjelovljenju čovjeka. U islamu Marija je smatrana djevicom, ali je ne smatraju kao božicu ili kraljicu (nisu joj propisane božanske osobine) i ne vjeruju da je njen sin Isus, Sin Božji, pa je to u islamu najveći grijeh.

Feminizam[уреди | уреди извор]

Rimski, hadrijanski period, statua Izide od mermera iz Kapitolskog muzeja

Pokret boginje[уреди | уреди извор]

Barem od prvog talasa feminizma u Sjedinjenim Državama, postoji interesovanje za analizu religije da bi se videlo da li i kako doktrine i prakse tretiraju žene nepravedno, kao u Ženskoj Bibliji Elizabet Kejdi Stenton. Ponovo u drugom talasu feminizma u SAD, kao i u mnogim evropskim i drugim zemljama, religija je postala fokus nekih feminističkih analiza u judaizmu, hrišćanstvu i drugim religijama, a neke žene su se okrenule religijama drevnih boginja kao alternativi abrahamskim religijama (Womanspirit Rising 1979; Weaving the Visions 1989). Danas žene i muškarci nastavljaju sa aktivnostima u pokretu Boginje (Hrist 1997). Popularnost organizacija kao što je Družina Izide svedoči o stalnom rastu religije Boginje širom sveta.

Dok je veliki deo pokušaja rodne ravnopravnosti u matičnom hrišćanstvu (judaizam nikada nije priznavao bilo koji rod za Boga) usmeren na reinterpretaciju Svetog pisma i derodifikaciju jezika koji se koristi za imenovanje i opisivanje božanskog,^[3] postoji sve veći broj ljudi koji se identifikuju kao hrišćani ili jevreji, koji pokušavaju da integrišu slike boginje u svoje religije.^[4]

Sveto žensko[уреди | уреди извор]

Termin „sveto žensko” prvi put je skovan 1970-ih, u popularizaciji Nju ejdža hindu šaktija.^[5]^[6]^[7] Hinduizam takođe obožava mnoštvo boginja koje imaju svoju važnu ulogu, i stoga su zainteresovale Nju ejdž, feminističke i lezbejske feminističke pokrete.^[8]

Vidi još[уреди | уреди извор]

Boginja majka

Reference[уреди | уреди извор]

^ Ellwood, Robert S. (2007). The Encyclopedia of World Religions (Rev. изд.). New York: Facts on File. стр. 181. ISBN 978-1438110387. Text: goddesses Female deities.
^ Grupa autora, Oxford, enciklopedija za mlade, Zagreb, 2008., ISBN 978-953-274-036-3
^ Ruether, 1984; Plaskow, 1991
^ Kien, 2000; Kidd 1996,"Goddess Christians Yahoo Group"
^ Datta, Reema; Lowitz, Lisa (2005). Sacred Sanskrit Words. Berkeley, CA: Stonebridge Press.
^ Feuerstein, Georg (2000). The Shambhala Encyclopedia of Yoga. Boston, MA: Shambhala Publications.
^ Harish, Ranjana; Harishankar, V. Bharathi (2003). Shakti: Multidisciplinary perspectives on women's empowerment in India. New Delhi, IN: Rawat. ISBN 81-7033-793-3.
^ Kinsley, David (1988). Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition (1st изд.). Berkeley: University of California Press. стр. 1. ISBN 9780520908833. Приступљено 22. 4. 2016. »goddess.«

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Spoljašnje veze[уреди | уреди извор]

[1] Ellwood, Robert S. (2007). The Encyclopedia of World Religions (Rev. изд.). New York: Facts on File. стр. 181. ISBN 978-1438110387. Text: goddesses Female deities.

[2] Grupa autora, Oxford, enciklopedija za mlade, Zagreb, 2008., ISBN 978-953-274-036-3

[3] Ruether, 1984; Plaskow, 1991

[4] Kien, 2000; Kidd 1996,"Goddess Christians Yahoo Group"

[5] Datta, Reema; Lowitz, Lisa (2005). Sacred Sanskrit Words. Berkeley, CA: Stonebridge Press.

[6] Feuerstein, Georg (2000). The Shambhala Encyclopedia of Yoga. Boston, MA: Shambhala Publications.

[7] Harish, Ranjana; Harishankar, V. Bharathi (2003). Shakti: Multidisciplinary perspectives on women's empowerment in India. New Delhi, IN: Rawat. ISBN 81-7033-793-3.

[8] Kinsley, David (1988). Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition (1st изд.). Berkeley: University of California Press. стр. 1. ISBN 9780520908833. Приступљено 22. 4. 2016. »goddess.«

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