Kvantna hromodinamika
U teoretskoj fizici, kvantna hromodinamika (QCD) je teorija jake interakcije kvarkova i gluona, fundamentalnih čestica koje sačinjavaju kompozitne hadrone kao što su protoni, neutroni i pioni. QCD je nekomutativna gejdž kvantne teorije polja grupe simetrije SU(3). QCD analog električnog naboja je svojstvo koje se naziva boja. Gluoni su nosioci sile teorije, kao što su fotoni za elektromagnetnu silu u kvantnoj elektrodinamici. Teorija je važan deo standardnog modela fizike čestica. Veliki broj eksperimentalnih dokaza za QCD je prikupljen tokom godina.
QCD ispoljava dva glavna svojstva:
- Ograničenje boje: Ovo je posledica konstantne sile između dva obojena naboja dok su razdvajaju. Da bi se povećalo razdvajanje između dva kvarka unutar hadrona, potrebne su sve veće količine energije. Na kraju, ova energija postaje toliko velika da spontano proizvodi par kvark-antikvark, pretvarajući početni hadron u par hadrona umesto da proizvodi izolovani obojeni naboj. Iako analitički nedokazano, ograničenje boje je dobro uspostavljeno iz kalkulacija rešetki i decenija eksperimenata.[1]
- Asimptotska sloboda: postojana redukcija snage interakcija između kvarkova i gluona, kako se energetska skala tih interakcija povećava (a odgovarajuća skala dužine smanjuje). Asimptotičku slobodu QCD-a otkrili su 1973. godine Dejvid Gros i Frenk Vilček,[2] i nezavisno Dejvid Policer iste godine.[3] Za ovaj rad su njih troje podelili Nobelovu nagradu za fiziku 2004. godine.[4]
Terminologija
[уреди | уреди извор]Fizičar Mari Gel-Man je skovao reč kvark u njenom sadašnjem smislu. Reč potiče od fraze „Tri kvarka za Mаster Markа” iz knjige Finegangovo bdenje Džejmsа Džojsа.[5][6] Dana 27. juna 1978. Gel-Man je napisao privatno pismo uredniku Oksfordskog engleskog rečnika, u kojem je izjavio da je bio pod uticajem Džojsovih reči: „Aluzija na tri kvarka izgledala je savršeno.” (Originalno su bila otkrivena samo tri kvarka.)[7]
Tri vrste naboja u QCD (za razliku od jednog u kvantnoj elektrodinamici)[8][9] obično se nazivaju „obojenim nabojima” po slobodnoj analogiji sa tri boje (crvena, zelena i plava) koje ljudi mogu da vide. Osim ove nomenklature, kvantni parametar boja je potpuno nepovezan sa svakodnevnim poznatim fenomenom boje.
Sila između kvarkova je poznata kao sila boje[10][11] ili jaka interakcija, i odgovorna je za jaku nuklearnu silu.
Pošto se teorija električnog naboja naziva „elektrodinamika”, grčka reč χρῶμα hroma „boja” se koristi u teoriji obojenog naboja, „hromodinamici”.
Istorija
[уреди | уреди извор]Izumom komora sa mehurićima i varnične komore tokom 1950-ih, u eksperimentalnoj fizici čestica je otkriven veliki i stalno rastući broj čestica zvanih hadroni. Činilo se da zbog tako velikog broj čestica ne mogu sve da budu fundamentalne. Prvo su čestice klasifikovane po naelektrisanju i izospinu od strane Judžina Vignera i Vernera Hajzenberga; a zatim u periodu 1953–56,[12][13][14] po čudnosti doprinosom Mari Gel-Mana i Kazuhiko Nišijime (pogledajte Gel-Man–Nišijiminu formulu). Da bi se stekao bolji uvid, hadroni su sortirani u grupe koje imaju slične osobine i mase upotrebom osmostrukog pristupa, koji su 1961. izumeli Gel-Man[15] i Juval Ne'eman. Gel-Man i Džordž Cvejg, ispravljajući raniji pristup Šoičija Sakate, predložili su 1963. godine da se struktura grupa može objasniti postojanjem tri ukusa manjih čestica unutar hadrona: kvarkova.
Reference
[уреди | уреди извор]- ^ J. Greensite (2011). An introduction to the confinement problem. Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-14381-6.
- ^ D.J. Gross; F. Wilczek (1973). „Ultraviolet behavior of non-abelian gauge theories”. Physical Review Letters. 30 (26): 1343—1346. Bibcode:1973PhRvL..30.1343G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.30.1343.
- ^ H.D. Politzer (1973). „Reliable perturbative results for strong interactions”. Physical Review Letters. 30 (26): 1346—1349. Bibcode:1973PhRvL..30.1346P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.30.1346.
- ^ „The Nobel Prize in Physics 2004”. Nobel Web. 2004. Архивирано из оригинала 2010-11-06. г. Приступљено 2010-10-24.
- ^ Knowlton, Eloise (1998). Joyce, Joyceans, and the Rhetoric of Citation. University Press of Florida. стр. 3. ISBN 0-8130-1610-X.
- ^ Parrinder, P. (1984). James Joyce. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. стр. 210—211.
- ^ Gell-Mann, Murray (1995). The Quark and the Jaguar. Owl Books. ISBN 978-0-8050-7253-2.
- ^ Feynman, Richard (1985). QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12575-6.
- ^ P. A. M. Dirac (1927). „The Quantum Theory of the Emission and Absorption of Radiation”. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A. 114 (767): 243—65. Bibcode:1927RSPSA.114..243D. doi:10.1098/rspa.1927.0039 .
- ^ wikt:colour force
- ^ „Archived copy”. Архивирано из оригинала 2007-08-20. г. Приступљено 2007-08-29. retrieved 6 May 2017
- ^ Nakano, T; Nishijima, N (1953). „Charge Independence for V-particles”. Progress of Theoretical Physics. 10 (5): 581. Bibcode:1953PThPh..10..581N. doi:10.1143/PTP.10.581.
- ^ Nishijima, K (1955). „Charge Independence Theory of V Particles”. Progress of Theoretical Physics. 13 (3): 285—304. Bibcode:1955PThPh..13..285N. doi:10.1143/PTP.13.285.
- ^ Gell-Mann, M (1956). „The Interpretation of the New Particles as Displaced Charged Multiplets”. Il Nuovo Cimento. 4 (S2): 848—866. Bibcode:1956NCim....4S.848G. doi:10.1007/BF02748000.
- ^ Gell-Mann, M. (1961). "The Eightfold Way: A Theory of strong interaction symmetry" (No. TID-12608; CTSL-20). California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena. Synchrotron Lab (online).
Literatura
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Dodatna literatura
[уреди | уреди извор]- Frank Wilczek (2000). „QCD made simple” (PDF). Physics Today. 53 (8): 22—28. Bibcode:2000PhT....53h..22W. doi:10.1063/1.1310117.
Spoljašnje veze
[уреди | уреди извор]- Particle data group
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- Ab Initio Determination of Light Hadron Masses
- Andreas S Kronfeld The Weight of the World Is Quantum Chromodynamics
- Andreas S Kronfeld Quantum chromodynamics with advanced computing
- Standard model gets right answer
- „Quantum Chromodynamics”. arXiv:abs/hepph/9505231 Проверите вредност параметра
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