Дејвисов мореуз — разлика између измена

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[[Датотека:Map indicating Davis Strait.png|right|thumb|300px|Дејвисов пролаз, који лежи између Гренланда и Бафиновог острва у Нунавуту, Канада{{legend|#ffff66|[[Нунавут]]}}{{legend|#d5fe94|[[Квебек]]}}{{legend|#ecebb6|[[Њуфаундланд и Лабрадор]]}}{{legend|#ffffcc|Региони ван Канаде (Гренланд, Исланд)}}]]
[[Датотека:Map indicating Davis Strait.png|right|thumb|300px|Дејвисов пролаз, који лежи између Гренланда и Бафиновог острва у Нунавуту, Канада{{legend|#ffff66|[[Нунавут]]}}{{legend|#d5fe94|[[Квебек]]}}{{legend|#ecebb6|[[Њуфаундланд и Лабрадор]]}}{{legend|#ffffcc|Региони ван Канаде (Гренланд, Исланд)}}]]


'''Дејвисов пролаз''' ({{јез-енг|Davis Strait}}, {{јез-фра|Détroit de Davis}}) је морска површина између [[Гренланд]]а и [[Бафинова земља|Бафиновог острва]]. Дубина воде износи 1-2 -{km}-. Пролаз је добио име по енглеском истраживачу [[Џон Дејвис|Џону Дејвису]] (-{John Davis}-, 1550-1605) који је истраживао то подручје у потрази за [[Сјеверозападни пролаз|Сјеверозападним пролазом]] ({{јез-енгл|Northwest Passage}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Northwest%20Passage |work=[[Merriam-Webster]] Online Dictionary |title=Northwest passage}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.carc.org/whatsnew/writings/amitchell.html |title=The Northwest Passage Thawed |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |first=Alanna |last=Mitchell |date=February 5, 2000 |page=A9 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070730035434/http://www.carc.org/whatsnew/writings/amitchell.html |archive-date=July 30, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |editor1-first=L. |editor1-last=Brigham |editor2-first=V.M. |editor2-last=Santos-Pedro |editor3-first=K. |editor3-last=Juurmaa |last1=Brigham |first1=L. |last2=McCalla |first2=R. |last3=Cunningham |first3=E. |last4=Barr |first4=W. |last5=VanderZwaag |first5=D. |last6=Chircop |first6=A. |last7=Santos-Pedro |first7=V.M. |last8=MacDonald |first8=R. |last9=Harder |first9=S. |last10=Ellis |first10=B. |last11=Snyder |first11=J. |last12=Huntington |first12=H. |last13=Skjoldal |first13=H. |last14=Gold |first14=M. |last15=Williams |first15=M. |last16=Wojhan |first16=T. |last17=Williams |first17=M. |last18=Falkingham |first18=J. |display-authors=3 |title=Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment |url= http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/detect/documents/AMSA_2009_Report_2nd_print.pdf |date=2009 |publisher=[[Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment]] (PAME), [[Arctic Council]] |location=Norway |archive-date=October 16, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111016190754/http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/detect/documents/AMSA_2009_Report_2nd_print.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Østreng |first1=Willy |last2=Eger |first2=Karl Magnus |last3=Fløistad |first3=Brit |last4=Jørgensen-Dahl |first4=Arnfinn |last5=Lothe |first5=Lars |last6=Mejlænder-Larsen |first6=Morten |last7=Wergeland |first7=Tor |display-authors=3 |date=2013 |title=Shipping in Arctic Waters: A Comparison of the Northeast, Northwest and Trans Polar Passages |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |isbn=978-3642167898 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16790-4 |s2cid=41481012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=beU_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1}}</ref> Пролаз је познат по својим високим плимама, које достижу висину од 10-20 метара.
'''Дејвисов пролаз''' ({{јез-енг|Davis Strait}}, {{јез-фра|Détroit de Davis}}) је морска површина између [[Гренланд]]а и [[Бафинова земља|Бафиновог острва]].


== Опсег ==
Дубина воде износи 1-2 -{km}-. Пролаз је добио име по енглеском истраживачу [[Џон Дејвис|Џону Дејвису]] (-{John Davis}-, 1550-1605) који је истраживао то подручје у потрази за [[Сјеверозападни пролаз|Сјеверозападним пролазом]] ({{јез-енгл|Northwest Passage}}).
The [[International Hydrographic Organization]] defines the limits of the Davis Strait as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf|title=Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition|year=1953|publisher=International Hydrographic Organization|access-date=28 December 2020}}</ref>
<blockquote>
''On the North.'' The Southern limit of [[Baffin Bay]] [The parallel of [[70th parallel north|70° North]] between [[Greenland]] and [[Baffin Island|Baffin Land]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>.


''On the East.'' The Southwest coast of Greenland.
Пролаз је познат по својим високим плимама, које достижу висину од 10-20 метара.

''On the South.'' The parallel of [[60th parallel north|60° North]] between Greenland and [[Labrador]].

''On the West.'' The Eastern limit of the [[Northwest Passage|Northwestern Passages]] South of 70° North [the East coast of Baffin Island to East Bluff, its Southeastern extremity] and of [[Hudson Strait]] [A line from East Bluff, the Southeast extreme of Baffin Island ({{coord|61|53|N|65|57|W|display=inline}}), to Point Meridian, the Western extreme of [[Lower Savage Islands]], along the coast to its Southwestern extreme and thence a line across to the Western extreme of [[Resolution Island (Nunavut)|Resolution Island]], through its Southwestern shore to Hatton Headland, its Southern point, thence a line to [[Cape Chidley]], [[Labrador]] ({{coord|60|24|N|64|26|W|display=inline}})].
</blockquote>

== Геологија ==
[[File:Sisimiut-nasaasaaq-from-palasip-qaqqaa.jpg|thumb|right|250п|The coast of Davis Strait in western Greenland]]
[[File:Davis_Strait_Icebergs.jpg|thumb|лево|250п|Icebergs around [[Lady Franklin Island]], Nunavut.]]

The Davis Strait is underlain by complex geological features of buried [[graben]]s (basins) and [[ridge]]s, formed by [[strike-slip faulting]] of the [[Ungava Fault Zone]] during [[Paleogene]] times about 45 million to 62 million years ago. The strike-slip faulting transferred [[plate tectonics|plate-tectonic motions]] in the Labrador Sea to Baffin Bay. It is the world's broadest strait.

== Дубина ==
With a water depth of between one and two thousand meters the [[strait]] is substantially shallower than the [[Labrador Sea]] to the south.

==Tides==
The strait is famous for its fierce tides that can range from {{convert|30|to|60|ft|abbr=on}}, which discouraged many earlier explorers.

== Нафта и гас ==
{{main|Истраживање нафте на Арктику}}

[[US Geological Survey]] has estimated that at least 13% of the world's undiscovered oil deposits and 30% of the world's undiscovered gas pockets are located in the Arctic, with the seas around Greenland potentially holding large amounts of [[natural gas]] and lesser amounts of [[crude oil]] and [[natural gas liquids]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=1980#.VxK140dcFX4|title=90 Billion Barrels of Oil and 1,670 Trillion Cubic Feet of Natural Gas Assessed in the Arctic |publisher=US Geological Survey (USGS)|date=23 July 2008|access-date=17 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3014/pdf/FS08-3014_508.pdf|title=Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the West Greenland |publisher=US Geological Survey (USGS)|date=May 2008|access-date=17 April 2016}}</ref> This has led [[Parliament of Greenland|Greenland's minister and provincial council]] to offer a large number of off-shore concessions to potential hydrocarbon (oil and gas) extraction. The largest concessions areas are located in seas west of Greenland, primarily the Davis Strait and [[Baffin Bay]], but with several smaller concessions in the [[Greenland Sea]] in the east also.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nunatsiaqonline.ca/stories/article/65674greenland_pushing_ahead_with_oil_and_gas_development|title=Greenland pushing ahead with oil and gas development |publisher=Nunatsiaq News|newspaper=Nunatsiaq Online|author=Lisa Gregoire|date=15 May 2014|access-date=17 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.govmin.gl/petroleum/current-licences|title=Current Licences|publisher=Bureau of Mineral and Petroleum (Greenland)|access-date=17 April 2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513100736/https://www.govmin.gl/petroleum/current-licences|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.govmin.gl/images/stories/minerals/maps/Licenskort%20Feb%202016_A4.pdf|title=Map of exclusive hydrocarbon licences|publisher=Bureau of Mineral and Petroleum (Greenland)|date=February 2016|access-date=17 April 2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513114708/https://www.govmin.gl/images/stories/minerals/maps/Licenskort%20Feb%202016_A4.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.govmin.gl/petroleum/approved-activities|title=Approved Hydrocarbon Activities|publisher=Bureau of Mineral and Petroleum (Greenland)|date=31 October 2015|access-date=17 April 2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513132103/https://www.govmin.gl/petroleum/approved-activities|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Референце ==
{{reflist}}


== Литература ==
== Литература ==
Ред 18: Ред 46:
* {{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.04.005|pmid=16753186|title=Marine plastic debris in northern fulmars from Davis Strait, Nunavut, Canada|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|volume=52|issue=7|pages=813–815|year=2006|last1=Mallory|first1=Mark L.|last2=Roberston|first2=Gregory J.|last3=Moenting|first3=Alissa}}
* {{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.04.005|pmid=16753186|title=Marine plastic debris in northern fulmars from Davis Strait, Nunavut, Canada|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|volume=52|issue=7|pages=813–815|year=2006|last1=Mallory|first1=Mark L.|last2=Roberston|first2=Gregory J.|last3=Moenting|first3=Alissa}}
* Ross, W. Gillies. ''Arctic Whalers, Icy Seas Narratives of the Davis Strait Whale Fishery''. Toronto, Canada: Irwin Pub, (1985) {{ISBN|0-7725-1524-7}}
* Ross, W. Gillies. ''Arctic Whalers, Icy Seas Narratives of the Davis Strait Whale Fishery''. Toronto, Canada: Irwin Pub, (1985) {{ISBN|0-7725-1524-7}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Gulas |first1=Sarah |last2=Downton |first2=Mitchell |last3=D'Souza |first3=Kareina |last4=Hayden |first4=Kelsey |last5=Walker |first5=Tony R. |title=Declining Arctic Ocean oil and gas developments: Opportunities to improve governance and environmental pollution control |journal=Marine Policy |date=January 2017 |volume=75 |pages=53–61 |doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2016.10.014 }}
* {{cite web | last = Josephine | first = Mason | title = Greenland Will Offer Oil, Gas Concessions Next Year-Minister | publisher = Rigzone | date = 31 October 2017 | url = http://www.rigzone.com/news/wire/greenland_will_offer_oil_gas_concessions_next_yearminister-31-oct-2017-152277-article/ | access-date = 2017-10-31}}
* {{cite web
| last = United States Geological Survey
| first = (USGS)
| title = 90 Billion Barrels of Oil and 1,670 Trillion Cubic Feet of Natural Gas Assessed in the Arctic
| publisher = USGS
|date = July 27, 2008
| url = https://www.usgs.gov/media/audio/90-billion-barrels-oil-and-1670-trillion-cubic-feet-natural-gas-assessed-arctic
| access-date = 2008-08-12}}
* {{cite web
| last = MOUAWAD
| first = JAD
| title = Oil Survey Says Arctic Has Riches
| work = New York Times
| date = July 24, 2008
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/24/business/24arctic.html
}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.petroleumnews.com/pntruncate/347702651.shtml
|title=USGS: 25% Arctic oil, gas estimate a reporter's mistake
|publisher=Petroleum News
|author=Alan Bailey
|volume=12
|issue=42
|date=October 21, 2007
|access-date=2008-07-24
}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/russia/article/0,,2113289,00.html?gusrc=rss&feed=networkfront | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=Kremlin lays claim to huge chunk of oil-rich North Pole | first=Luke | last=Harding | date=June 28, 2007 | access-date=May 22, 2010}}
* {{cite web |last=Allagui |first=Slim |date=July 16, 2006 |title=Greenland Makes Oil Companies Melt |url=http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Greenland_Makes_Oil_Companies_Melt_999.html |access-date=2008-08-31 |publisher=Agence France-Presse}}
* {{Cite web |title=Cairn Energy Abandons Second Well on West Coast of Greenland |url=https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/cairn-energy-abandons-well-greenland/}}
* {{Cite web |title=Greenland Bans All Future Oil Exploration Citing Climate Concerns |date=16 July 2021 |url=https://time.com/6080933/greenland-bans-oil-exploration/}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Christiansen |first=Flemming G. |date=2021 |title=Greenland petroleum exploration history: Rise and fall, learnings, and future perspectives |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355715452 |journal=Resources Policy |volume=74 |page=102425 |doi=10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102425 |s2cid= |via=ResearchGate}}
* [http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/us/bp_us_english/STAGING/local_assets/downloads/a/A03_prudhoe_bay_fact_sheet.pdf Prudhoe Bay Fact Sheet] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326112358/http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/us/bp_us_english/STAGING/local_assets/downloads/a/A03_prudhoe_bay_fact_sheet.pdf |date=2009-03-26 }}.
* [http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/energy/coal-oil-gas/everything-you-need-to-know-about-shell-oil-and-arctic-offshore-drilling-in-alaska-10720112?click=pm_news Everything You Need to Know About Shell Oil and Arctic Offshore Drilling in Alaska]
* [http://www.adn.com/2012/10/03/2649594/shell-starts-exploratory-drilling.html Shell starts exploratory drilling in Beaufort Sea] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006134644/http://www.adn.com/2012/10/03/2649594/shell-starts-exploratory-drilling.html |date=2012-10-06 }}
* {{Cite news|url=http://fuelfix.com/blog/2013/04/10/conocophillips-puts-arctic-drilling-plans-on-ice/|title=ConocoPhillips puts Arctic drilling plans on ice|date=2013-04-10|work=Fuel Fix|access-date=2017-06-30|language=en-US}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/conocophillips-chukchi-idUSL2N0CX1FJ20130410|title=UPDATE 2-In about-turn, Conoco shelves Alaskan Arctic drilling plan|date=10 April 2013|work=Reuters|access-date=2017-06-30}}
* [http://www.adn.com/2012/10/11/2657646/official-pledges-support-for-arctic.html Interior Dept. official pledges continued support for Arctic drilling] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012191704/http://www.adn.com/2012/10/11/2657646/official-pledges-support-for-arctic.html |date=2012-10-12 }}
* {{Cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-34377434 |title = Shell stops Arctic oil exploration|work = BBC News|date = 2015-09-28}}
* {{Cite web | url=https://www.adn.com/business-economy/energy/2016/10/04/caelus-claims-world-class-offshore-arctic-oil-discovery-that-could-among-alaskas-biggest/ | title=Caelus claims Arctic oil discovery that could rank among Alaska's biggest ever| date=2016-10-04}}
* {{Cite web |title=Assessment 2007: Oil and Gas Activities in the Arctic - Effects and Potential Effects. Volume 1 {{!}} AMAP |url=https://www.amap.no/documents/doc/assessment-2007-oil-and-gas-activities-in-the-arctic-effects-and-potential-effects.-volume-1/776 |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=www.amap.no |language=en-GB}}
* {{Cite web |title=United States-Canada Joint Arctic Leaders' Statement December 20, 2016 |url=https://pm.gc.ca/en/news/statements/2016/12/20/united-states-canada-joint-arctic-leaders-statement |website=Prime Minister of Canada|date=20 December 2016 }}
* {{Cite web |last=Program for the Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment (PAME) |date=May 2021 |title=Status of Offshore Oil and Gas Activities and Regulatory Initiatives in the Arctic |url=https://www.pame.is/projects-new/resource-exploration-and-development/redeg-current-projects-2021-2023/455-status-of-offshore-oil-and-gas-activities-in-the-arctic |website=pame.is}}
* {{cite book |last=Berton |first=Pierre |title=The Arctic Grail: The Quest for the North West Passage and the North Pole, 1818-1909 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JSI2cgof41kC&pg=PP1 |date=1988 |publisher=Doubleday Canada |isbn=978-0-385-67362-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Day|first=Alan|title=Historical Dictionary of the Discovery and Exploration of the Northwest Passage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q20QAJEDcScC&pg=PP1|year=2006|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6519-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Griffiths |first=Franklyn |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=kDA3XNEiCH4C&pg=PP1 |title=Politics of the Northwest Passage |location=Kingston |publisher=McGill–Queen's University Press |date=1987 |isbn=0-7735-0613-6}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Robinson |first=J. Lewis |title=Northwest Passage |orig-year=August 12, 2013 |date=March 4, 2015 |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |publisher=[[Historica Canada]] |edition=online |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/northwest-passage}}
* {{cite book|last=Waterman|first=Jonathan|title=Arctic Crossing: A Journey Through the Northwest Passage and Inuit Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wz4TOgAACAAJ&pg=PP1|year=2001|publisher=Random House Canada|isbn=978-0-679-31090-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Williams|first=Glyndwr|title=Voyages of Delusion: The Quest for the Northwest Passage|url=https://archive.org/details/voyagesofdelusio00glyn|url-access=registration|year=2003|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-09866-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Edinger|first=Ray|title=Fury Beach|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-QlS9b3FggC&pg=PP1|year=2003|publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-425-19604-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Neatby|first=Leslie H.|title=In Quest of the North West Passage|url=https://archive.org/details/inquestofnorthwe0000neat|url-access=registration|year=1958|publisher=Longmans, Green}} Illustrated with black&white photos and reproductions and with maps (some fold to open out).
* {{cite book|editor-last=Rundall|editor-first=Thomas|title=Narratives of voyages towards the north-west in search of a passage to Cathay and India, 1496 to 1631|url=https://archive.org/details/cihm_42233|year=1849|publisher=Hakluyt Society|isbn=9780665422331}}
* {{cite book|last=Scholefield|first=E.O.S.|chapter=Chapter II: Apocryphal Voyages|title=British Columbia from the Earliest Times to the Present|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/britishcolumbiaf01schouoft/page/18|year=1914|publisher=S. J. Clarke Publishing Company|pages=18–31}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}

== Спољашње везе ==
{{Commons category|Davis Strait}}
* [http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/gallery/individual.php?db_date=2005-06-21 June 2005 satellite photograph of Davis Strait] from [[MODIS]], showing meltwater ponds
* Murray, A. 2006. ''Arctic offers chilly welcome''. E&P, December, 2006 [http://www.woodmac.com/energy/arcticvideo "Arctic Video"]
* [https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.1169467 "Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas in the Arctic"] ''Science'' 29 May 2009: Vol. 324 no. 5931 pp.&nbsp;1175–1179 {{doi|10.1126/science.1169467}}


{{Светско море}}
{{Светско море}}

Верзија на датум 24. март 2023. у 02:45

Дејвисов пролаз, који лежи између Гренланда и Бафиновог острва у Нунавуту, Канада
  Региони ван Канаде (Гренланд, Исланд)

Дејвисов пролаз (енгл. Davis Strait, франц. Détroit de Davis) је морска површина између Гренланда и Бафиновог острва. Дубина воде износи 1-2 km. Пролаз је добио име по енглеском истраживачу Џону Дејвису (John Davis, 1550-1605) који је истраживао то подручје у потрази за Сјеверозападним пролазом (енгл. Northwest Passage).[1][2][3][4] Пролаз је познат по својим високим плимама, које достижу висину од 10-20 метара.

Опсег

The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Davis Strait as follows:[5]

On the North. The Southern limit of Baffin Bay [The parallel of 70° North between Greenland and Baffin Land].

On the East. The Southwest coast of Greenland.

On the South. The parallel of 60° North between Greenland and Labrador.

On the West. The Eastern limit of the Northwestern Passages South of 70° North [the East coast of Baffin Island to East Bluff, its Southeastern extremity] and of Hudson Strait [A line from East Bluff, the Southeast extreme of Baffin Island (61° 53′ N 65° 57′ W / 61.883° С; 65.950° З / 61.883; -65.950), to Point Meridian, the Western extreme of Lower Savage Islands, along the coast to its Southwestern extreme and thence a line across to the Western extreme of Resolution Island, through its Southwestern shore to Hatton Headland, its Southern point, thence a line to Cape Chidley, Labrador (60° 24′ N 64° 26′ W / 60.400° С; 64.433° З / 60.400; -64.433)].

Геологија

The coast of Davis Strait in western Greenland
Icebergs around Lady Franklin Island, Nunavut.

The Davis Strait is underlain by complex geological features of buried grabens (basins) and ridges, formed by strike-slip faulting of the Ungava Fault Zone during Paleogene times about 45 million to 62 million years ago. The strike-slip faulting transferred plate-tectonic motions in the Labrador Sea to Baffin Bay. It is the world's broadest strait.

Дубина

With a water depth of between one and two thousand meters the strait is substantially shallower than the Labrador Sea to the south.

Tides

The strait is famous for its fierce tides that can range from 30 to 60 ft (9,1 to 18,3 m), which discouraged many earlier explorers.

Нафта и гас

US Geological Survey has estimated that at least 13% of the world's undiscovered oil deposits and 30% of the world's undiscovered gas pockets are located in the Arctic, with the seas around Greenland potentially holding large amounts of natural gas and lesser amounts of crude oil and natural gas liquids.[6][7] This has led Greenland's minister and provincial council to offer a large number of off-shore concessions to potential hydrocarbon (oil and gas) extraction. The largest concessions areas are located in seas west of Greenland, primarily the Davis Strait and Baffin Bay, but with several smaller concessions in the Greenland Sea in the east also.[8][9][10][11]

Референце

  1. ^ „Northwest passage”. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 
  2. ^ Mitchell, Alanna (5. 2. 2000). „The Northwest Passage Thawed”. The Globe and Mail. стр. A9. Архивирано из оригинала 30. 7. 2007. г. 
  3. ^ Brigham, L.; McCalla, R.; Cunningham, E.; et al. (2009). Brigham, L.; Santos-Pedro, V.M.; Juurmaa, K., ур. Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment (PDF) (Извештај). Norway: Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment (PAME), Arctic Council. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 16. 10. 2011. г. 
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