Љубичица

Za druge upotrebe pogledajte stranicu Ljubičice (višeznačna odrednica).

„Viola (rod)” preusmerava ovde. Za ostale upotrebe pogledajte stranicu Viola (višeznačna odrednica).

Viola
Viola tricolor
Naučna klasifikacija
Carstvo:	Plantae
Divizija:	Magnoliophyta
Klasa:	Magnoliopsida
Red:	Malpighiales
Porodica:	Violaceae
Rod:	Viola
Vrste
videti spisak vrsta ljubičica

Ljubičica (lat. Viola) rod je dikotiledonih skrivenosemenica iz porodice ljubičica (Violaceae). Obuhvata oko 500 vrsta, uglavnom rasprostranjenih u severnim umerenim predelima Zemlje (Holarktik) (severna Zemljina polulopta). Mogu se naći i u veoma udaljenim mestima, kao što su Havaji, Australija i Andi u Južnoj Americi. Ljubičice su uglavnom višegodišnje zeljaste biljke, sa cvetovima zanimljive arhitekture i boja, usled čega se mnoge vrste uzgajaju kao ukrasne. Ime roda ukazuje na najčešću boju kruničnih listića cveta — ljubičastu.

Opis

Stablo je poleglo, visine od 5 do 10 cm, rastu u grmu. Listovi su grupisani u rozetu, smešteni na kratkim ili dužim drškama. Vrste ljubičice obično imaju srcolike listove, nazubljene po obodu, a postoje vrste sa složenim, ili listovima drugog oblika. Veći broj vrsta ljubičica su zeljaste biljke. Listovi su neizmenični.

Divlja ljubičica (Viola odorata)

Cvetovi su zigomorfni. Cvetovi nisu grupisani u cvast, veličine do 2 cm i nalaze se na dugačkim drškama. Čašica petolista, po cvetanju ne opada. Njeni listići su izduženo-lancetasti zašiljeni. Dva donja duža od ostalih. Krunica sa pet slobodnih listića. Vršni listovi nešto veći od srednjih iste su boje, ali nešto tamniji bez dlačica u osnovi. Srednji pokrivaju vršne i pri dnu imaju dlačice. Donja latica obično drugačije boje od ostalih i nosi ostrugu. Prašnika pet, tučak sinkarpan iz tri karpele.

Cvetanje ljubičice najčešće je u proleće i privlače mnoge Insekte, uglavnom mrave intenzivnim mirisom.

Boje cvetova su različite od ljubičaste (po imenu) preko raznih tonova plave, žute, pa čak i bele boje.

Plod je čaura veličine oko 7mm bez nastavaka koja sadrži seme puno proteina.

Rasejavanje i razmnožavanje

Rasejavanje se obavlja insektima, dok se razmnožava semenom i vegetativnim delovima biljke.

Areal rasprostranjenja

Autohtono raste na prostoru Azije i Evrope.

Stanište

Česta je u svetlim listopadnim šumama, livadama, kamenjarima i šikarama, u dvorištima, u hladu ili na otvorenom staništu.

Upotreba

Listovi se pre svega koriste u industriji parfema. Bogati su vitaminom C i pigmentom karotenom, pa se koriste za salatu ili supu, dok se list, cvet i koren mogu koristiti za pravljenje čaja, kod upale gornjih disajnih puteva.

Galerija

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  Ljubičica, cvet
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  Ljubičica, cvet
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Literatura

Knjige

• Armitage, Allan M. (1. 5. 2008) [1989]. „Viola”. Herbaceous Perennial Plants: A Treatise on their Identification, Culture, and Garden Attributes (3rd izd.). Cool Springs Press. str. 1038ff. ISBN 978-1-61058-380-0. (additional excerpts)
• Ballard, Harvey E; Paula-Souza, Juliana de; Wahlert, Gregory A (2013). „Violaceae”. Ur.: Kubitzki, Klaus. Flowering Plants. 11 Eudicots: Malpighiales. Springer Science & Business Media. str. 303—322. ISBN 978-3-642-39417-1. (Also preview at Springer)
• Becker, Wilhelm (1925) [1887–1915]. „Viola”. Ur.: Engler, Adolf; Prantl, Karl. Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten, insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen, unter Mitwirkung zahlreicher hervorragender Fachgelehrten (na jeziku: German). 21 (2nd izd.). Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. str. 363—376. CS1 održavanje: Neprepoznat jezik (veza)
• Cronquist, Arthur (1981). An integrated system of classification of flowering plants. New York: Columbia University Press. str. 404. 
• Cullen, James, ur. (2001). Handbook of North European Garden Plants: With Keys to Families and Genera. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00411-4. 
• Walters, S M (2011) [1984]. „Viola Linnaeus”. Ur.: Cullen, James; Knees, Sabina G.; Cubey, H. Suzanne. The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification of Plants Cultivated in Europe, Both Out-of-Doors and Under Glass. Vol IV Aquifoliaceae - Hydropyhllacea (2nd izd.). Cambridge University Press. str. 102—107. ISBN 978-0-521-76160-4. 
• Davidson, Alan (2014). „Violet”. The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-967733-7. , see also The Oxford Companion to Food
• Gershoy, A (1934). Studies in North American violets. III. Chromosome numbers and species characters. Bulletin no. 367. Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station. 
• Maxwell, Catherine (2017). „Perfumed melodies, Violet memories: Scent and remembrance in the nineteenth century”. Scents and Sensibility: Perfume in Victorian Literary Culture. OUP Oxford. str. 66—84. ISBN 978-0-19-100521-3. (additional excerpts as e-book)
• Robuchon, Joël, ur. (1997). „Violette”. Larousse gastronomique. Larousse. str. 1106. ISBN 978-2-03-560227-5. , (see also Larousse Gastronomique)
• Rendle, Alfred Barton (1925). The Classification of Flowering Plants: Volume 2, Dicotyledons. CUP Archive. ISBN 978-0-521-06057-8. (Full text available at BHL)
• Walters, Dirk R.; Keil, David J. (1996). Vascular Plant Taxonomy (4th izd.). Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-7872-2108-9. , (also available at Google Books)

Istorijski izvori

• Batsch, August Johann Georg Karl (1802). „Violariae”. Tabula affinitatum regni vegetabilis, quam delineavit, et nunc ulterius adumbratam (na jeziku: latinski). Weimar: Landes-Industrie-Comptoir. str. 57—59. 
• Bentham, G.; Hooker, J.D. (1862). „Violarieae”. Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita (3 vols.). 1. London: L Reeve & Co. str. 114—121. 
• de Candolle, A. P. (1824—1873). „Violarieae”. Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis, sive, Enumeratio contracta ordinum generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarium, juxta methodi naturalis, normas digesta 17 vols. 1. Paris: Treuttel et Würtz. str. 287—316. 
• Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de (1789). „Cisti: Viola”. Genera plantarum: secundum ordines naturales disposita, juxta methodum in Horto regio parisiensi exaratam, anno M.DCC.LXXIV (na jeziku: latinski). Paris. str. 294. OCLC 5161409. 
• de Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste; de Candolle, AP (1815) [1805]. „Violaceae”. Flore française ou descriptions succinctes de toutes les plantes qui croissent naturellement en France disposées selon une nouvelle méthode d'analyse; et précédées par un exposé des principes élémentaires de la botanique (na jeziku: francuski). IV(2) (3rd izd.). Paris: Desray. str. 801−810.  (Latin Index page 931)
• Lindley, John (1853) [1846]. „Violaceae”. The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system (3rd. izd.). London: Bradbury & Evans. str. 338−339. 
• Linnaeus, Carl (1753). „Viola”. Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas. 2. Stockholm: Impensis Laurentii Salvii. str. 933—937. , see also Species Plantarum

Publikacije

• Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C. (novembar 1972). „Physiological Ecology of Germination of Viola rafinesquii”. American Journal of Botany. 59 (10): 981—988. JSTOR 2441480. doi:10.2307/2441480. }
• Batista, Francisco; Sosa, Pedro A. (31. 10. 2002). „Allozyme Diversity in Natural Populations of Viola palmensis Webb & Berth. (Violaceae) from La Palma (Canary Islands): Implications for Conservation Genetics”. Annals of Botany. 90 (6): 725—733. PMC 4240367 . PMID 12451028. doi:10.1093/aob/mcf256. 
• Beattie, A. J. (mart 1971). „Pollination Mechanisms in Viola”. New Phytologist. 70 (2): 343—360. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1971.tb02533.x. 
• Beattie, A. J.; Lyons, N. (avgust 1975). „Seed Dispersal in Viola (Violaceae): Adaptations and Strategies”. American Journal of Botany. 62 (7): 714—722. JSTOR 2442060. doi:10.2307/2442060. 
• Clausen, Jens (1964). „Cytotaxonomy and distributional ecology of western North American violets”. Madroño. 17 (6): 173—197. ISSN 0024-9637. JSTOR 41423141. , also at BHL
• Culley, Theresa M.; Grubb, Thomas C. (1. 10. 2003). „Genetic effects of habitat fragmentation in Viola pubescens (Violaceae), a perennial herb with chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers”. Molecular Ecology. 12 (11): 2919—2930. PMID 14629373. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01971.x. 
• Culley, Theresa M.; Klooster, Matthew R. (januar 2007). „The Cleistogamous Breeding System: A Review of Its Frequency, Evolution, and Ecology in Angiosperms”. The Botanical Review. 73 (1): 1—30. doi:10.1663/0006-8101(2007)73[1:TCBSAR]2.0.CO;2. 
• Culley, T. M.; Sbita, S. J.; Wick, A. (13. 3. 2007). „Population Genetic Effects of Urban Habitat Fragmentation in the Perennial Herb Viola pubescens (Violaceae) using ISSR Markers”. Annals of Botany. 100 (1): 91—100. PMC 2735295 . PMID 17556381. doi:10.1093/aob/mcm077. 
• Culver, David C.; Beattie, Andrew J. (mart 1978). „Myrmecochory in Viola: Dynamics of Seed-Ant Interactions in Some West Virginia Species”. The Journal of Ecology. 66 (1): 53—72. JSTOR 2259181. doi:10.2307/2259181. 
• Elisafenko, T. V. (19. 8. 2015). „Features of seed germination in different ecological groups of the species of the section Violidum, subgenus Nomimium, genus Viola L. (Violaceae)”. Contemporary Problems of Ecology. 8 (4): 523—533. doi:10.1134/S199542551504006X. 
• Freitas, L.; Sosa, M. (19. 12. 2002). „Floral Biology and Pollination Mechanisms in Two Viola Species-From Nectar to Pollen Flowers?”. Annals of Botany. 91 (3): 311—317. PMC 4244963 . PMID 12547683. doi:10.1093/aob/mcg025. 
• Hildebrandt, U.; Kaldorf, M.; Bothe, H. (maj 1999). „The Zinc Violet and its Colonization by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi”. Journal of Plant Physiology. 154 (5–6): 709—717. doi:10.1016/S0176-1617(99)80249-1. 
• Kopper, Brian J.; Charlton, Ralph E.; Margolies, David C. (2000). „Oviposition Site Selection by the Regal Fritillary, Speyeria idalia, as Affected by Proximity of Violet Host Plants”. Journal of Insect Behavior. 13 (5): 651—665. doi:10.1023/A:1007887809621. 
• Łańcucka-Środoniowa, Maria (1979). „Macroscopic plant remains from the freshwater Miocene of the Nowy Sącz Basin (West Carpathians, Poland)”. Acta Palaeobotanica. 20 (1): 3—117. 
• Lord, E. M. (oktobar 1981). „Cleistogamy: A tool for the study of floral morphogenesis, function and evolution”. The Botanical Review. 47 (4): 421—449. JSTOR 4353990. doi:10.1007/BF02860538. 
• Park, Sungkyu; et al. (2017). „Cyclotide evolution: Insights from the analyses of their precursor sequences, structures and distribution in Violets (Viola)”. Frontiers in Plant Science. 8: 92—110. PMC 5741643 . PMID 29326730. doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.02058. 
• Saint-Hilaire, Auguste (1824). „Tableau monographique des plantes de la flore du Brésil méridional appartenant au groupe (classe Br.) qui comprend qui comprend les Droséracées, les Violacées, les Cistinées et les Frankenicées: Violacées”. Annales du museum national d'histoire naturelle (na jeziku: francuski). 72: 445—498. 
• Shuey, John; Jacquart, Ellen; Orr, Stuart; Becker, Fiona; Nyberg, Alyssa; Littiken, Robert; Anchor, Ted; Luchik, Derek (9. 9. 2016). „Landscape-scale response to local habitat restoration in the regal fritillary butterfly (Speyeria idalia) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)”. Journal of Insect Conservation. 20 (5): 773—780. doi:10.1007/s10841-016-9908-4. 
• Thiele, Kevin R; Prober, Suzanne M (2003). „New species and a new hybrid in the Viola hederacea species complex, with notes on Viola hederacea Labill.”. Muelleria. 18: 7—25. 
• Tikhomirov, V. N (2015). „A revision of the genus Viola section Plagiostigma (Violaceae) in Republic of Belarus.”. Botanicheskiĭ Zhurnal (na jeziku: ruski). 100 (5): 490—500. Arhivirano iz originala 17. 03. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 02. 08. 2020. 
• Yockteng, R.; Jr Ballard, H. E.; Mansion, G.; Dajoz, I.; Nadot, S. (1. 11. 2003). „Relationships among pansies ( Viola section Melanium ) investigated using ITS and ISSR markers”. Plant Systematics and Evolution. 241 (3–4): 153—170. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.721.5590 . JSTOR 23645153. doi:10.1007/s00606-003-0045-7. 
• Wahlert, Gregory A.; Marcussen, Thomas; de Paula-Souza, Juliana; Feng, Min; Ballard, Harvey E. (1. 3. 2014). „A Phylogeny of the Violaceae (Malpighiales) Inferred from Plastid DNA Sequences: Implications for Generic Diversity and Intrafamilial Classification”. Systematic Botany. 39 (1): 239—252. doi:10.1600/036364414X678008. 
• Watson, John M.; Flores, R. (2003). „A new name in section Andinium W.becker of the genus Viola L. (Violaceae)”. Gayana. Botánica. 60 (2). doi:10.4067/S0717-66432003000200009 . 
• Watson, John M.; Flores, Ana R.; Arroyo-Leuenberger, Silvia C. (25. 3. 2019). „A new Viola (Violaceae) from the Argentinian Andes”. Willdenowia. 49 (1): 35. doi:10.3372/wi.49.49105 . 
• Watson, John; Watson, Anita (jesen 2012). „Fire and Ice: Rosulate Viola Evolution Part One – The Stage is Set” (PDF). North American Rock Garden Society Quarterly. 70 (4): 360—366. 
• Yoo, Ki-Oug; Jang, Su-Kil (novembar 2010). „Infrageneric relationships of Korean Viola based on eight chloroplast markers”. Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 48 (6): 474—481. doi:10.1111/j.1759-6831.2010.00102.x . 
• Zhou, J. S.; et al. (2008). „Viola nanlingensis (Violaceae), a new species from Guangdong, southern China” (PDF). Annales Botanici Fennici. 45 (3): 233—36. doi:10.5735/085.045.0312. 

Filogenija i taksonomija

• Ballard, Harvey E.; Sytsma, Kenneth J. (oktobar 2000). „Evolution And Biogeography Of The Woody Hawaiian Violets (Viola, Violaceae): Arctic Origins, Herbaceous Ancestry And Bird Dispersal” (PDF). Evolution. 54 (5): 1521—1532. PMID 11108581. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00698.x. 
• Ballard, Harvey E.; Sytsma, Kenneth J.; Kowal, Robert R. (oktobar 1998). „Shrinking the Violets: Phylogenetic Relationships of Infrageneric Groups in Viola (Violaceae) Based on Internal Transcribed Spacer DNA Sequences” (PDF). Systematic Botany. 23 (4): 439. JSTOR 2419376. doi:10.2307/2419376. 
• Ballard, Harvey E; Iltis, Hugh H (2012). „Viola lilliputana sp. nov. (Viola sect. Andinium, Violaceae), one of the world's smallest violets, from the Andes of Peru”. Brittonia. 64 (4): 353—358. doi:10.1007/s12228-012-9238-0. 
• Chervin, Justine; Talou, Thierry; Audonnet, Marjorie; Dumas, Bernard; Camborde, Laurent; Esquerré-Tugayé, Marie-Thérèse; Roux, Christophe; Cabanac, Guillaume; Marti, Guillaume (jul 2019). „Deciphering the phylogeny of violets based on multiplexed genetic and metabolomic approaches” (PDF). Phytochemistry. 163: 99—110. PMID 31035059. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.04.001. 
• Danihelka, Jiří; et al. (decembar 2010). „Viola montana and V. persicifolia (Violaceae): Two names to be rejected”. Taxon. 59 (6): 1869—1878. JSTOR 41059881. doi:10.1002/tax.596019. 
• Fan, Qiang; Chen, Sufang; Wang, Longyuan; Chen, Zaixiong; Liao, Wenbo (4. 2. 2015). „A new species and new section of Viola (Violaceae) from Guangdong, China”. Phytotaxa. 197 (1): 15. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.197.1.2 . 
• Gingins, F de (1823). „Mémoires sur la Famille des Violacees”. Memoires de la Société de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Genève. 2 (1): 1—27. 
• Gonzáles, Paúl; Cano, Asunción (2. 11. 2016). „Two new species of Viola (Violaceae) named in honor of preceding Peruvian botanists”. Phytotaxa. 283 (1): 83—90. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.283.1.6. 
• Magrini, Sara; Scoppola, Anna (13. 10. 2015). „Further studies in Viola Sect. Melanium (Violaceae). Identity and typification of Viola nana and V. henriquesii, two neglected European Atlantic taxa” (PDF). Phytotaxa. 230 (3): 259. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.230.3.4. 
• Małobęcki, Andrzej; Marcussen, Thomas; Bohdanowicz, Jerzy; Migdałek, Grzegorz; Słomka, Aneta; Kuta, Elżbieta (septembar 2016). „Cleistogamy and phylogenetic position of Viola uliginosa (Violaceae) re-examined”. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 182 (1): 180—194. doi:10.1111/boj.12460 . 
• Marcussen, Thomas; Oxelman, Bengt; Skog, Anna; Jakobsen, Kjetill S (2010). „Evolution of plant RNA polymerase IV/V genes: evidence of subneofunctionalization of duplicated NRPD2/NRPE2-like paralogs in Viola (Violaceae)”. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10 (1): 45. PMC 2834690 . PMID 20158916. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-45. 
• Marcussen, Thomas; Jakobsen, Kjetill S.; Danihelka, Jiří; Ballard, Harvey E.; Blaxland, Kim; Brysting, Anne K.; Oxelman, Bengt (januar 2012). „Inferring Species Networks from Gene Trees in High-Polyploid North American and Hawaiian Violets (Viola, Violaceae)”. Systematic Biology. 61 (1): 107—126. PMC 3243738 . PMID 21918178. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syr096 . 
• Marcussen, Thomas; Heier, Lise; Brysting, Anne K.; Oxelman, Bengt; Jakobsen, Kjetill S. (januar 2015). „From Gene Trees to a Dated Allopolyploid Network: Insights from the Angiosperm Genus Viola (Violaceae)”. Systematic Biology. 64 (1): 84—101. PMC 4265142 . PMID 25281848. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syu071 . 
• Ning, Z. L.; et al. (2012). „Viola jinggangshanensis (Violaceae), a new species from Jiangxi, China” (PDF). Annales Botanici Fennici. 49 (5): 383—86. doi:10.5735/085.049.0610. 
• Mohammadi Shahrestani, Maryam; Saeidi Mehrvarz, Shahryar; Marcussen, Thomas; Yousefi, Narjes (5. 8. 2014). „Taxonomy and comparative anatomical studies of Viola sect. Sclerosium (Violaceae) in Iran”. Acta Botanica Gallica. 161 (4): 343—353. doi:10.1080/12538078.2014.932702 . 
• Whang, Sung Soo (31. 12. 2002). „A taxonomic study of Viola section Chamaemelanium in Korea-based on morphological characters”. Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy. 32 (4): 397—416. doi:10.11110/kjpt.2002.32.4.397. 
• Wittrock, Veit Brecher (1892—1897). „Viola-studier I. Morfologisk-biologiska och systematiska studier öfver Viola tricolor (L.) och hennes närmare anförvandter”. Acta Horti Bergiani: Meddelanden Från Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Trädgård Bergielund (na jeziku: švedski). 2 (1). (also available here at BHL)
• — (1892—1897a). „Viola-studier II. Bidrag till de odlade penséernas historia med särskild hänsyn till deras härkomst”. Acta Horti Bergiani: Meddelanden Från Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Trädgård Bergielund (na jeziku: švedski). 2 (7). (also available here at BHL)

Enciklopedije

• Hosch, William L. (23. 4. 2008). Viola. Encyclopædia Britannica. Pristupljeno 6. 3. 2020. 
• „Violet”. Encyclopædia Britannica (na jeziku: engleski) (11 izd.). 1911. 
•  „Violets”. The New Student's Reference Work. 1914. 

Spoljašnje veze

• Viola charlestonensis type sheet from Louis-Marie herbarium (Laval University; Isotype, holotype is at University of California).
• „Viola”. BioLib: Biological library. 2019. Pristupljeno 28. 2. 2020.  (taxonomy)
  • „Viola capillaris Pers.”. Pristupljeno 19. 3. 2020. 
• „American Violet Society”. 2007. Arhivirano iz originala 19. 02. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 1. 3. 2020. 
• „Viola 'Little David' (Vtta)”. Plants. Royal Horticultural Society. 2020. Pristupljeno 4. 3. 2020. 
• „Viola 'Königin Charlotte' (Vt)”. Plants. Royal Horticultural Society. 2020. Pristupljeno 4. 3. 2020. 
• „Violet, Common Blue (Viola papilionacea)”. Voyageur Country: Flowering plants. 2020. Arhivirano iz originala 10. 03. 2012. g. Pristupljeno 6. 3. 2020. 
• „Natural history and research on Viola cazorlensis”. Alonso-Herrera Lab. Spanish National Research Council (CSIC). Arhivirano iz originala 05. 02. 2021. g. Pristupljeno 10. 3. 2020. 
• Kelly, R.O.; Deng, Z.; Harbaugh, B.K. (oktobar 2007). „Evaluation of Viola Cultivars as Bedding Plants for Florida” (PDF). Electronic Data Information Source (EDIS). Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Pristupljeno 25. 3. 2020. 
• „AGM Plants (Ornamental)” (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. novembar 2018. str. 109—110. Pristupljeno 26. 3. 2020. 

Baze podataka

• WFO (2019). „Viola L.”. World Flora Online. Pristupljeno 27. 2. 2020. 
• POTWO. „Viola L.”. Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Pristupljeno 6. 3. 2020. 
• IPNI. „Viola L., Genera Plantarum ed. 5 (1754)”. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Pristupljeno 7. 3. 2020. 
• Little, R. John; McKinney, Landon E. (2003). „Viola”. Flora of North America. New York: Oxford University Press. Pristupljeno 1. 3. 2020. 
• Paula-Souza, Juliana de; Ballard, Harvey E. (2009). „Neotropical Violaceae”. Neotropikey: Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Arhivirano iz originala 12. 11. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 18. 4. 2020. 
• Fu, Kunjun; Ohba, Hideaki; Gilbert, Michael G. (2004). „Viola Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 933. 1753”. str. 72, 74. Pristupljeno 3. 3. 2020. , (in Flora of China online vol. 13)
• Karlsson, Thomas; Marcussen, Thomas, ur. (2010). „Viola L.”. Flora Nordica 6. Arhivirano iz originala 04. 04. 2018. g. Pristupljeno 02. 08. 2020. 
• „Viola Horticultural Classification”. RHS Plant Finder: Genus. Royal Horticultural Society. 2009. Arhivirano iz originala 8. 7. 2009. g. Pristupljeno 4. 3. 2020. 
• „Violaceae”. Wikibooks: Flora of New York. Wikimedia. Pristupljeno 4. 3. 2020. 

Slike

• Rein, Pasi; Repo, Paula. „Violaceae”. Walking routes in Spain - Plants. Arhivirano iz originala 04. 03. 2016. g. Pristupljeno 28. 2. 2020. 
• „Violaceae”. Wild herbs and Alpine Plants, Japan. Flavon's Art Gallery. 2020. Pristupljeno 28. 2. 2020. 
• „Violaceae”. Botanische-spaziergaenge: Bilder von Österreichs Flora (na jeziku: nemački). Pristupljeno 1. 3. 2020. 
• „Violets (Genus Viola)”. iNaturalist. National Geographic Society. Pristupljeno 2. 3. 2020.  includes maps