Masturbacija
Masturbacija je samozadovoljenje polnog nagona. Sastoji se u vlastitom draženju erogenih zona, što je praćeno polnim uzbuđenjem i orgazmom.[1][2][3] Najčešće se vrši u pubertetu. Upražnjavaju je i muškarci i žene. Stimulacija može uključivati ruke, prste, svakodnevne predmete, seksualne igračke poput vibratora, ili njihove kombinacije.[1][2] Međusobna masturbacija je masturbacija sa seksualnim partnerom,[3][4] i može uključivati ručnu stimulaciju genitalija partnera (prstima ili šakom),[4] ili se može koristiti kao oblik nepenetrirajućeg seksa.[5]
Termin onanija potiče iz Biblije u kojoj se spominje Onanov greh. U današnjem smislu odnosi se na samozadovoljavanje, odnosno aktivnost erotskog samostimulisanja koja dovodi do genitalnog orgazma bez stvarnog prisustva partnera. Često je praćena osećanjem krivice što je uticalo na formiranje nekih pedagoških i medicinskih mišljenja o njenoj škodljivosti. Psihoanaliza je otkrila da se ovaj fenomen javlja u najranijem detinjstvu kao „infantilna onanija” što se kasnije može nastaviti kao posledica fantazma, ali bez onih posledica koje su ranije eksplicitno isticane od zdravstvenih i pedagoških radnika.
Masturbacija je česta kod oba pola i u bilo kom dobu. Razne medicinske i psihološke koristi pripisane su zdravom odnosu prema seksualnoj aktivnosti uopšte, a posebno masturbaciji. Nije poznata uzročno-posledična veza između masturbacije i bilo kog oblika mentalnog ili fizičkog poremećaja.[6][7][8][9] U zapadnom svetu se samozadovoljavanje privatno ili sa partnerom obično smatra normalnim i zdravim delom seksualnog uživanja.
Masturbacija je u umetnosti prikazana još od praistorije, a o njoj se govori i diskutuje u vrlo ranim spisima. U 18. i 19. veku su neki evropski teolozi i lekari to opisivali kao „gnusno“, „žalosno“ i „odvratno“, ali tokom 20. veka ovi tabui su uglavnom manje učestali. Povećava se zastupljenost rasprava i prikazivanje masturbacije u umetnosti, popularnoj muzici, televiziji, filmovima i literaturi. Danas se religije razlikuju u pogledima na masturbaciju; neki to smatraju duhovno štetnom praksom, neki to smatraju duhovno nepovoljnim, a drugi zauzimaju situaciono stanovište. Pravni status masturbacije takođe se menjao kroz istoriju, i masturbacija u javnosti je ilegalna u većini zemalja.[10] Životinjska masturbacija primećena je kod mnogih vrsta, kako u divljini, tako i u zatočeništvu.[11][12][13]
Etimologija[uredi | uredi izvor]
Reč masturbacija uvedena je u 18. veku, na osnovu latinskog glagola masturbari, zajedno sa nešto ranijim onanizmom. Latinski glagol masturbari je neizvesnog porekla. Predloženi izvodi uključuju neovedočenu reč za penis, *mazdo, srodnu grčkom μέζεα mézea 'genitalije', ili alternativno, korupciju neatestiranog *manu stuprare („skrnaviti rukom“), asocijacijom na turbare „uznemiravati“.[14][15]
Terminologija[uredi | uredi izvor]
Iako je masturbacija formalna reč za ovu praksu, mnogi drugi izrazi su u uobičajenoj upotrebi. Uobičajeni su termini poput igranja sa sobom, samozadovoljavanja i slenga kao što su drkanje,[16] onanisanje,[17]. Samozloupotreba i samozagađivanje bili su česti u ranom modernom dobu i još uvek se nalaze u modernim rečnicima. Postoji čitav niz drugih eufemizama i disfemizama koji opisuju masturbaciju. Za spisak pojmova pogledajte unos za masturbaciju u Vikirečniku.
Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]
- ^ a b Robinson, Jennifer (4. 3. 2010). „Masturbation – Is Masturbation Normal or Harmful? Who Masturbates? Why Do People Masturbate?”. WebMD. Pristupljeno 17. 8. 2011.
- ^ a b Lehmiller JJ (2017). The Psychology of Human Sexuality. John Wiley & Sons. str. 402. ISBN 978-1-119-16470-8. „Masturbation refers to all solo forms of self-stimulation focusing on the genitals. Masturbation practices vary widely depending upon the individual's body and personal preferences. For instance, masturbation among women may involve manipulation of the clitoris and labia, stimulation of the breasts, or vaginal penetration with a sex toy. [...] Among men, masturbation most frequently involves using one or both hands to stimulate the penis. Of course, men sometimes utilize sex toys too (e.g., masturbation sleeves, butt-plugs, etc.).”
- ^ a b Nadal KL (2017). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Psychology and Gender. SAGE. str. 1123. ISBN 978-1-4833-8427-6. „Masturbation is the act of touching or otherwise stimulating one's own body, particularly one's genitals, for the purpose of sexual pleasure and/or orgasm. The term is most commonly used to describe solitary masturbation, in which people provide themselves with sexual stimulation while they are physically alone. Mutual masturbation is when two or more people manually stimulate their own body or each other's bodies.”
- ^ a b Bruess CE, Schroeder E (2013). Sexuality Education Theory And Practice. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. str. 151. ISBN 978-1-4496-4928-9.
- ^ Upton D (2014). Nursing & Health Survival Guide: Health Promotion. Routledge. str. 52. ISBN 978-1-317-90617-9.
- ^ Coleman, Eli (2012) [2002]. Bockting, Walter O.; Coleman, Eli, ur. Masturbation as a Means of Achieving Sexual Health (PDF). New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. str. 7. ISBN 978-0-7890-2047-5. OCLC 50913590. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 2015-07-22. g. „Despite the scientific evidence indicating that masturbation is generally a normal variant of sexual expression and that it does not seem to have a causal relationship with sexual pathology, negative attitudes about masturbation persist and it remains stigmatized.”
- ^ Slap, MD, Gail B.; Cataldo, RN, Laura Jean (7. 6. 2011). „Masturbation”. Ur.: Longe, Jacqueline L. The Gale Encyclopedia of Children's Health: Infancy Through Adolescence. 4 (Second izd.). Detroit, Mich.: Cengage Gale. str. 1404. ISBN 978-1-4144-8641-3. OCLC 712621295.
- ^ Messer, Drew C.; Walker, C. Eugene (6. 12. 2012) [2003]. „Masturbation”. Ur.: Ollendick, Thomas H.; Schroeder, Carolyn S. Encyclopedia of Clinical Child and Pediatric Psychology. Boston, MA: Springer Science & Business Media. str. 359. ISBN 978-1-4615-0107-7. OCLC 913623298. Note: Messer's and Walker's article cannot be protected by copyright.
- ^ Hansen, J.K.; Balslev, T. (novembar 2009) [2008]. „Hand activities in infantile masturbation: a video analysis of 13 cases”. European Journal of Paediatric Neurology. 13 (6): 508—10. ISSN 1090-3798. PMID 19010071. doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2008.10.007. „Infantile masturbation is considered a variant of normal behaviour.”
- ^ Hallikeri, Vinay R.; Gouda, Hareesh S.; Aramani, Sunil C.; Vijaykumar, A.G.; Ajaykumar, T.S. (2010). „MASTURBATION—AN OVERVIEW”. Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology. 27 (2): 46—49. ISSN 0971-1929. Arhivirano iz originala 21. 8. 2016. g. „Today, masturbatory act is considered as a healthy practice when done in private and an offence if done in the public in most of the countries.”
- ^ Poiani, Aldo (19. 8. 2010). Animal Homosexuality: A Biosocial Perspective. Cambridge University Press. str. 232—235, 394. ISBN 978-1-139-49038-2.
- ^ „Breeding Soundness Examination of the Stallion”. Petplace.com. 2014-12-10. Arhivirano iz originala 5. 9. 2011. g. Pristupljeno 29. 5. 2011.
- ^ Bagemihl, Bruce (1999). Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity
. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-19239-6. Pristupljeno 21. 10. 2015. „(masturbate OR masturbation).”
- ^ Dally, Peter (1975). The Fantasy Factor. George Weidenfeld and Nicolson Limited. str. 135. ISBN 978-0-297-76945-3.
- ^ OED, s.v. masturbation(potrebna pretplata)
- ^ Darby, Robert (1. 9. 2004). „A Post-Modernist Theory of Wanking: Solitary Sex: A Cultural History of Masturbation. By Thomas Laqueur (New York: Zone Books, 2003. 501pp.)”. Journal of Social History. Oxford University Press (OUP). 38 (1): 205—210. ISSN 0022-4529. S2CID 142231558. doi:10.1353/jsh.2004.0083.
- ^ Shamans Sex Beasts and Abuse: Mother-Son Relationships in Popular and Cult Cinema. Charles Jason Lee. Film International, May 2005
Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Ovaj članak ili njegov deo izvorno je preuzet iz Rečnika socijalnog rada Ivana Vidanovića uz odobrenje autora.
- DeMartino, Manfred F. (1979). Human Autoerotic Practices. New York: Human Sciences Press. ISBN 978-0-87705-373-6.
- Dodson, Betty (1974). Liberating Masturbation: A Meditation on Self Love. Bodysex Designs. ASIN B001TNSX4C.
- Hurlbert, David Farley; Whittaker, Karen Elizabeth (1991). „The Role of Masturbation in Marital and Sexual Satisfaction: A Comparative Study of Female Masturbators and Nonmasturbators”. Journal of Sex Education & Therapy. 17 (4): 272—282. doi:10.1080/01614576.1991.11074029.
- Marcus, Irwin M. (1975). Masturbation: From Infancy to Senescence. New York: International Universities Press. ISBN 978-0-8236-3150-6.
- Theobald, Stephanie (2018). Sex Drive. London: Unbound Press. ISBN 978-1-78352-681-9.
- Messer, Drew C.; Walker, C. Eugene (6. 12. 2012) [2003]. „Masturbation” (PDF). Ur.: Ollendick, Thomas H.; Schroeder, Carolyn S. Encyclopedia of Clinical Child and Pediatric Psychology. Boston, MA: Springer Science & Business Media. str. 359—360. ISBN 978-1-4615-0107-7. OCLC 913623298. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 4. 4. 2020. g. Note: Messer's and Walker's article cannot be protected by copyright.
- Winks C (1997). The New Good Vibrations Guide to Sex. Cleis Press. str. 132. ISBN 1573440698.
- Rathus SA, Nevid JS, Fichner-Rathus L (2005). Human sexuality in a world of diversity. Allyn & Bacon. str. 275. ISBN 0205406157.
- Bruess CE, Schroeder E (2013). Sexuality Education Theory And Practice. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. str. 151. ISBN 978-1449649289.
- Winks C (1997). The New Good Vibrations Guide to Sex. Cleis Press. str. 57, 60. ISBN 1573440698.
- Upton D (2014). Nursing & Health Survival Guide: Health Promotion. Routledge. str. 52. ISBN 978-1317906179.
- O'Connell HE, Sanjeevan KV, Hutson JM (oktobar 2005). „Anatomy of the clitoris”. The Journal of Urology. 174 (4 Pt 1): 1189—95. PMID 16145367. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000173639.38898.cd. Generalni sažetak – BBC News (11. 6. 2006).
- Wayne Weiten; Dana S. Dunn; Elizabeth Yost Hammer (2011). Psychology Applied to Modern Life: Adjustment in the 21st Century. Cengage Learning. str. 386. ISBN 978-1-111-18663-0. Pristupljeno 5. 1. 2012.
- Sex and Society, Volume 2. Marshall Cavendish Corporation. Marshall Cavendish Corporation. 2009. str. 590. ISBN 978-0761479079. Pristupljeno 17. 8. 2012.
- Kammerer-Doak, Dorothy; Rogers, Rebecca G. (jun 2008). „Female Sexual Function and Dysfunction”. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 35 (2): 169—183. PMID 18486835. doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2008.03.006. „Most women report the inability to achieve orgasm with vaginal intercourse and require direct clitoral stimulation ... About 20% have coital climaxes...”
Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Fox, Douglas (16. 7. 2003). „Masturbating may protect against prostate cancer”. New Scientist. Pristupljeno 19. 1. 2020.
- Robson, David (1. 4. 2009). „Masturbation could bring hay fever relief for men”. New Scientist. Pristupljeno 19. 1. 2020.
- Masturbation: Questions and Answers, McKinley Health Center, © The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois, 2008.
- Do You Masturbate Too Much? na sajtu YouTube (Prof. Debby Herbenick for Men's Health)
- Masturbation PSA. Masturbation Is A Personal Choice na sajtu YouTube (University of Guelph students enrolled in FRHD 4200 Issues in Human Sexuality created Public Service Announcement (PSA) on the health benefits of masturbation.)
- Masturbation PSA. Masturbation - There Is No Shame In Loving Yourself.Group 5.mov na sajtu YouTube
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