Haplogrupa R1a
(preusmereno sa Хаплогрупа R1a1)
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U ljudskoj genetici, Haplogrupa R1a1 (M17) je haplogrupa Y hromozoma koja se može naći širom Evroazije.
U Evropi njena najveća učestalost je nađena u centralnoj i istočnoj Evropi. Najviše je zastupljena u Poljskoj i Mađarskoj (56%-60%), Ukrajini (54% ili 44%) i Rusiji, gde svaki drugi muškarac ima ovu grupu. U Mađarskoj su pronađene kontradiktorne učestalosti, jednom od 60% a jednom od 20%. Relativno visoka učestalost je takođe nađena kod Lužičkih Srba (63%) u istočnoj Nemačkoj i u severnoj Evropi (od toga najviše je zabeleženo 23% na Islandu).
Poreklo[uredi | uredi izvor]
Veruje se da su prvi nosioci R1a1 haplotipa bili ljudi koji su živeli pre oko 15.000 godina. Usled nomadskog načina života, gen se širio po Evroazijskim stepama. Savremene teorije ističu da je gen u bliskoj vezi sa ljudima Proto-indo-evropskog govornog područja. Niska je zastupljenost R1a1 haplotipa među ljudima zapadnoevropske Indo-evropske govorne grupe.
Njena učestalost ukazuje da je R1a1 haplogrupa nastala među precima Balto-Slovena istočne i centralne Evrope.
Evropa[uredi | uredi izvor]
R1a1 haplogrupa se može naći svuda u Evropi, sa najvećom učestalošću u Poljskoj. Dva glavna pravca u kojima se ova grupa širila jeste od istoka ka zapadu kao i radijalno sa Balkana.
Poznati predstavnici haplogrupe R1a[uredi | uredi izvor]
1. Istraživač Nikola Tesla, subklad R1a-M458.
2. Dinastija Arpad u Mađarskoj, subklad R1a-Z2123, SUR51.
Veza sa ostalim haplogrupama[uredi | uredi izvor]
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Fusnote
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R1a1 je podgrupa Haplogrupe R (M207).
- Haplogrupa R (M207)
- Haplogrupa R1 (M173)
- Haplogrupa R1a (SRY10831.2-)
- Haplogrupa R1a1 (M17)
- R1a1a M56
- R1a1b M157
- R1a1c M64.2, M87 ref
- Haplogrupa R1a*
- Haplogrupa R1a1 (M17)
- Haplogrupa R1b (M343)
- Haplogrupa R1a (SRY10831.2-)
- Haplogrupa R2 (M124)
- Haplogrupa R1 (M173)
U vezi je sa Haplogrupom R1b (M343), koja je dominantna u zapadnoj Evropi, a u nešto daljoj vezi sa Haplogrupom R2 (M124).
Učestalost[uredi | uredi izvor]
Evropa[uredi | uredi izvor]
| N | *R1 | R1a1 | izvor | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lužički Srbi | 112 | - | 63.39 | 2 | |
| Mađari | 45 | 13.3 | 60.0 | 1 | ?-14 |
| Poljaci | 55 | 16.4 | 56.4 | 1,14 | |
| Ukrajinci | 50 | 2.0 | 54.0 | 1,14 | |
| Belorusi | 306 | 2 | 50.98 | ?-14 | |
| Rusi | 122 | 7.0 | 47.0 | 14 | |
| Belorusi | - | - | 46 | 4 | |
| Belorusi | 41 | 10.0 | 39.0 | 14 | |
| Ukrajinci | - | - | 44 | 3 | ? |
| Ukrajinci (Raškovo) | 53 | - | 41.5 | 10 | ? |
| Rusi (sever) | 49 | 0 | 43 | 5 | |
| Letonci | 34 | 15.0 | 41.0 | 14 | |
| Udmurti | 43 | 11.6 | 37.2 | 1 | |
| Pomorci | 28 | 0 | 36 | 5 | |
| Makedonci | 20 | 10.0 | 35.0 | 1 | |
| Moldavci (Karahasan) | 72 | - | 34.7 | 10 | |
| Hrvati | - | - | 34 | 15e | |
| Litvanci | 38 | 6 | 34 | 14 | |
| Hrvati | 58 | 10.3 | 29.3 | 1 | |
| Englezi (Orkni) | 26 | 65 | 27 | 5 | |
| Gagauzes (Etulia) | 41 | - | 26.8 | 10 | |
| Česi i Slovaci | 45 | 35.6 | 26.7 | 1,14 | |
| Norvežani | 83 | - | 26.5 | 13 | |
| žitelji Bosne i Hercegovine | - | - | 25 | 15e | |
| Islanđani | 181 | 41.4 | 23.8 | 14 | |
| Norvežani | 87 | - | 21.69 | 2 | |
| Moldavci (Sofija) | 54 | - | 20.4 | 10 | |
| Rumuni | 54 | 20.4 | 10 (Buhusi, Piatra-Neamt) | ||
| Mađari | 45 | 13.3 | 20.4 | 14 | |
| Orkandijci | 71 | 66.0 | 19.7 | 14 | |
| Šveđani (sever) | 48 | 23.0 | 19.0 | 14 | |
| Šveđani | 110 | 20.0 | 17.3 | 14 | |
| Danci | 12 | 41.7 | 16.7 | 14 | |
| Hercegovci | - | - | 15 | 15e | |
| Mari | 46 | 0 | 13.0 | 1 | |
| Nemci | 88 | - | 12.50 | 2 | |
| Nemci | 48 | 47.9 | 8.1 | 14 | |
| Grci | 76 | 27.6 | 11.8 | 1 | |
| Albanci | 51 | 17.6 | 9.8 | 1 | |
| Albanci | - | - | 10 | 15e | |
| Sami | 24 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 1 | |
| Englezi (Ajsl of Men) | 62 | 15 | 8 | 11 | |
| Grci | - | - | 8 | 15e | |
| Englezi (Orkni) | 121 | 23 | 7 | 11 | ?? 7% <> 23% *5 |
| Englezi | 309 | - | ~7 | 13 (vidi reference) | |
| Gruzijci | 63 | 14.3 | 7.9 | 1 | |
| Turci | - | - | 7 | 15e | |
| Turci | 30 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 1 | |
| Englezi (Šetland) | 63 | 17 | 6 | 11 | |
| Englezi (Čipenhem) | 51 | 16 | 6 | 11 | |
| Englezi (Kornvol) | 52 | 25 | 6 | 11 | |
| Holanđani | 27 | 70.4 | 3.7 | 1 | |
| Nemci | 16 | 50.0 | 6.2 | 1 | |
| Italijani (centar/sever zemlje) | 50 | 62.0 | 4.0 | 1 | |
| Italijani | - | - | 3 | 15e | |
| Britanci | ~1000 | - | ~4 | 11 | |
| Irci | 222 | 81.5 | 0.5 | 14 | |
| Kalabrezi | 37 | 32.4 | 0 | 1 | |
| Sardinijci | 77 | 22.1 | - | 1 | |
| Britanci | 25 | 72 | 0 | 5 | |
| Poljaci | 913 | - | - | 9 | |
| Nemci | 1215 | - | - | 9 | |
| Dniester-Carpathian | - | - | 50.06 | 10 | |
| Gagauzes (Kongaz) | 48 | - | 12.5 | 10 |
(prazno polje / - = nema podataka) (? = razlike u setu podataka, [?-x]:= ^x=# izvor)
- 1 https://web.archive.org/web/20031125151213/http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/Science_2000_v290_p1155.pdf
- 2 https://web.archive.org/web/20070701013556/http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/Levite%20paper.pdf
- 3 http://www.springerlink.com/content/r60m403330h204l0/[mrtva veza]
- 4 http://www.springerlink.com/content/n2883j06628r5515/[mrtva veza]
- 9 http://www.springerlink.com/content/w75j6048545350g5/[mrtva veza]
- 10 http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/archive/00005868/01/Varzari_Alexander.pdf Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (12. jun 2007)
- 11 http://www.ucl.ac.uk/tcga/tcgapdf/capelli-CB-03.pdf, tabela 1, više podataka % < 6
- 13 http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/19/7/1008.pdf
- 14 http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/22/10/1964/TBL1 + (15-ti - primarni izvori?)
- 15e http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/22/10/1964#FIG5
N *R1 R1a1 izvor Sorbi 112 - 63.39 Behar et al (2003)[1] Mađari 45 13.3 60.0 Semino et al (2000)[2] 113 20.4 Pericic et al (2005)[3] Poljaci 55 16.4 56.4 Semino et al (2000),[2] Pericic et al (2005)[3] Ukrajinci 50 2.0 54.0 Semino et al (2000),[2] Pericic et al (2005)[3] Belarusian 306 50.98 Behar et al (2003)[1] ?- Pericic et al (2005)[3] Rusi 122 7.0 47.0 Pericic et al (2005)[3] Belorusi - 46 4 Belorusi 41 10.0 39.0 Pericic et al (2005)[3] Ukrajinci - 44 3 ? Ukrajinci (Raškovo) 53 41.5 10 ? Rusi (sever) 49 0 43 5 Latvian 34 15.0 41.0 Pericic et al (2005)[3] Udmurt 43 11.6 37.2 Semino et al (2000)[2] Pomorci 28 0 36 5 Makedonci 20 10.0 35.0 Semino et al (2000)[2] Moldavijci (Karašan) 72 34.7 10 Litvanci 38 6 34 Pericic et al (2005)[3] Hrvati 58 10.3 29.3 Semino et al (2000)[2] Englezi (Orkni) 26 65 27 5 Gagauzes (Etulia) 41 26.8 10 Česi i Slovaci 45 35.6 26.7 Semino et al (2000)[2] ,14 Norvežani 83 26.5 13 Islanđani 181 41.4 23.8 Pericic et al (2005)[3] Norvežani 87 21.69 Behar et al (2003)[1] Moldavci (Sofija) 54 20.4 10 Rumuni 54 20.4 10 (Buhusi, Piatra-Neamt) Mađari 45 13.3 20.4 Pericic et al (2005)[3] Orcandin 71 66.0 19.7 Pericic et al (2005)[3] Šveđani (sever) 48 23.0 19.0 Pericic et al (2005)[3] Šveđani 110 20.0 17.3 Pericic et al (2005)[3] Danci 12 41.7 16.7 Pericic et al (2005)[3] Mari 46 0 13.0 Semino et al (2000)[2] Nemci 88 12.50 Behar et al (2003)[1] Nemci 48 47.9 8.1 Pericic et al (2005)[3] Grci 76 27.6 11.8 Semino et al (2000)[2] Albanci 51 17.6 9.8 Semino et al (2000)[2] Saami 24 8.3 8.3 Semino et al (2000)[2] Englezi (Ajsl of Men) 62 15 8 Capelli et al (2003)[4] Englezi (Orkni) 121 23 7 Capelli et al (2003)[4] ?? 7% <> 23% *5 Englezi 309 ~7 13 see references Gruzijci 63 14.3 7.9 Semino et al (2000)[2] Turci 30 6.6 6.6 1 Englezi (Šetland) 63 17 6 Capelli et al (2003)[4] Englezi (Čipenhem) 51 16 6 Capelli et al (2003)[4] Englezi (Kornvol) 52 25 6 Capelli et al (2003)[4] Holanđani 27 70.4 3.7 Semino et al (2000)[2] Nemci 16 50.0 6.2 Semino et al (2000)[2] Italijani (centar/sever zemlje) 50 62.0 4.0 Semino et al (2000)[2] Britanci ~1000 ~4 Capelli et al (2003)[4] Irci 222 81.5 0.5 Pericic et al (2005)[3] Kalabrezi 37 32.4 0 Semino et al (2000)[2] Sardinijci 77 22.1 Semino et al (2000)[2] Britanci 25 72 0 5 Poljaci 913 9 Nemci 1215 9 Dniester-Carpathian - 50.06 10 Gagauzes (Kongaz) 48 12.5 10
(prazno polje / - = nema podataka) (? = razlike u setu podataka, [?-x]:= ^x=# izvor)
- 1 https://web.archive.org/web/20031125151213/http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/Science_2000_v290_p1155.pdf
- 2 https://web.archive.org/web/20070701013556/http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/Levite%20paper.pdf
- 3 http://www.springerlink.com/content/r60m403330h204l0/[mrtva veza]
- 4 http://www.springerlink.com/content/n2883j06628r5515/[mrtva veza]
- 9 http://www.springerlink.com/content/w75j6048545350g5/[mrtva veza]
- 9 http://www.springerlink.com/content/w75j6048545350g5/[mrtva veza]
- 10 http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/archive/00005868/01/Varzari_Alexander.pdf Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (12. jun 2007)
- 11 http://www.ucl.ac.uk/tcga/tcgapdf/capelli-CB-03.pdf, tabela 1, više podataka % < 6
- 13 http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/19/7/1008.pdf
- 14 http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/22/10/1964/TBL1 + (15-ti - primarni izvori?)
Azija[uredi | uredi izvor]
N *R1 R1a1(%) Sr. Published
[Ishkashimi]] 25 4 68 5 Spencer Wells,2001
[Tajiks]] - 64 6
[Tajiks]]/Khojant 22 64 5 Spencer Wells,2001
[Tajiks]]/Dushanbe 16 19 5 Spencer Wells,2001
[Tajiks]]/Samarkand 40 25 5 Spencer Wells,2001
[Kyrgyz]] 52 2 63 5 Spencer Wells,2001
Tashkent IE 69 7 47 ? India Upper Caste 86 - 45.35 8 Sourasthran 46 0 39 5 Spencer Wells,2001 Abkhazians 12 8 33 7 Nasidze,2004 Chenchus (India-Darv.) - - 26 12 Kazan Tatar 38 3 24 5 Spencer Wells,2001 Saami 23 9 22 5 Spencer Wells,2001 Iran (Tehran) 24 4 4 5 Spencer Wells,2001 Iran (Tehran) 80 8 20 7 Nasidze,2004 Iran (Isfahan) 50 0 18 7 Nasidze,2004 Pakistan ?? 85 1.10 16.47 8 ? Pakistan 175 0.57 24.43 8 ? Pakistan south 91 0 31.87 8 ? India 728 0 15.8 8 ? India 325 0.3 27 12 ? Tuvian 42 2 14 5 Spencer Wells,2001(*5) Abazinians 14 0 14 7 Nasidze,2004(*7) Turks 39 31 13 7 Nasidze,2004(*7) Georgians 77 10 10 7 Nasidze,2004(*7) Kurd 17 29 12 5 Spencer Wells,2001(*5) Nenets 54 4 11 5 Spencer Wells,2001(*5) Syrian 20 15 10 1 Lebanese 31 6.4 9.7 1 Turkmen 37 36 9 ? Turkmen 30 37 7 5 Spencer Wells,2001(*5) Lezgi(S.Caucasus) 12 17 8 7 Nasidze,2004(*7) Svans 25 0 8 7 Nasidze,2004(*7) Azerbaijanians 72 11 7 7 Nasidze,2004(*7) Armenians 100 19 6 7 Nasidze,2004(*7) Armenians 47 36 9 5 Spencer Wells,2001(*5) S.Ossetians 17 12 6 5 Spencer Wells,2001(*5) Kazaks 54 6 4 5 Spencer Wells,2001(*5) Chechenians 19 0 5 7 Nasidze,2004(*7) Kallar Darvidian 84 0 4 5 Spencer Wells,2001(*5) Mongolian 24 0 4 5 Spencer Wells,2001(*5) Ossetians (Ardon) 28 0 4 7 Nasidze,2004(*7) Kazbegi 25 8 4 7 Nasidze,2004(*7) India Darvidian (Tribal) 180 - 2.78 8 Kabardinians 59 2 2 7 Nasidze,2004(*7) Lezgi(Dagestan) 25 4 0 7 Nasidze,2004(*7) Oseetians (Digora) 31 0 0 7 Nasidze,2004(*7) Rutulians 24 0 0 7 Nasidze,2004(*7) Darginians 26 4 0 7 Nasidze,2004(*7) Ingushians 22 0 0 7 Nasidze,2004(*7) Cambodia 6 0 0 8 ? China 127 0 0 8 Japan 23 0 0 8 Siberia 18 0 0 8 ?
Publications:
- (*5) http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/98/18/10244.pdf[5]
- (*6) http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/issues/v71n3/023927/023927.web.pdf[mrtva veza][6]
- (*7) https://web.archive.org/web/20110608081424/http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/pdf/Caucasus_big_paper.pdf[7]
- (*8) http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/issues/v78n2/42812/42812.html[mrtva veza] table 5, 6 & 7[8]
- (*12) T. Kivisild & all, http://evolutsioon.ut.ee/publications/Kivisild2003b.pdf Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (27. jun 2007) Fig3 more detailed data for regions, but no caste[9]
Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]
- ^ a b v g Behar, DM; et al. (2003). „Multiple Origins of Ashkenazi Levites: Y Chromosome Evidence for Both Near Eastern and European Ancestries”. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 73 (4): 768—779. PMC 1180600
. PMID 13680527. doi:10.1086/378506.
- ^ а б в г д ђ е ж з и ј к л љ м н њ Semino, O; Passarino G, Oefner PJ (2000), „The genetic legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in extant Europeans: A Y chromosome perspective”, Science, 290 (5494): 1155—1159, Bibcode:2000Sci...290.1155S, PMID 11073453, doi:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155
- ^ а б в г д ђ е ж з и ј к л љ м н Pericić, M.; Lauc, LB; Klarić, IM; Rootsi, S; Janićijević, B; Rudan, I; Terzić, R; Colak, I; et al. (2005). „High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of southeastern Europe traces major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populations”. Mol. Biol. Evol. 22 (10): 1964—75. PMID 15944443. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi185.
- ^ a b v g d đ Capelli, C; Redhead, N; Abernethy, JK; Gratrix, F; Wilson, JF; Moen, T; Hervig, T; Richards, M; et al. (2003). „A Y Chromosome Census of the British Isles”. Current Biology. 13 (11): 979—84. PMID 12781138. S2CID 526263. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00373-7. Arhivirano iz originala 21. 01. 2008. g. Pristupljeno 23. 03. 2018. also at „University College London” (PDF).
- ^ Wells, R. S.; Yuldasheva, N; Ruzibakiev, R; Underhill, PA; Evseeva, I; Blue-Smith, J; Jin, L; Su, B; et al. (2001). „The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity”. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 (18): 10244—9. Bibcode:2001PNAS...9810244W. PMC 56946 . PMID 11526236. doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098 .
- ^ Zerjal, T; Beckman, L; Beckman, G; Mikelsaar, AV; Krumina, A; Kucinskas, V; Hurles, ME; Tyler-Smith, C (2001). „Geographical, linguistic, and cultural influences on genetic diversity: Y-chromosomal distribution in Northern European populations”. Mol Biol Evol. 18 (6): 1077—1087. PMID 11371596. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003879.
- ^ 2004[mrtva veza] I. Nasidze & all "Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Variation in the Caucasus" Nasidze, I.; Ling, E. Y. S.; Quinque, D.; Dupanloup, I.; Cordaux, R.; Rychkov, S.; Naumova, O.; Zhukova, O.; Sarraf‐Zadegan, N.; Naderi, G. A.; Asgary, S.; Sardas, S.; Farhud, D. D.; Sarkisian, T.; Asadov, C.; Kerimov, A.; Stoneking, M. (2004). „Mitochondrial DNA and Y‐Chromosome Variation in the Caucasus”. Annals of Human Genetics. 68 (3): 205—221. PMID 15180701. S2CID 27204150. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00092.x.
- ^ Sengupta, S; Zhivotovsky, LA; King, R; Mehdi, SQ; Edmonds, CA; Chow, CE; Lin, AA; Mitra, M; et al. (2006). „Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists”. American Journal of Human Genetics. 78 (2): 202—21. PMC 1380230 . PMID 16400607. doi:10.1086/499411.
- ^ 2003 T. Kivisild "The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations" Am. J. Hum. Genet. 72:313–332, 2003
Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Map of R1a Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (23. oktobar 2015)
- Spread of R1a1, from the Genographic Project, National Geographic
| Normativna kontrola: Ljudi |
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