Helena Blavacki
Helena Blavacki | |
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Datum rođenja | 31. jul 1831. |
Mesto rođenja | Jekaterinoslav, Ruska Imperija |
Datum smrti | 26. april 1891.59 god.) ( |
Mesto smrti | London, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo |
Roditelji | Peter Hahn Elena Andreyevna Fadeyeva |
Deo serijala o |
Teozofiji |
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Helena Petrovna Blavacki (devojačko Hahn von Rottenstern; 12. avgust 1831 – 8. maj 1891), često poznata kao Madam Blavacki, bila je ruski mistik i pisac. Ona je suosnivač Teozofskog društva 1875. godine. Stekla je međunarodnu prepoznatljivost kao vodeći teoretičar teozofije.
Biografija[uredi | uredi izvor]
Rođena je u aristokratskoj porodici Fon Rotenhana u Jekaterinoslavu, tada u Ruskoj Imperiji (sada Dnjepar u Ukrajini). Blavacka je kao dete mnogo putovala po carstvu. U velikoj meri bila je samoobrazovana. Razvila je interesovanje za zapadni ezoterizam tokom tinejdžerskih godina. Prema njenim kasnijim tvrdnjama, 1849. godine je krenula na niz svetskih putovanja, i posetila je Evropu, Ameriku i Indiju. Takođe je tvrdila da je tokom ovog perioda naišla na grupu duhovnih adepta, „majstora drevne mudrosti“, koji su je poslali u Šigatse, Tibet, gde su je obučili da razvije dublje razumevanje sinteze religije, filozofije i Nauka.
I savremeni kritičari i kasniji biografi su tvrdili da su neke ili sve ove inostrane posete bile fiktivne i da je ona provela ovaj period u Evropi. Do ranih 1870-ih, Blavacka je bila uključena u Spiritualistički pokret; iako je branila istinsko postojanje spiritualističkih fenomena, ona se zalagala protiv glavne duhovne ideje da su entiteti sa kojima se kontaktira bili duhovi mrtvih. Preselivši se u SAD 1873. godine, sprijateljila se sa Henrijem Stilom Olkotom i privukla pažnju javnosti kao duhovni medij. Tada su se pojavile i javne optužbe za prevaru.
Godine 1875, u Njujorku, Blavacka je zajedno sa Olkotom i Vilijamom Kvan Džadžom osnovala Teozofsko društvo. Godine 1877. objavila je Isis Unveiled, knjigu koja opisuje njen teozofski pogled na svet. Povezujući je blisko sa ezoteričnim doktrinama hermetizma i neoplatonizma, Blavacka je opisala teozofiju kao „sintezu nauke, religije i filozofije“, proglašavajući da ona oživljava „Drevnu Mudrost“ koja leži u osnovi svih svetskih religija. Godine 1880. ona i Olkot su se preselili u Indiju, gde je Društvo bilo u savezu sa Arija Samajem, hinduističkim reformskim pokretom. Iste godine, dok su bili na Cejlonu, ona i Olkot su postali prvi ljudi iz Sjedinjenih Američkih Država koji su formalno prešli na budizam.[1]
Iako joj se protivila britanska kolonijalna administracija, teozofija se brzo širila u Indiji, ali su nastali problemi nakon što je Blavacka bila optužena da kreira lažne paranormalne pojave. U teškom zdravstvenom stanju, 1885. godine vratila se u Evropu, gde je osnovala ložu Blavacka u Londonu. Ovde je objavila Tajnu doktrinu, komentar na ono što je tvrdila da su drevni tibetanski rukopisi, kao i dve dalje knjige, Ključ teozofije i Glas tišine. Umrla je od gripa 1891. godine.
Blavacka je tokom svog života bila kontroverzna ličnost, koju su pristalice zagovarale kao prosvećenog Mudraca, a kritičari su je ismevali kao šarlatanku. Njene teozofske doktrine su uticale na širenje hinduističkih i budističkih ideja na Zapadu, kao i na razvoj zapadnih ezoteričnih struja kao što su ariozofija, antropozofija i pokret novog doba.
Kreiranje pouzdanih biografija o njenom životu pokazalo se teškim za biografe jer je ona u kasnijem životu namerno iznosila kontradiktorne izveštaje i neistine sopstvenoj prošlosti.[2] Štaviše, veoma malo njenih spisa napisanih pre 1873. je opstalo, što znači da se biografi moraju u velikoj meri oslanjati na nepouzdane kasnije navode.[3] Izveštaji o njenom ranom životu koje su dali članovi njene porodice takođe su smatrani sumnjivim od strane biografa.[4]
Knjige[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Isis Unveiled: A Master-Key to the Mysteries of Ancient and Modern Science and Theology (1877)
- Studies in Occultism: A collection of articles from Lucifer (1887–1891)
- From the Caves and Jungles of Hindostan (1879–1886)
- The Secret Doctrine: The Synthesis of Science, Religion and Philosophy (1888)
- Glas tišine (1889)
- Ključ teozofije (1889)
- Nightmare Tales (1907)
- The Land of the Gods (2022)
Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]
- ^ Lori Pierce, "Origins of Buddhism in North America", in Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America, Rosemary Skinner Keller, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Marie Cantlon (eds.) Indiana University Press, 2006. p. 637
- ^ Lachman 2012, str. xii–xiii.
- ^ Goodrick-Clarke 2004, str. 23.
- ^ Lachman 2012, str. xvi.
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Dodatna literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]
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- Tingley, Katherine (1921). Helena Petrovna Blavatsky: foundress of the original Theosophical Society in New York, 1875, the international headquarters of which are now at Point Loma, California. Point Loma: The Woman's International Theosophical League. OCLC 261329238.
- Wakoff, Michael B. (1998). „Theosophy”. Ur.: Edward Craig. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 9. New York: Routledge. str. 363—366. ISBN 978-0-415-18714-5.
- Wolff, Hannah M. (11. 12. 1891). „Madame Blavatsky”. Two Worlds: 671—672.
- Zirkoff, Boris de (Winter 1967—1968). „Who played that trick on H.P.B.?: the puzzle of The Theosophical Glossary”. Theosophia. 24 (3). Proverite vrednost paramet(a)ra za datum:
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(pomoć) Transcribed in Caldwell, Daniel H. (11. 5. 2001). „Who played that trick on H.P.B.? by Boris de Zirkoff”. theos-talk (Lista adresa). Arhivirano iz originala 20. 11. 2004. g. Pristupljeno 14. 5. 2014. - Višnevskiй, K. D., ur. (2001). „Dolgorukiй Pavel Vasilьevič”. Penzenskaя эnciklopediя (na jeziku: ruski). Penza: Ministerstvo kulьturы Penzenskoй oblasti. ISBN 978-5852702340. Arhivirano iz originala 9. 11. 2007. g. Pristupljeno 14. 5. 2014.
- Kaйdaš, Svetlana. Elena Blavatskaя v Rossii. Utrennяя Zvezda (na jeziku: ruski). – almanac of the International Roerich Centre, No. 2–3, 1994–1997
- Kleйn, Lev Samuilovič (jun 2011). „Racionalьnый vzglяd na uspehi mistiki”. Zdravый smыsl (na jeziku: ruski). 16 (2): 11. ISSN 1814-0416.
- —— (1999) [1996]. Danilov, Leonid Lukьяnovič, ur. E.P. Blavatskaя: Žiznь i tvorčestvo osnovatelьnicы sovremennogo teosofskogo dviženiя (na jeziku: ruski) (2nd izd.). Riga: Ligatma. ISBN 978-5-7738-0017-0. Translation of Cranston, Sylvia L. (1993). HPB: the extraordinary life and influence of Helena Blavatsky, founder of the modern Theosophical movement.
- Pisareva, Elena F. (1909). Elena Petrovna Blavatskaя (biografičeskiй očerk) (na jeziku: ruski). Transcribed in „IPage” Elena Petrovna Blavatskaя (biografičeskiй očerk). magister.msk.ru (na jeziku: ruski). Arhivirano iz originala 19. 12. 2000. g. Pristupljeno 19. 5. 2014.
- Tolstoй, Lev N. (1935). Čertkov, Vladímir G., ur. Polnoe sobranie sočineniй (na jeziku: ruski). 54. Moscow: Gos. izd-vo hudož. lit-rы. LCCN 51015050. OCLC 6321531.
- —— (1955). Čertkov, Vladímir G., ur. Polnoe sobranie sočineniй (na jeziku: ruski). 80. Moscow: Gos. izd-vo hudož. lit-rы. LCCN 51015050. OCLC 6321531.
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- John Cooper Theosophy Collection, including letters of Helena Blavatsky
- Articles by Helena P. Blavatsky
- The Blavatsky Study Center / Blavatsky Archives
- Helena Petrovna Blavatsky na sajtu Projekat Gutenberg (jezik: engleski)
- Helena Blavacki na sajtu Internet Archive (jezik: engleski)
- Helena Blavacki na sajtu LibriVox (jezik: engleski)
- An extensive online bibliography, dating from 1908 to 2001, with section for "Internet Resources",[1] annexed to The theosophical movement of the nineteenth century doctoral dissertation of Arnold Kalnitsky.The theosophical movement of the nineteenth century: the legitimation of the disputable and the entrenchment of the disreputable
- A collection of letters to and from Helena Blavatsky are in the Harvard Divinity School Library at Harvard Divinity School in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
- https://www.gutenberg.org/files/60852/60852-h/60852-h.htm