Simidectes

Simidectes; Vremenski raspon: 47.0–37.0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N srednji eocen
	ilustracija fosilni ostataka vrste; Simidectes magnus
	dio donje vilice vrste; Simidectes medius
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Klasa:	Mammalia
Mirored:	Ferae
Kladus:	Pan-Carnivora
Rod:	†Simidectes; Stock, 1933
Tipska vrsta
	†Simidectes magnus; Peterson, 1919
Vrste
	†Simidectes magnus; †Simidectes medius; †Simidectes merriami;
Sinonimi
	sinonimi roda: Petersonella (Kraglievich, 1948) ; Pleurocyon (Peterson, 1919) ; Sespecyon (Stock, 1933) ; sinonimi vrste: S. magnus: Petersonella magna (Kraglievich, 1948) ; Pleurocyon magnus (Peterson, 1919) ; ; S. medius: Petersonella media (Kraglievich, 1948) ; Pleurocyon medius (Peterson, 1919) ; ; S. merriami: Pleurocyon merriami (Stock, 1933) ; Sespecyon merriami (Stock, 1933) ; ;

Simidectes (Simidektes — „simivalijska životinja koja grize”) je izumrli rod placentalnih sisara iz kladusa Pan-Carnivora, koji je u periodu srednjeg eocena nastanjivao područje Sjeverne Amerike.^[2]^[3]^[4]

Etimologija naziva[uredi | uredi izvor]

Rod:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
Simidectes	Simi Vali dolini u Kaliforniji, gdje su pronađeni ostaci ovog roda sisara i starogrčke riječi diktis (stgrč. δήκτης), koja znači onaj koji grize	simivalijska životinja koja grize

Vrste:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
S. magnus	roda Simidectes i latinske riječi magnus (lat. magnus), koja znači velik	veliki Simidektes
S. medius	roda Simidectes i latinske riječi medijus (lat. medius), koja znači sredina	srednji Simidektes
S. merriami	roda Simidectes i prezimena američkog paleontologa Džona Kambel Merijama	merijamov Simidektes

Sistematika[uredi | uredi izvor]

Istorija klasifikacije[uredi | uredi izvor]

Od kako je prvi put opisan, tačan položaj roda Simidectes je bio nepoznat. Jedno vrijeme, ovaj rod je bio uvrštavan unutar izumrli redova Mesonychia^[5] i Pantolesta,^[6]^[4]. U istraživanjima iz 2016. i 2023. godine je ovaj rod prepoznat kao blizak srodnik izumrlog reda Hyaenodonta.^[7]^[8]^[9]

Klasifikacija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Rod: †*Simidectes* (Peterson, 1919)
Vrste:	Rasprostranjenost fosila i lokacija:	Vremenski raspon:
†S. magnus (Peterson, 1919)^[10]	SAD (Juta i Teksas^[11]^[12]^[13])	46,2 do 37,0 mil. god.
†S. medius (Peterson, 1919)	SAD (Juta i Kalifornija)	46,2 do 39,7 mil. god.
†S. merriami (Stock, 1933)^[14]	SAD (Kalifornija)	42,8 do 39,7 mil. god.
†S. sp. [FMNH PM 61190] (Tomiya, 2021)^[8]	SAD (Vajoming)	47,0 do 46,2 mil. god.
†S. sp. [San Diego County, Southern California] (Zack, 2023)^[9]	SAD (Kalifornija)	46,2 do 45,7 mil. god.

Filogenija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Dolje prikazan kladogram predstavlja filogenetske veze roda Simidectes.^[15]^[16]^[17]

Ferae

Pholidotamorpha

Pan-Carnivora

†Oxyaenodonta

Carnivoramorpha

†Hyaenodonta

†Hyaenodonta (sensu stricto)

	†Tinerhodon

	†Altacreodus

†Altacreodus/Tinerhodon grupa

?

†Wyolestidae

†Simidectes

	†Simidectes magnus

	†Simidectes medius

	†Simidectes merriami

?	†Simidectes sp. (FMNH PM 61190)

?	†Simidectes sp. (San Diego County, Southern California)

?

sensu lato

Vremenska rasprostranjenst roda Simidectes unutar kladusa Pan-Carnivora[uredi | uredi izvor]

Vidi još[uredi | uredi izvor]

Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]

^ Lucas J. Kraglievich (1948.) "Substitucion de un nombre generico." An. Soc. Cient. Argentina, E. 3, vol. 146, pp. 161-162.
^ J. J. Hooker (1986.) "Mammals from the Bartonian (middle/late Eocene) of the Hampshire Basin, southern England." Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) 39(4):191-478
^ Carroll, Robert L. (1988). Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution (PDF). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. str. 1—698. ISBN 978-0-7167-1822-2.
^ ^a ^b McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2015. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
^ P. D. Gingerich (1982.) "Second Species of Wyolestes (Condylarthra, Mesonychia") from the Early Eocene of Western North America". Journal of Mammalogy 63(4)
^ M. C. Coombs (1971.) "Status of Simidectes (Insectivora, Pantolestoidea) of the late Eocene of North America." American Museum Novitates 2455
^ S. P. Zack and S. Tomiya (2016.) "New postcrania clarify the affinities of the unusual Eocene mammal Simidectes", in "The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 76th annual meeting"
^ ^a ^b Tomiya, S.; Zack, S. P.; Spaulding, M.; Flynn, J. J. (2021). „Carnivorous mammals from the middle Eocene Washakie Formation, Wyoming, USA, and their diversity trajectory in a post-warming world”. Journal of Paleontology. 95 (Supplement S82): 1—115. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.74.
^ ^a ^b Zack, Shawn P. (2023.) "A new species of Simidectes from the early Uintan of California clarifies the affinities of the genus", in "The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 83rd annual meeting"
^ O. A. Peterson (1919.) "Report Upon the Material Discovered in the Upper Eocene of the Uinta Basin by Earl Douglas in the Years 1908-1909, and by O. A. Peterson in 1912." Annals of Carnegie Museum 12(2):40-168
^ E. P. Gustafson (1979.) "Early Tertiary Vertebrate Faunas Big Bend Area Trans-Pecos Texas: Simidectes (Mammalia, Insectivora)." Pearce-Sellards Series 31
^ J. A. Wilson and M. S. Stevens (1986.) "Fossil vertebrates from the latest Eocene, Skyline channels, Trans-Pecos Texas." Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming Special Paper 3:221-235
^ J. W. Westgate (1990.) "Uintan Land Mammals (Excluding Rodents) From an Estuarine Facies of the Laredo Formation (Middle Eocene, Claiborne Group) of Webb County, Texas." Journal of Paleontology 64(3):454-468
^ C. Stock (1933.) "A miacid from the Sespe Upper Eocene, California." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 19(5):481-486
^ Borths, Matthew R.; Stevens, Nancy J. (2017). „Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)”. Palaeontologia Electronica. 20 (3): 55A. doi:10.26879/776 .
^ Prevosti, F. J. & Forasiepi, A. M. (2018.) "Introduction. Evolution of South American Mammalian Predators During the Cenozoic: Paleobiogeographic and Paleoenvironmental Contingencies", Springer Geology. Springer, Cham.
^ Floréal Solé; Bernard Marandat; Fabrice Lihoreau (2020). „The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian”. Geodiversitas. 42 (13): 185—214. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a13.

[1] Lucas J. Kraglievich (1948.) "Substitucion de un nombre generico." An. Soc. Cient. Argentina, E. 3, vol. 146, pp. 161-162.

[2] J. J. Hooker (1986.) "Mammals from the Bartonian (middle/late Eocene) of the Hampshire Basin, southern England." Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) 39(4):191-478

[3] Carroll, Robert L. (1988). Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution (PDF). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. str. 1—698. ISBN 978-0-7167-1822-2.

[McKenna_&_Bell-4] McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2015. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[5] P. D. Gingerich (1982.) "Second Species of Wyolestes (Condylarthra, Mesonychia") from the Early Eocene of Western North America". Journal of Mammalogy 63(4)

[6] M. C. Coombs (1971.) "Status of Simidectes (Insectivora, Pantolestoidea) of the late Eocene of North America." American Museum Novitates 2455

[7] S. P. Zack and S. Tomiya (2016.) "New postcrania clarify the affinities of the unusual Eocene mammal Simidectes", in "The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 76th annual meeting"

[Tomiya2021-8] Tomiya, S.; Zack, S. P.; Spaulding, M.; Flynn, J. J. (2021). „Carnivorous mammals from the middle Eocene Washakie Formation, Wyoming, USA, and their diversity trajectory in a post-warming world”. Journal of Paleontology. 95 (Supplement S82): 1—115. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.74.

[SVP-2023-9] Zack, Shawn P. (2023.) "A new species of Simidectes from the early Uintan of California clarifies the affinities of the genus", in "The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 83rd annual meeting"

[10] O. A. Peterson (1919.) "Report Upon the Material Discovered in the Upper Eocene of the Uinta Basin by Earl Douglas in the Years 1908-1909, and by O. A. Peterson in 1912." Annals of Carnegie Museum 12(2):40-168

[11] E. P. Gustafson (1979.) "Early Tertiary Vertebrate Faunas Big Bend Area Trans-Pecos Texas: Simidectes (Mammalia, Insectivora)." Pearce-Sellards Series 31

[12] J. A. Wilson and M. S. Stevens (1986.) "Fossil vertebrates from the latest Eocene, Skyline channels, Trans-Pecos Texas." Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming Special Paper 3:221-235

[13] J. W. Westgate (1990.) "Uintan Land Mammals (Excluding Rodents) From an Estuarine Facies of the Laredo Formation (Middle Eocene, Claiborne Group) of Webb County, Texas." Journal of Paleontology 64(3):454-468

[14] C. Stock (1933.) "A miacid from the Sespe Upper Eocene, California." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 19(5):481-486

[Matthew2017-15] Borths, Matthew R.; Stevens, Nancy J. (2017). „Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)”. Palaeontologia Electronica. 20 (3): 55A. doi:10.26879/776 .

[Prevosti2018-16] Prevosti, F. J. & Forasiepi, A. M. (2018.) "Introduction. Evolution of South American Mammalian Predators During the Cenozoic: Paleobiogeographic and Paleoenvironmental Contingencies", Springer Geology. Springer, Cham.

[Geodiversitas4213-17] Floréal Solé; Bernard Marandat; Fabrice Lihoreau (2020). „The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian”. Geodiversitas. 42 (13): 185—214. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a13.

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