Kolonija

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Kolonijalne sile i njihove kolonije 1492. — 2008.
Kolonijalne sile i njihove kolonije 2012.

Pod kolonijom u novom vijeku se podrazumeva teritorija izvan područja matične države koji nema vlastitu političku ili privrednu vlast.[1][2] Pojam kolonija je usko povezan s kolonizacijom. Kod kolonizacije se u suštini radi o naseljavanju zemlje. Otuda je kolonija u širem smislu riječi skup osoba koje žive izvan svog područja naseljavanja. Osim toga, u području politike postoji potpuna zavisnost od „zemlje matice“. Stvaranje kolonija je najznačajniji instrument širenja moći imperijalističkih država.

Termin kolonija potiče od starorimske reči colonia, vrste rimskog naselja. Izvedeno od colon-us (farmer, kultivator, plantažer ili naseljenik), ono nosi sa sobom osećaj 'farme' i 'zemljišta'.[3] Štaviše, termin je korišćen da se odnosi na stariju grčku apoikia (stgrč. ἀποικία), koja je bila prekomorsko naselje drevnih grčkih gradova-država. Grad koji je osnovao takvo naselje postao je poznat kao njegova metropola („majka-grad“). Od ranog modernog vremena, istoričari, administratori i politikolozi generalno koriste termin „kolonija“ da se odnosi uglavnom na mnoge različite prekomorske teritorije posebno evropskih država između 15. i 20. veka, sa kolonijalizmom i dekolonizacijom kao korespondirajućim fenomenima.

Savremeni istorijski primeri[uredi | uredi izvor]

Napomene[uredi | uredi izvor]

  1. ^ Tokom svog 8. zasedanja, Generalna skupština Ujedinjenih nacija priznala je samoupravu Portorika 27. novembra 1953. Rezolucijom 748 (VIII).[18] (Rezolucija UN „748 (VIII)“, usvojena 27. novembra 1953, tokom njenog 459. plenarnog sastanka.) Ovim je uklonjena klasifikacija Portorika kao nesamoupravne teritorije (prema članu 73(e) Povelje Ujedinjenih nacija). nacije). Rezolucija je usvojena i dobila je pozitivan glas oko 40% Generalne skupštine, sa preko 60% uzdržanih ili je glasalo protiv (20 prema 16, plus 18 uzdržanih). Danas, međutim, UN „još uvek raspravlja o tome da li je Portoriko kolonija“ ili ne.[19]
  2. ^ Citat Sidnija Minca se dalje nastavlja: „Nešto u našoj istoriji čini ideju o našoj vladavini drugim ljudima veoma teškom za suočavanje. Politički status Portorika je svakako evoluirao u svom veku unutar severnoameričke 'porodice'. Ali trajni privremeni politički status o kome je pisao Tomas Blanko još uvek nije okončan."
  3. ^ Za dodatne reference o trenutnom kolonijalnom statusu Portorika (2021) pod američkom vlašću, pogledajte Nikol Narea,[27] Ejmi Gudman i Ana Irma Rivera Lasen,[28] Dejvid S. Koen[29] i Sidni V. Minc.[30]

Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]

  1. ^ „colony”. Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2021. Pristupljeno 8. 1. 2021. „1. [...] a country or an area that is governed by people from another, more powerful, country 
  2. ^ Stanard, Matthew G. (2018). European Overseas Empire, 1879 - 1999: A Short History (na jeziku: engleski). John Wiley & Sons. str. 4. ISBN 978-1-119-13013-0. 
  3. ^ Nayar, Pramod (2008). Postcolonial Literature – An Introduction. India: Pearson India. str. 1—2. ISBN 9788131713730. 
  4. ^ Often put on par with other WW2 Military occupation despite its administration having the traits of colonial rule. Probably motivated by its short duration spanning only 5 years.
  5. ^ „Non-Self-Governing Territories | the United Nations and Decolonization”. 
  6. ^ „Timeline: Malaysia's history”. www.aljazeera.com. 
  7. ^ „Dutch In Malaysia”. Malaysia Traveller. 
  8. ^ De Lario, Damaso; de Lario Ramírez, Dámaso (2008). „Philip II and the "Philippine Referendum" of 1599”. Re-shaping the world: Philip II of Spain and his time. Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 978-971-550-556-7. 
  9. ^ In 1521, an expedition led by Ferdinand Magellan landed in the islands, and Ruy López de Villalobos named the islands Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Spain's Prince Philip (later to become Philip I of Castile). During a later expedition in 1564, Miguel López de Legazpi conquered the Philippines for Spain. However, it can be argued that Spain's legitimate sovereignty over the islands commenced following a popular referendum in 1599.[8]
  10. ^ The Recolonization of Puerto Rico, Part 1. Arhivirano 14 septembar 2021 na sajtu Wayback Machine The Voluntown Peace Trust. 22 July 2021. Accessed 13 September 2021.
  11. ^ Colonialism in Puerto Rico. Arhivirano 14 septembar 2021 na sajtu Wayback Machine Pedro Caban. SUNY-Albany. Latin American, Caribbean, and US Latino Studies Faculty. 2015. p. 516. Accessed 13 September 2021.
  12. ^ C.D. Burnett, et al., Foreign in a Domestic Sense: Puerto Rico, American Expansion, and the Constitution. Duke University Press. 2001. ISBN 9780822326984
  13. ^ Definitions of Insular Area Political Organizations. Arhivirano 31 jul 2019 na sajtu Wayback Machine U.S. Department of the Interior. Office of Insular Affairs. 2021. Accessed 13 September 2021.
  14. ^ Juan Gonzalez. Harvest of Empire Penguin Press. 2001. pp.60–63.ISBN 978-0-14-311928-9
  15. ^ „7 FAM 1120 Acquisition of U.S. Nationality in U.S. Territories and Possessions”. U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 7 - Consular Affairs. U.S. Department of State. 3. 1. 2013. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 22. 12. 2015. g. Pristupljeno 13. 9. 2021. 
  16. ^ "Let Puerto Rico Decide How to end its Colony Status: True Nationhood Stands on the Pillar of Independence." Arhivirano 14 septembar 2021 na sajtu Wayback Machine Rosalinda de Jesus. The Allentown Morning Call. Republished by The Puerto Rico Herald. July 21, 2002. San Juan, Puerto Rico. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  17. ^ „Puerto Rico - The debate over political status”. Encyclopedia Britannica (na jeziku: engleski). Pristupljeno 2021-09-11. 
  18. ^ Resolution 748 (VIII) Arhivirano 6 maj 2019 na sajtu Wayback Machine. [Note: To access the text of the UN document, scroll down the list that appears until Resolution "748 (VIII)", dated "November 27, 1953", is found. Click on the link "748 (VIII)" to view the text of the Resolution. Important: This is a UN document database query server; documents are served on-the-fly. Saving the link that appears when the document opens will not provide access in the future.] Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  19. ^ Puerto Rico: Commonwealth, Statehood, or Independence? Constitutional Rights Foundation”. Arhivirano iz originala 10. 6. 2009. g. 
  20. ^ Sidney W. Mintz. Three Ancient Colonies. Harvard University Press. 2010. pp. 135-136.
  21. ^ „Why Puerto Rico has debated U.S. statehood since its colonization”. History (na jeziku: engleski). 2020-07-24. Pristupljeno 2021-09-11. 
  22. ^ Juan Torruella, Groundbreaking U.S. Appeals Judge, Dies at 87. Arhivirano 11 septembar 2021 na sajtu Wayback Machine Sam Roberts. The New York Times. 28 October 2020. Accessed 13 September 2021.
  23. ^ Can't We Just Sell the World's Oldest Colony and Solve Puerto Rico's Political Status? Arhivirano 14 septembar 2021 na sajtu Wayback Machine Luis Martínez-Fernández. 16 July 2020. Accessed 13 September 2021.
  24. ^ Hopes for DC, Puerto Rico statehood rise. Arhivirano 19 avgust 2021 na sajtu Wayback Machine Marty Johnson and Rafael Bernal. The Hill. 24 September 2020. Accessed 13 September 2021.
  25. ^ José Trías Monge. Puerto Rico: The trials of the oldest colony in the world. Yale University Press. 1997. p.3. ISBN 9780300076189
  26. ^ Angel Collado-Schwarz. Decolonization Models for America's Last Colony: Puerto Rico. Syracuse University Press. 2012. ISBN 0815651082
  27. ^ Live results for Puerto Rico's statehood referendum. Arhivirano 14 septembar 2021 na sajtu Wayback Machine Nicole Narea. MSN Microsoft News. 5 November 2020. Accessed 13 September 2021.
  28. ^ Puerto Ricans Vote to Narrowly Approve Controversial Statehood Referendum & Elect 4 LGBTQ Candidates. Arhivirano 8 septembar 2021 na sajtu Wayback Machine Amy Goodman and Ana Irma Rivera Lassén. Democracy Now! 6 November 2020. Accessed 13 September 2021.
  29. ^ The Political Travesty of Puerto Rico: Like all U.S. territories, Puerto Rico has no real representation in its own national government. Arhivirano 8 septembar 2021 na sajtu Wayback Machine David S. Cohen. RollingStone. 26 September 2017. Accessed 15 December 2020.
  30. ^ Sidney W. Mintz. Three Ancient Colonies: Caribbean Themes and Variations. Cambridge Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 2010. p. 134.
  31. ^ Tonio Andrade. „How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century”. Columbia University Press. 

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