Akvarel
Sama reč akvarel dolazi od reči akva (aqua)[1] — „voda”, koja je latinskog porekla.[2][3] Italijani su tu reč pretvorili u akvarelo (aquarello) i to u našem prevodu znači „vodena boja”.[4] Akvarel se dobija mešanjem sitno mlevenih i pažljivo odabranih pigmenata a za vezivo se koristi gumiarabika. Vodom razređene boje se na papir nanose mekanim kistovima.[5][6] Papir koji se koristi za slikanje akvarelom treba da bude visoke gramaže, te da se dobro nategne na ravnu površinu da ne bi dolazilo do savijanja. U tehnici akvarela se ne koristi bela boja, pošto svetle i tamne tonove dobijamo dodavanjem više ili manje vode. Delove slike koji treba da ostanu beli, ostavljamo neslikanim. Akvarelne boje karakteriše prozirnost i prozračnost te se slikanjem boje na boju mogu dobiti izvanredni tonaliteti poetičnog karaktera.
Konvencionalna i najčešća podloga — materijal na koji se nanosi boja — za akvarel slike je akvarel papir. Ostale podloge ili supstrati uključuju kamen, slonovaču, svilu, trsku, papirus, papir od kore, plastiku, velum, kožu, tkaninu, drvo i akvarel platno (prevučeno gipsom koji je posebno formulisan za upotrebu sa akvarelima). Akvarel papir se često pravi u potpunosti ili delimično od pamuka.[7][8] Ovo daje površini odgovarajuću teksturu i minimizira izobličenje kada je mokro.[9] Akvarel papiri su obično hladno ceđeni papiri, što daje bolju teksturu i izgled sa težinom od najmanje 300 gsm. Ispod 300 gsm se obično ne preporučuje ni za šta osim za skiciranje.[10][11] Transparentnost je glavna karakteristika akvarela.[12] Akvareli se takođe mogu učiniti neprozirnim dodavanjem kineske bele boje. Ovo nije metoda koja se koristi u „pravom akvarelu” (tradicionalnom).[13]
Rad na suvoj podlozi[uredi | uredi izvor]
Ovim načinom rada se boja svaki put nanosi na suvu podlogu, tj. sačekamo da se prvi sloj boje koju smo naneli osuši, pa tek onda nanosimo drugi, itd. Zbog prozirnosti akvarela moguće je videti prethodne slojeve boje, što nudi mogućnosti za karakterističan tonski i koloristički izraz.
Rad na mokroj podlozi[uredi | uredi izvor]
Papir se najpre navlaži čistom vodom pomoću kista, sunđera ili pamučne krpice preko cele površine, a moguće je ovlažiti samo delove papira na kojima želimo efekte prelivanja i spontanog mešanja boja. Nove mogućnosti likovnog izraza dobijamo tako što ostavimo sliku da se osuši te onda možemo da nastavimo sa slikanjem.
Istorijski razvoj akvarela[uredi | uredi izvor]
Akvarel je poznat još u starom Egiptu, gde su ga izrađivali na papirusu, u Kini na papiru i svili. Poznat je i u starom Japanu, Indiji i Persiji. Akvarel su negovali antički Grci i Rimljani, a javlja se i u starhrišćanskoj umetnosti. Preko Vizantijskih slikara prelazi u srednjovekovne samostane u celoj Evropi. Brojni misali, psaltiri, brevijari i hronike toga vremena iluminirane su minijaturama, inicijalima i ornamentima, rađenim vodenim bojama.
Nastanak akvarela povezuje se sa Direrom. On se smatra za začetnika ove tehnike u slikarstvu, kao i umetnika koji ju je usavršio i popularisao. Upotrebljavao je belinu papira da naglasi svetlo i vazdušasto izvođenje dela. Interesovanje za prirodu koje je pokazao u ovoj tehnici dalo je nove motive za nove generacije umetnika. Direrovi akvareli nisu bili predstudije za druga ostvarenja. Radio ih je sa velikom umešnošću i severnjačkom preciznošću. Slikanjem akvarela Direr je razvio lakoću pokreta ruke za slikanje velikih oltara.[14]
Među prvim akvarelistima novog veka ističu se Albreht Direr i Hans Holbajn Mlađi. U doba baroka akvarel služi za skice i nacrte po kojima će se izrađivati slike u drugim tehnikama. U 18. i 19. veku u Engleskoj se razvilo akvarelno slikarstvo pejzaža (Džozef Malord Vilijam Tarner, G. Robertson, P. i Th. Sandby, Vilijam Blejk i dr). Za engleskim primerom povode se i slikari drugih zemalja.
U 19. veku u tehnici akvarela vodi Francuska:Teodor Žeriko, Ežen Delakroa, Onore Domije, Eduar Mane, Pjer Ogist Renoar, Pol Sezan.
U 20. veku ovom tehnikom se služe Anri Matis, Andre Dionaje de Segonzak, Pol Sinjak, Moris de Vlamenik, i dr. Među nemačkim ekspresionistima posle Prvog svetskog rata koji koriste akvarel ističu se: Franc Mark, Georg Gros, Maks Pehštajn, a posebno Pol Kle.
Počeci akvarela na Balkanskim prostorima javljaju se u 17. i 18. veku sa akvarelnim crtežima starih gradova. Ovu tehniku su koristili: Anastas Jovanović i Stevan Todorović slikajući predele i portrete. Na prelazu iz 19. u 20. vek akvarelom su se bavili Slava Raškaj, Janez Šubić i Jurij Šubić, a kasnije: Emanuel Vidović, Josip Račić, Miroslav Kraljević, Vladimir Becić, Ljubo Babić i dr.
Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]
- ^ „aquarelle”. Oxford English Dictionary (3rd izd.). Oxford University Press. septembar 2005. (Potrebna je pretplata ili članska kartica javne biblioteke UK.)
- ^ Ling (1991)
- ^ Waterhouse (1994)
- ^ "Watercolor may be as old as art itself, going back to the Stone Age when early ancestors combined earth and charcoal with water to create the first wet-on-dry picture on a cave wall." London (2021, str. 19)
- ^ Mišić, Milan, ur. (2005). Enciklopedija Britanika. V-Đ. Beograd: Narodna knjiga : Politika. str. 69. ISBN 86-331-2112-3.
- ^ "Ancient Egyptians used water-soluble translucent paints to decorate papyrus scrolls. They used such earth pigments as ochres and siennas, as well as minerals like reds, cinnabar, blue azure, green malachite, and so on, with gum arabic and egg white. Technically, these water-soluble colors were watercolors." London (2021, str. 19)
- ^ "100% cotton papers are more absorbent in most brands, but there are papers that have only 50% cotton or even high quality papers, which have no blending with cotton." Viscarra (2020, str. 21)
- ^ Vloothuis, Johannes (2017-07-14). „Understanding the Different Grades of Watercolor Paper” (na jeziku: engleski). Artists Network. Pristupljeno 2018-10-03.
- ^ „Watercolor Paper: How to Choose the Right Paper for Use with Watercolors”. art-is-fun.com. Art Is Fun. Arhivirano iz originala 2015-10-07. g. Pristupljeno 2015-10-06.
- ^ "I would not recommend a weight less than 140lb (300 gsm) to paint anything other than quick sketches." Mann (2016)
- ^ "a paper that weighs 300 grams x meter² (140 pounds), has more body and looks more like a cardboard or thin cardboard, which makes it better to support the use of water." Viscarra (2020, str. 17)
- ^ "It consists of a mixture of pigments, binders such as gum arabic and humectants such as glycerin, which together with other components, allow the color pigment to join and form the paint paste, which we know as watercolor. With regard to the colors, the quality of the pigments and their degree of concentration, it is what determines how good the watercolor is and also its price. A paint that has a high concentration of pigment, professional type, allows us to use it with a large amount of water without losing the intensity of color." Viscarra (2020, str. 47)
- ^ "Turner himself was of the same opinion; he declared to me [Munro] that water-colour painting would be totally mined, and lose all its individuality and beauty by the bad practice of mingling opaque with transparent colour." Redgrave & Redgrave (1866)
- ^ Annegrit Ihming-Axel Alexander, Faszination des Aquarells, Nuernberg- 1987.
Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Deo o razvoju akvarela Opća enciklopedija JLZ Zagreb 1977.
- Annegrit Ihming-Axel Alexander, Faszination des Aquarells, Nuernberg- 1987.
- Andrew Wilton & Anne Lyles. The Great Age of British Watercolours (1750–1880). Prestel. . 1993. ISBN 978-3-7913-1254-5. Nedostaje ili je prazan parametar
|title=(pomoć) - Anne Lyles; Hamlyn, Robin (1997). British watercolours from the Oppé Collection. Tate Gallery Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85437-240-6.
- Finch, Christopher (1991). American Watercolors. Abbeville Press. ASIN B000IBDWGK.
- Finch, Christopher (1991). Nineteenth-Century Watercolors. Abbeville Press. ISBN 978-1-55859-019-9.
- Finch, Christopher (1988). Twentieth-Century Watercolors. Abbeville Press. ISBN 978-0-89659-811-9.
- Eric Shanes Turner (2001). The Great Watercolours. Royal Academy of Arts. ISBN 978-0-8109-6634-5.
- Martin Hardie. Water-Colour Painting in Britain (3 volumes: I. The Eighteenth Century; II. The Romantic Period; III. The Victorian Period.). Batsford, 1966. . 1968. ISBN 978-1-131-84131-1. Nedostaje ili je prazan parametar
|title=(pomoć) - Michael Clarke. The Tempting Prospect: A Social History of English Watercolours. British Museum Publications, 1981. The tempting prospect: A social history of English watercolours. British Museum Publications. januar 1981. ISBN 9780714180168.
- Moore, Sean (1994). Ultimate Visual Dictionary. Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 978-0-7513-1050-4.
- Brandt, Rex (1973). The Winning Ways of Watercolor: Basic Techniques and Methods of Transparent Watercolor in Twenty Lessons. Van Nostrand Reinhold. ISBN 978-0-442-21404-3.
- David Dewey. The Watercolor Book: Materials and Techniques for Today's Artist. Watson-Guptill. Dewey, David (1995). The Watercolor Book: Materials and Techniques for Today's Artist. Watson-Guptill Publications. ISBN 978-0-8230-5641-5.
- Donna Seldin Janis. Sargent Abroad: Figures and Landscapes. Abbeville Press; (October 1997). (1st изд.). ISBN 978-0-7892-0384-7..
- Charles LeClair. The Art of Watercolor (Revised and Expanded Edition). Watson-Guptill. Clair, Charles Le (1999). The Art of Watercolor. Watson-Guptill Publications. ISBN 978-0-8230-0292-4.
- The Watercolour Expert. Royal Watercolour Society. Cassell Illustrated. 2004. ISBN 978-1-84403-149-8.
- John Ruskin. The Elements of Drawing. Watson-Guptill. Ruskin, John (1991) [1857]. The Elements of Drawing. Watson-Guptill Publications. ISBN 978-0-8230-1602-0. (Reprints from other publishers are also available.)
- Seymour, Pip (1997). Watercolour Painting: A Handbook for Artists. Lee Press. ISBN 978-0-9524727-4-2.
- Stan Smith. Watercolor: The Complete Course. Reader's Digest. Smith, Stan (1995). Watercolor: The Complete Course. Reader's Digest Association, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-89577-653-2.
- Tappenden, Curtis (2003). Foundation Course: Watercolour. Cassell Illustrated. ISBN 978-1-84403-082-8.
- Edgar A. Whitney. Complete Guide to Watercolor Painting. Watson-Guptill, Dover Edition. Whitney, Edgar A. (1974). Complete Guide to Watercolor Painting. Courier Corporation. ISBN 978-0-486-41742-4.
- Ian Sidaway. The Watercolor Artist's Paper Directory. North Light. Sidaway, Ian (2000). The Watercolor Artist's Paper Directory: Discover the Best Paper for Your Art!. North Light. ISBN 978-1-58180-034-0.
- Turner, Jacques (1992). Brushes: A Handbook for Artists and Artisans. Design Press. ISBN 978-0-8306-3975-5.
- Turner, Sylvie (1998). The Book of Fine Paper. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-01871-2.
- Wilcox, Michael (2000). The Wilcox Guide To The Best Watercolor Paints. School of Colour Publications. ISBN 978-0-9679628-0-1.
- Chaplin, Mike (2001). Painting Expressive Watercolours (Kindle izd.). London: Collins. ASIN B00KV2RLEA.
- Chilvers, Ian (2009). The Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists. USA: Oxford University Press.
- Kraaijpoel, D.; Herenius, C. (2007). Het kunstschilderboek — handboek voor materialen en technieken (na jeziku: holandski). Cantecleer.
- Ling, Roger (1991). Roman Painting. Cambridge University Press.
- London, Vladimir (2021). The Book on Watercolor (Kindle izd.). ASIN B0B1VFHMC1.Šablon:Self published inline
- Mann, Eleanor (2016). The Watercolour Book: How to Paint Anything (Kindle izd.). ASIN B01AIOM0Z0.Šablon:Self published inline
- Moorby, Nicola; Chaplin, Mike; Warrell, Ian; Smibert, Tony, ur. (2010). How to Paint Like Turner (Kindle izd.). London: Tate. ASIN B00XULC1FI.
- Redgrave, Richard; Redgrave, Samuel (1866). A Century of Painters of the English School.
- Reynolds, Graham (1992). Watercolours, A Concise History. London: Thames and Hudson.
- Reynolds, Graham (1998). English Watercolors: an introduction (Kindle izd.). New York: New Amsterdam. ASIN B00FF9PY98.
- Reynolds, Graham (2020). Turner (Second, Kindle izd.). London: Thames and Hudson. ASIN B0BDRNNKVW.
- Viscarra, Alejandra (2020). How to Paint in Watercolor from the Beginning (Kindle izd.). ASIN B0852QZCND.Šablon:Self published inline
- Waterhouse, Ellis Kirkham (1994). Painting in Britain, 1530 to 1790. Yale University Press.
Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Tehnika pripreme boje i slikanja akvarelom (Jutjub video; španski
- Da Vinci Paint Watercolors
- Watercolor Paintings of Quaint Mexican Colonial Villages
- Watercolor Paintings Techniques
- Handprint guide to watercolors
- Watercolor Demonstrations Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (17. мај 2008)
- „Watercolour Painting”. Paintings & Drawings. Victoria and Albert Museum. Arhivirano iz originala 29. 9. 2007. g. Pristupljeno 21. 8. 2007.
- American Watercolor Society Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (24. јул 2008)
- National Watercolor Society (USA)
- Belgian Watercolour Institute
- „Watercolour Painting”. Paintings & Drawings. Victoria and Albert Museum. Pristupljeno 21. 8. 2007.
- Watercolor, Watermedia, Then And Now; Early Cultures, Asian, Middle East, Early European
- Watercolor painting
