Bomba

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Američka bomba MOAB

Bomba ( latinski bombus - prasak, tutnjava) je eksplozivna naprava koja generiše i oslobađa svoju energiju putem destruktivnog šok talasa.[1] Bomba je šuplji projektil koji može imati različite oblike i koji je napunjen različitim materijama (eksplozivnim, nuklearnim, termonuklearnim, zapaljivim ili hemijskim) ili biološkim agensima. Bomba se baca rukom, pomoću nekog oruđa ili sopstvenim pogonom. Bomba je namenjena za dejstvo po živoj sili, objektima i borbenoj tehnici neprijatelja.[2]

Bomba izaziva uništenje ili oštećenje na objektima ili živim bićima unutar poluprečnika šok talasa i mehaničkim udarima delova, uključujući komade košuljice bombe ili od obližnjih objekata koji su vođeni eksplozijom. Bombe se koriste od 11. veka počevši od Istočne Azije.[3]

Istorija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Venecijanci su 1378. godine u borbi protiv Mađara kod Zadra prvi put upotrebili preteču bombe sa crnim barutom. Knez od Riminija Sigismond Maltesti se smatra prvim konstruktorom bombe. On je 1433. godine loptu od livenog gvožđa napunio crnim barutom i opremio fitiljem. Te bombe su bacane rukom ili su ispaljivane iz artiljerijskih oruđa.

U 16. veku bomba dobija naziv granata koji je i danas u upotrebi a odnosi se na artiljerijske projektile, izuzev minobacačkih projektila za koje se koristi naziv mina. Naziv bomba je zadržan za projektile bacane rukom, sa vazduhopova, brodova (dubinske bombe), pomoću raznih bacača ili sopstvenim pogonom.

Bombe u Vojsci Kraljevine Srbije[uredi | uredi izvor]

Bombe su krajem 19. i početkom 20. veka koristili pripadnici VMORO (Vъtrešna makedono-odrinska revolюcionna organizaciяbugarske) u borbi protiv Turaka. Bile su to bombe "Makedonke" koje su proizvođene u Sofiji u radionici za proizvodnju bombi koju je 1895. godine otvorio Naum Tufekčijev, predsednik Makedonskog komiteta. Ove bombe su punjene mešavinom kalijum-hlorata i šećera u prahu. Kao upaljač je korišćena staklena ampula sa sumpornom kiselinom. Iako je radionica zatvorena već naredne godine od strane bugarske vlade širom zemlje su nikle brojne primitivne radionice za izradu bombi. Mnoštvo ovih radionaca je dovelo da takve bombe budu različitih oblika (okrugli, kruškasti, četvrtasti), tela izlivenog od različitih materijala, različitih punjenja i upaljača (od upaljača sa kiselinom, preko udarnih do štapinskih koji su se aktivirali otvorenim plamenom).

Sa prvim bombama srpske komite su se srele na Ovčem polju 1903. godine u susretu sa bugarskom Skopsko-kumanovskom četom Nikole Petkova Puškarova. Puškarov je sa svojim saborcima prebačen u Vranje kako bi izbegao tursku poteru pa je u znak zahvalnosti tokom sedmodnevnog boravka obučio članove Odbora srpske četničke akcije u izradi bombi. Prva radionica za izradu bombi u Srbiji je otvorena u Vranju u kući Janče Jovanovića Baldžije.

Nekoliko komada ovih relativno primitivnih bombi je stiglo i do Vojnotehničkog zavoda (VTZ) u Kragujevcu odnosno upravniku Pirotehničke radionice majoru Miodragu Vasiću. Major Vasić je pristupio izradi dva prototipa - kockastog oblika i oblika kvadra sa jednakostraničnom osnovom. Ipak, na primedbu da je bomba tog oblika nepraktična za nošenje izrađena je varijanta u obliku spljoštenog kvadra. Ova verzija bombe je proračunski imala efikasnost od 51 do 60% dok je prvobitan kockasti protototip imao efikasnost od 60%. Kada je reč o samom obliku on je pravdan činjenicom da se za razliku od loptastih ili kruškastih bombi ovakva bomba neće otkotrljati sa mesta pada. Osim toga, perkusioni upaljač koji je Vasić primenio na ovoj bombi bio je nešto novo kako zbog jednostavne izrade tako i zbog visoke pouzda-nosti. Zbog toga je uz minimalne izmene ovakav tip upaljača ostao u upotrebi sve do kraja 20. veka.

Tokom 1904. godine VTZ je otpočeo proizvodnju bombe poznate kao Sistem Kragujevac (Kragujevka), Sistem Vasić (Vasićka) ili VTZ. Bomba je zvanično ponela oznaku M1904. Do 1912. godine Vasić je otklonio do tada uočene nedostatke i usavršio prvu srpsku bombu. Nov model je poneo oznaku M1912 i svoju efikasnost pokazao posebno u opsadi Jedrena.[4]

Vrste bombi[2][uredi | uredi izvor]

  • Grafitna bomba
  • Ručna bomba
  • Avionska bomba
  • Dubinska bomba
  • Upravljiva bomba (vođeni projektil)
  • Rovovska bomba (mina)

Nekonvencionalne bombe[uredi | uredi izvor]

Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]

  1. ^ Milstein, Randall L. (2008). „Bomb damage assessment”. Ur.: Ayn Embar-seddon; Allan D. Pass. Forensic ScienceSlobodan pristup ograničen dužinom probne verzije, inače neophodna pretplata. Salem Press. str. 166. ISBN 978-1-58765-423-7. 
  2. ^ a b Grupa autora (1970). Vojna enciklopedija, knjiga 1, Abadan-Brčko. Beograd: Redakcija Vojne enciklopedije. str. 688. 
  3. ^ Peter Connolly (1. 11. 1998). The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval Warfare. Taylor & Francis. str. 356. ISBN 978-1-57958-116-9. 
  4. ^ Branko Bogdanović (06. 03. 2020). „Srpske ručne defanzivne bombe sistem VTZ – Vasić M1904 i 1912”. Pristupljeno 19. 03. 2022. 

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Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]

Bomba na Vikimedijinoj ostavi.
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