Smrdljivci

Smrdljivci; Vremenski raspon: srednji miocen do danas PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Mephitis mephitis
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Klasa:	Mammalia
Red:	Carnivora
Natporodica:	Musteloidea
Porodica:	Mephitidae; Bonaparte, 1845
Tipski rod
	Mephitis; Geoffroy & Cuvier, 1795
Rodovi
	Conepatus; Mephitis; Mydaus; Spilogale; †Brachyprotoma; †Palaeomephitis; †Promephitis;
Sinonimi
	sinonimi porodice: Mephitina (Bonaparte, 1845) ; Mephitinae (Bonaparte, 1845) ; Myadina (Gray, 1825) ; Mydaina (Gray, 1864) ; Mydainae (Pocock, 1921) ; Mydaini (Petter, 1971) ;

Smrdljivci ili američki tvorovi (lat. Mephitidae) porodica su sisara poznati po svojoj sposobnosti da izbacuju tečnost sa jakim zadahom.^[1]^[2] Različite vrste američkih smrdljivaca i smrdljivih jazavaca variraju u izgledu od crno-belih do smeđe ili krem obojenih, mada sve imaju upozoravajuću obojenost.

Sistematika[uredi | uredi izvor]

Postoji 12 vrsta smrdljivaca, raspoređenih u četiri roda: Conepatus (4 vrste), Mephitis (2 vrste), Mydaus (2 vrste), Spilogale (4 vrste). Dva smrdljiva jazavca iz roda Mydaus nastanjuju Indoneziju i Filipine, dok članovi ostalih rodova (američki smrdljivci) žive u Amerikama, rasprostirući se od Kanade do centralne Južne Amerike. Svi ostali rodovi smrdljivca su izumrli, a poznati su jedino na osnovu fosilnih ostataka, uključujući i vrste koje su nastanjivale Evroaziju.^[3]

Svi članovi ove porodice, izuzev roda Mydaus, ranije su bili klasifikovani kao potporodica porodice kuna (Mustelidae), ali su nedavni genetički dokazi doveli do toga da smrdljivci postanu zasebna porodica.^[4]^[5]^[6]

porodica Mephitidae
- rod: Conepatus^[7]^[8]
  - Conepatus chinga
  - Conepatus humboldtii
  - Conepatus leuconotus
  - Conepatus semistriatus
- rod: Mephitis
  - Mephitis macroura
  - Mephitis mephitis
- rod: Mydaus^[9]^[10]
  - Mydaus javanensis
  - Mydaus marchei
- rod: Spilogale^[11]^[12]Šablon:Better source needed^[13]^[14]
  - Spilogale angustifrons
  - Spilogale gracilis
  - Spilogale putorius
  - Spilogale pygmaea^[15]

Podvrste[uredi | uredi izvor]

Conepatus chinga budini Thomas, 1919
Conepatus chinga chinga (Molina, 1782)
Conepatus chinga gibsoni Thomas, 1910
Conepatus chinga inca Thomas, 1900
Conepatus chinga mendosus Thomas, 1921
Conepatus chinga rex Thomas, 1898
Conepatus chinga suffocans (Illiger, 1811)
Conepatus humboldtii castaneus (d'Orbigny and Gervais, 1847)
Conepatus humboldtii humboldtii Gray, 1837
Conepatus humboldtii proteus Thomas, 1902
Conepatus leuconotus figginsi F. W. Miller, 1925
Conepatus leuconotus leuconotus (Lichtenstein, 1832)
Conepatus leuconotus telmalestes Bailey, 1905
Conepatus semistriatus amazonicus (Lichtenstein, 1838)
Conepatus semistriatus semistriatus (Boddaert, 1785)
Conepatus semistriatus taxinus Thomas, 1924
Conepatus semistriatus trichurus Thomas, 1905
Conepatus semistriatus yucatanicus Goldman, 1943
Conepatus semistriatus zorrino Thomas, 1901
Mephitis macroura eximius Hall and Dalquest, 1950
Mephitis macroura macroura Lichtenstein, 1832
Mephitis macroura milleri Mearns, 1897
Mephitis macroura richardsoni Goodwin, 1957
Mephitis mephitis avia Bangs, 1898
Mephitis mephitis elongata Bangs, 1895
Mephitis mephitis estor Merriam, 1890
Mephitis mephitis holzneri Mearns, 1897
Mephitis mephitis hudsonica Richardson, 1829
Mephitis mephitis major (Howell, 1901)
Mephitis mephitis mephitis (Schreber, 1776)
Mephitis mephitis mesomelas Lichtenstein, 1832
Mephitis mephitis nigra (Peale and Palisot de Beauvois, 1796)
Mephitis mephitis notata (Howell, 1901)
Mephitis mephitis occidentalis Baird, 1858
Mephitis mephitis spissigrada Bangs, 1898
Mephitis mephitis varians Gray, 1837
Mydaus javanensis javanensis (Desmarest, 1820)
Mydaus javanensis lucifer Thomas, 1902
Mydaus javanensis ollula Thomas, 1902
Spilogale angustifrons angustifrons Howell, 1902
Spilogale angustifrons celeris Hall, 1938
Spilogale angustifrons elata Howell, 1906
Spilogale angustifrons tropicalis Howell, 1902
Spilogale angustifrons yucatanensis Burt, 1938
Spilogale gracilis amphialus Dickey, 1929
Spilogale gracilis gracilis Merriam, 1890
Spilogale gracilis latifrons Merriam, 1890
Spilogale gracilis leucoparia Merriam, 1890
Spilogale gracilis lucasana Merriam, 1890
Spilogale gracilis martirensis Elliot, 1903
Spilogale gracilis phenax Merriam, 1890
Spilogale putorius ambarvalis Bangs, 1898
Spilogale putorius interrupta (Rafinesque, 1820)
Spilogale putorius putorius (Linnaeus, 1758)
Spilogale pygmaea australis Hall, 1938
Spilogale pygmaea intermedia López-Forment and Urbano, 1979
Spilogale pygmaea pygmaea Thomas, 1898

Извори[uredi | uredi izvor]

^ Albone, ES (1984). „Scent glands”. Mammalian semiochemistry: the investigation of chemical signals between mammals. New York: John Wiley and Sons. стр. 74–134. ISBN 978-0471102533.
^ Burger, BV (2005). „Mammalian semiochemicals” (PDF). Ур.: Schulz, S. The chemistry of pheromones and other semiochemicals II. Topics in current chemistry. 240. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. стр. 231—78. ISBN 978-3-540-21308-6. ISSN 0340-1022. doi:10.1007/b98318.
^ Xiaoming, Wang; Zhanxiang, Qiu (2004). „Late Miocene Promephitis (Carnivora, Mephitidae) from China.”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 24: 721—731. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0721:LMPCMF]2.0.CO;2.
^ „Wild Skunk Information”. Dragoo Institute for the Betterment of Skunks and Skunk Reputations. 7. 3. 2013. Приступљено 12. 11. 2017.
^ Koepfli KP, Deere KA, Slater GJ, et al. (2008). „Multigene phylogeny of the Mustelidae: Resolving relationships, tempo and biogeographic history of a mammalian adaptive radiation”. BMC Biol. 6: 4—5. PMC 2276185 . PMID 18275614. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-6-10.
^ Mammal Species of the World – Browse: Mephitidae Arhivirano 2012-10-24 na sajtu Wayback Machine. Bucknell.edu. Pristupljeno April 5, 2012.
^ Western Hog-nosed Skunk
^ Helgen, K. (2016). „Conepatus leuconotus”. Crveni spisak ugroženih vrsta IUCN. IUCN. 2016: e.T41632A45210809. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41632A45210809.en . Pristupljeno 12. 11. 2021. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
^ Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, Étienne; Cuvier, Frédéric (1821). „Le télagon”. Histoire naturelle des mammifères. 3 (27). Paris. str. 1—2.
^ Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., ur. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd izd.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ Kinlaw, A (1995). „Spilogale putorius”. Mammalian Species. 511: 1—7. doi:10.2307/0.511.1 .
^ „Doubling the number of species of hand-standing spotted skunks”.
^ Magazine, Smithsonian; Langlois, Jill. „Scientists Identify Seven Species of Spotted Skunks, and They All Do Handstands Before They Spray”. Smithsonian Magazine (na jeziku: engleski). Pristupljeno 2021-11-20.
^ McDonough, Molly M.; Ferguson, Adam W.; Dowler, Robert C.; Gompper, Matthew E.; Maldonado, Jesús E. (2020-10-25). Phylogenomic systematics of the spotted skunks (Carnivora, Mephitidae, Spilogale): Additional species diversity and Pleistocene climate change as a major driver of diversification (Izveštaj) (na jeziku: engleski). str. 2020.10.23.353045. S2CID 226229298. doi:10.1101/2020.10.23.353045.
^ Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., ur. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd izd.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]

Ronald M. Nowak (1999). Walker’s mammals of the world (6th izd.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-5789-8.
John J. Flynn; et al. (2005). „Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships”. Systematic Biology. 54 (2): 1—21. ISSN 1063-5157. doi:10.1080/10635150590923326.
D. E. Wilson und D. M. Reeder (2005). Mammal Species of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.
Stink badgers at the Badger Pages Arhivirano 2007-08-06 na sajtu Wayback Machine
Koepfli KP, Deere KA, Slater GJ, et al. (2008). „Multigene phylogeny of the Mustelidae: resolving relationships, tempo and biogeographic history of a mammalian adaptive radiation”. BMC Biol. 6 (1): 4—5. PMC 2276185 . PMID 18275614. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-6-10.
Law, C. J.; Slater, G. J.; Mehta, R. S. (2018-01-01). „Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods”. Systematic Biology. 67 (1): 127—144. PMID 28472434. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syx047 .
Nickens, TE (2009-11-05). „Understanding seven deer glands”. Field & Stream Online. New York: Field & Stream. Pristupljeno 2012-05-27.
Schulz, Stefan (2005-01-07). The Chemistry of Pheromones and Other Semiochemicals II (na jeziku: engleski). Springer Science & Business Media. str. 254. ISBN 9783540213086.
„Understanding deer glands”. Huntley, Illinois: Hunting Network, LLC. 2012. Pristupljeno 2012-05-21.
Richard Estes (1992). The Behavior Guide to African Mammals: Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-08085-0. „Scent glands.”
Köhncke, M.; Leonhardt, K. (1986). „Cryptoprocta ferox” (PDF). Mammalian Species (254): 1—5. JSTOR 3503919. doi:10.2307/3503919. Pristupljeno 19. 5. 2010. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
L. David Mech; Luigi Boitani (1. 10. 2010). Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-51698-1. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
Dyce, KM; Sack, WO; Wensing, CJG (1987). Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy. W.B. Saunders Company. ISBN 978-0-7216-1332-1.
Kenyon, KW (1969). The Sea Otter in the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.
Ford, LS; Hoffman, RS (1988). „Potos flavus”. Mammalian Species (321): 1—9. JSTOR 3504086. doi:10.2307/3504086 .
Wolf and Johnson; Johnson, Martha F. (1979). „Scent Marking in Taiga Voles (Microtus xanthognathus)”. Journal of Mammalogy. 60 (2): 400—04. ISSN 0022-2372. JSTOR 1379814. doi:10.2307/1379814.
Weldon, Paul; Flaschbarth, Birte; Schulz, Stefan (septembar 2008). „Natural products from the integument of nonavian reptiles”. Natural Product Reports. 25 (4): 742—749. PMID 18663393. doi:10.1039/b509854h — preko Researchgate. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
R. F. Ewer (1973). The Carnivores. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8493-3.
Kays, Roland (2002). Mammals of North America. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. str. 180–182. ISBN 0-691-07012-1.
Hall, Raymond (1981). The Mammals of North America Volume II. Canada: Wiley-Interscience Publication. str. 1025—1028. ISBN 0-471-05444-5.
Zapata, Sonia C.; Travaini, Alejandro; Martínez-Peck, Rolando (2001). „Seasonal feeding habits of the Patagonian hog-nosed skunk Conepatus humboldtii in southern Patagonia”. Acta Theriologica. 46: 97—102. doi:10.4098/at.arch.01-11.

Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]

[Albone1984-1] Albone, ES (1984). „Scent glands”. Mammalian semiochemistry: the investigation of chemical signals between mammals. New York: John Wiley and Sons. стр. 74–134. ISBN 978-0471102533.

[Schulz2005-2] Burger, BV (2005). „Mammalian semiochemicals” (PDF). Ур.: Schulz, S. The chemistry of pheromones and other semiochemicals II. Topics in current chemistry. 240. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. стр. 231—78. ISBN 978-3-540-21308-6. ISSN 0340-1022. doi:10.1007/b98318.

[3] Xiaoming, Wang; Zhanxiang, Qiu (2004). „Late Miocene Promephitis (Carnivora, Mephitidae) from China.”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 24: 721—731. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0721:LMPCMF]2.0.CO;2.

[4] „Wild Skunk Information”. Dragoo Institute for the Betterment of Skunks and Skunk Reputations. 7. 3. 2013. Приступљено 12. 11. 2017.

[5] Koepfli KP, Deere KA, Slater GJ, et al. (2008). „Multigene phylogeny of the Mustelidae: Resolving relationships, tempo and biogeographic history of a mammalian adaptive radiation”. BMC Biol. 6: 4—5. PMC 2276185 . PMID 18275614. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-6-10.

[6] Mammal Species of the World – Browse: Mephitidae Arhivirano 2012-10-24 na sajtu Wayback Machine. Bucknell.edu. Pristupljeno April 5, 2012.

[7] Western Hog-nosed Skunk

[iucn-8] Helgen, K. (2016). „Conepatus leuconotus”. Crveni spisak ugroženih vrsta IUCN. IUCN. 2016: e.T41632A45210809. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41632A45210809.en . Pristupljeno 12. 11. 2021. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[9] Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, Étienne; Cuvier, Frédéric (1821). „Le télagon”. Histoire naturelle des mammifères. 3 (27). Paris. str. 1—2.

[10] Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., ur. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd izd.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

[11] Kinlaw, A (1995). „Spilogale putorius”. Mammalian Species. 511: 1—7. doi:10.2307/0.511.1 .

[auto-12] „Doubling the number of species of hand-standing spotted skunks”.

[13] Magazine, Smithsonian; Langlois, Jill. „Scientists Identify Seven Species of Spotted Skunks, and They All Do Handstands Before They Spray”. Smithsonian Magazine (na jeziku: engleski). Pristupljeno 2021-11-20.

[14] McDonough, Molly M.; Ferguson, Adam W.; Dowler, Robert C.; Gompper, Matthew E.; Maldonado, Jesús E. (2020-10-25). Phylogenomic systematics of the spotted skunks (Carnivora, Mephitidae, Spilogale): Additional species diversity and Pleistocene climate change as a major driver of diversification (Izveštaj) (na jeziku: engleski). str. 2020.10.23.353045. S2CID 226229298. doi:10.1101/2020.10.23.353045.

[15] Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., ur. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd izd.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

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