Pan-Carnivora

Pan-Carnivora; Vremenski raspon: 79.47–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N kasna kreda do danas
	primjeri predstavnika kladusa; Pan-Carnivora
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Klasa:	Mammalia
Veliki Red:	Ferungulata
Mirored:	Ferae
Kladus:	Pan-Carnivora; Flynn, Wyss & Wolsan, 2020
Podgrupe
	vidi tekst ↓

Pan-Carnivora (Pan-Karnivora — „sve zvijeri”) je kladus placentalnih sisara unutar miroreda Ferae.^[2]^[3]^[4] Ovaj kladus sisara obuhvata kladus Carnivoramorpha, izumrle redove Hyaenodonta i Oxyaenodonta, izumrlu porodicu Wyolestidae i izumrle rodove Altacreodus, Simidectes i Tinerhodon.^[5] Stručni naziv za članove ovog kladusa sisara je pan-karnivori.

Etimologija naziva[uredi | uredi izvor]

Kladus:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
Pan-Carnivora	starogrčke riječi pan (stgrč. παν), što znači sve i reda sisara Carnivora	sve zvijeri

Opis[uredi | uredi izvor]

Zajedničke fizičke osobine prisutne kod prestavnika kladusa Pan-Carnivora su zubi heterodontnog tipa (tj. različitih su oblika, kao u većine sisara) koji su oštri i šinjasti, izraženi očnjaci, kao i karnasalni zubi (tj. zubi derači) koji imaju krunice u obliku noža i njih koriste da bi kidali meso, pa čak i da bi sjekli hrskavicu i kosti. Karnasalne zube su predstavnici kladusa Pan-Carnivora razvili neovisno jedni od drugi,^[6]^[7]^[8] tako da:

kod predstavnika kladusa Carnivoramorpha karnasalne zube čine modifikovani četvrti gornji par pretkutnjaka (P₄) i prvi donji par kutnjaka (m₁),^[9]
kod predstavnika reda Hyaenodonta i bliski srodnika su to uglavnom modifikovani prvi i drugi gornji par kutnjaka (M₁ i M₂) i drugi i treći donji par kutnjaka (m₂ i m₃),^[10]^[9]
a kod predstavnika reda Oxyaenodonta su to modifikovani prvi gornji par kutnjaka (M₁) i drugi donji par kutnjaka (m₂).^[10]

ilustracija zuba iz gornje i donje vilice
vuka (red Carnivora) u poređenju sa vrstama
iz roda Hyaenodon (red Hyaenodonta)
i roda Oxyaena (red Oxyaenodonta)

donje vilice vrste Wyolestes dioctes

dio donje vilice vrste Simidectes medius

Evolucija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Predstavnici kladusa Pan-Carnivora vode porijeklo od predaka iz miroreda Ferae, koji su u periodu kasne krede živjeli na prostoru današnje Sjeverne Amerike, odakle su se proširila na područje Azije, Evrope i ostatka svijeta. Ovi preci su po svom izgledu nalikovali na kune, mungose i cibetke, i bili su mali mesojedi i svaštojedi po ishrani.

Sistematika[uredi | uredi izvor]

Klasifikacija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Klasifikacija kladusa Pan-Carnivora:

Kladus: Pan-Carnivora (Flynn, Wyss & Wolsan, 2020) Kladus: Carnivoramorpha (Wyss & Flynn, 1993) (zvijeroliki sisari) Kladus: Carnivoraformes (Flynn, 2010) (zvijeroliki sisari) Natporodica: †Viverravoidea (Wortman & Matthew, 1899) Incertae sedis: Rod: †Ravenictis (Fox & Youzwyshyn, 1994) †"Sinopa" insectivorus (Cope, 1872) †Carnivoramorpha sp. [UALVP 31176] (Fox & Youzwyshyn, 1994) †Carnivoramorpha sp. [UALVP 50993 & UALVP 50994] (Fox, Scott & Rankin, 2010) †Carnivoramorpha sp. [USNM 538395] (Rose, 2012) Red: †Hyaenodonta (Van Valen, 1967) (lažne zvijeri) Red: †Oxyaenodonta (Van Valen, 1971) (lažne zvijeri) Porodica: †Oxyaenidae (Cope, 1877) (lažne zvijeri) Porodica: †Wyolestidae (Gingerich, 1981) Rod: †Simidectes (Stock, 1933) (nerangirano): †Altacreodus/Tinerhodon grupa Rod: †Altacreodus (Fox, 2015) Rod: †Tinerhodon (Gheerbrant, 1995) † - oznaka za izumrli takson

Filogenija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Dolje prikazani kladogrami predstavljaju filogenetske veze kladusa Pan-Carnivora.^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]

Ferae

Pholidotamorpha

Pan‑Carnivora

†Oxyaenodonta	†Oxyaenidae

†Hyaenodonta

	†Altacreodus

	†Tinerhodon

†Altacreodus/Tinerhodon grupa

?

†Wyolestidae

?

†Simidectes

†Hyaenodonta (sensu stricto)

sensu lato

Carnivoramorpha

†Viverravidae

	†Viverravoidea

?	†Ravenictis

?	†Carnivoramorpha sp. (UALVP 50993 & UALVP 50994)

sensu lato

?

†Carnivoramorpha sp. (UALVP 31176)

?

†Carnivoramorpha sp. (USNM 538395)

?

†"Sinopa" insectivorus

Carnivoraformes

(Carnivora [sensu lato])

Vremenska rasprostranjenst[uredi | uredi izvor]

Unutar miroreda Ferae[uredi | uredi izvor]

Unutar kladusa Pan-Carnivora[uredi | uredi izvor]

Vidi još[uredi | uredi izvor]

Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]

^ Sean P. Heighton, Rémi Allio, Jérôme Murienne, Jordi Salmona, Hao Meng, Céline Scornavacca, Armanda D. S. Bastos, Flobert Njiokou, Darren W. Pietersen, Marie-Ka Tilak, Shu-Jin Luo, Frédéric Delsuc, Philippe Gaubert (2023.) "Pangolin genomes offer key insights and resources for the world’s most trafficked wild mammals", Molecular Biology and Evolution, 40(10), PMID:37794645; PMCID:PMC10551234.
^ ^a ^b J. J. Flynn, A. R. Wyss and M. Wolsan (2020.) "Pan-Carnivora, new clade name" In book: Phylonyms (pp.979-982)
^ RegNum - Pan-Carnivora
^ Bertrand, O. C.; Shelley, S. L.; Williamson, T. E.; Wible, J. R.; Chester, S. G. B.; Flynn, J. J.; Holbrook, L. T.; Lyson, T. R.; Meng, J.; Miller, I. M.; Püschel, H. P.; Smith, T.; Spaulding, M.; Tseng, Z. J.; Brusatte, S. L. (2022). „Brawn before brains in placental mammals after the end-Cretaceous extinction”. Science. 376 (6588): 80—85. Bibcode:2022Sci...376...80B. doi:10.1126/science.abl5584.
^ Floréal Solé & Thierry Smith (2013.) "Dispersals of placental carnivorous mammals (Carnivoramorpha, Oxyaenodonta & Hyaenodontida) near the Paleocene-Eocene boundary: a climatic and almost worldwide story" Geologica Belgica 16/4: 254-261
^ C. M. Janis, J. A. Baskin, A. Berta, J. J. Flynn, G. F. Gunnell, R. M. Hunt jr., L. D. Martin, and K. Munthe (1998.) "Carnivorous mammals." In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.) "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulatelike Mammals." Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 9780521355193
^ Floréal Solé & Thierry Smith (2013.) "Dispersals of placental carnivorous mammals (Carnivoramorpha, Oxyaenodonta & Hyaenodontida) near the Paleocene-Eocene boundary: a climatic and almost worldwide story" Geologica Belgica 16/4: 254-261
^ Brigid E. Christison (2018.) "Comparison of creodont and carnivoran dental morphology from the Calf Creek local fauna (Late Eocene) of Saskatchewan", in "The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 78th annual meeting"
^ ^a ^b Wang, Xiaoming; Tedford, Richard H. (2008). Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History. New York: Columbia University Press. str. 1. ISBN 978-0-231-13528-3.
^ ^a ^b G. F. Gunnell (1998.) "Creodonta". In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate like Mammals", Cambridge University Press, 703 pages ISBN 9780521355193
^ Flynn, John J.; Finarelli, John A.; Spaulding, Michelle (2010). „Phylogeny of the Carnivora and Carnivoramorpha, and the use of the fossil record to enhance understanding of evolutionary transformations”. Ur.: Goswami, Anjali; Friscia, Anthony. Carnivoran evolution. New views on phylogeny, form and function. Cambridge University Press. str. 25–63. ISBN 9781139193436. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139193436.003.
^ Solé, Floréal; Smith, Thierry; De Bast, Eric; Codrea, Vlad; Gheerbrant, Emmanuel (2016). „New carnivoraforms from the latest Paleocene of Europe and their bearing on the origin and radiation of Carnivoraformes (Carnivoramorpha, Mammalia)”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (2): e1082480. ISSN 0272-4634. doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1082480.
^ Solé, F. & Ladevèze, S. (2017.) "Evolution of the hypercarnivorous dentition in mammals (Metatheria, Eutheria) and its bearing on the development of tribosphenic molars." Evolution & Development, 19(2), 56–68.
^ Prevosti, F. J. & Forasiepi, A. M. (2018.) "Introduction. Evolution of South American Mammalian Predators During the Cenozoic: Paleobiogeographic and Paleoenvironmental Contingencies", Springer Geology. Springer, Cham.
^ Tomiya, S.; Zack, S. P.; Spaulding, M.; Flynn, J. J. (2021). „Carnivorous mammals from the middle Eocene Washakie Formation, Wyoming, USA, and their diversity trajectory in a post-warming world”. Journal of Paleontology. 95 (Supplement S82): 1—115. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.74.
^ Averianov, Alexander; Obraztsova, Ekaterina; Danilov, Igor; Jin, Jian-Hua (2023). „A new hypercarnivorous hyaenodont from the Eocene of South China”. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 11. ISSN 2296-701X. doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1076819/full.

Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]

Benjamin Burger - "Lecture 80 - Meat Eating Mammals: Creodonts and Carnivores"

[1] Sean P. Heighton, Rémi Allio, Jérôme Murienne, Jordi Salmona, Hao Meng, Céline Scornavacca, Armanda D. S. Bastos, Flobert Njiokou, Darren W. Pietersen, Marie-Ka Tilak, Shu-Jin Luo, Frédéric Delsuc, Philippe Gaubert (2023.) "Pangolin genomes offer key insights and resources for the world’s most trafficked wild mammals", Molecular Biology and Evolution, 40(10), PMID:37794645; PMCID:PMC10551234.

[Flynn2020-2] J. J. Flynn, A. R. Wyss and M. Wolsan (2020.) "Pan-Carnivora, new clade name" In book: Phylonyms (pp.979-982)

[3] RegNum - Pan-Carnivora

[4] Bertrand, O. C.; Shelley, S. L.; Williamson, T. E.; Wible, J. R.; Chester, S. G. B.; Flynn, J. J.; Holbrook, L. T.; Lyson, T. R.; Meng, J.; Miller, I. M.; Püschel, H. P.; Smith, T.; Spaulding, M.; Tseng, Z. J.; Brusatte, S. L. (2022). „Brawn before brains in placental mammals after the end-Cretaceous extinction”. Science. 376 (6588): 80—85. Bibcode:2022Sci...376...80B. doi:10.1126/science.abl5584.

[5] Floréal Solé & Thierry Smith (2013.) "Dispersals of placental carnivorous mammals (Carnivoramorpha, Oxyaenodonta & Hyaenodontida) near the Paleocene-Eocene boundary: a climatic and almost worldwide story" Geologica Belgica 16/4: 254-261

[6] C. M. Janis, J. A. Baskin, A. Berta, J. J. Flynn, G. F. Gunnell, R. M. Hunt jr., L. D. Martin, and K. Munthe (1998.) "Carnivorous mammals." In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.) "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulatelike Mammals." Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 9780521355193

[Solé2013-7] Floréal Solé & Thierry Smith (2013.) "Dispersals of placental carnivorous mammals (Carnivoramorpha, Oxyaenodonta & Hyaenodontida) near the Paleocene-Eocene boundary: a climatic and almost worldwide story" Geologica Belgica 16/4: 254-261

[8] Brigid E. Christison (2018.) "Comparison of creodont and carnivoran dental morphology from the Calf Creek local fauna (Late Eocene) of Saskatchewan", in "The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 78th annual meeting"

[Wang2008-9] Wang, Xiaoming; Tedford, Richard H. (2008). Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History. New York: Columbia University Press. str. 1. ISBN 978-0-231-13528-3.

[Gunnell1998-10] G. F. Gunnell (1998.) "Creodonta". In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate like Mammals", Cambridge University Press, 703 pages ISBN 9780521355193

[asdff-11] Flynn, John J.; Finarelli, John A.; Spaulding, Michelle (2010). „Phylogeny of the Carnivora and Carnivoramorpha, and the use of the fossil record to enhance understanding of evolutionary transformations”. Ur.: Goswami, Anjali; Friscia, Anthony. Carnivoran evolution. New views on phylogeny, form and function. Cambridge University Press. str. 25–63. ISBN 9781139193436. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139193436.003.

[SoléSmith2016-12] Solé, Floréal; Smith, Thierry; De Bast, Eric; Codrea, Vlad; Gheerbrant, Emmanuel (2016). „New carnivoraforms from the latest Paleocene of Europe and their bearing on the origin and radiation of Carnivoraformes (Carnivoramorpha, Mammalia)”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (2): e1082480. ISSN 0272-4634. doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1082480.

[13] Solé, F. & Ladevèze, S. (2017.) "Evolution of the hypercarnivorous dentition in mammals (Metatheria, Eutheria) and its bearing on the development of tribosphenic molars." Evolution & Development, 19(2), 56–68.

[Prevosti2018-14] Prevosti, F. J. & Forasiepi, A. M. (2018.) "Introduction. Evolution of South American Mammalian Predators During the Cenozoic: Paleobiogeographic and Paleoenvironmental Contingencies", Springer Geology. Springer, Cham.

[Tomiya2021-15] Tomiya, S.; Zack, S. P.; Spaulding, M.; Flynn, J. J. (2021). „Carnivorous mammals from the middle Eocene Washakie Formation, Wyoming, USA, and their diversity trajectory in a post-warming world”. Journal of Paleontology. 95 (Supplement S82): 1—115. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.74.

[Maocyon-16] Averianov, Alexander; Obraztsova, Ekaterina; Danilov, Igor; Jin, Jian-Hua (2023). „A new hypercarnivorous hyaenodont from the Eocene of South China”. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 11. ISSN 2296-701X. doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1076819/full.

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