Vassacyon

Vassacyon; Vremenski raspon: 57.2–52.4 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ kasni paleocen do ranog eocen
	ilustracija lobanje vrste; Vassacyon promicrodon
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Klasa:	Mammalia
Kladus:	Pan-Carnivora
Kladus:	Carnivoramorpha
Kladus:	Carnivoraformes
Rod:	†Vassacyon; Matthew, 1909
Tipska vrsta
	†Vassacyon promicrodon; Wortman & Matthew, 1899
Vrste
	†Vassacyon bowni; †Vassacyon prieuri; †Vassacyon promicrodon; †Vassacyon taxidiotis;
Sinonimi
	sinonimi vrste: V. promicrodon: Prodaphaenus promicrodon (Wortman, 1901) ; Uintacyon promicrodon (Wortman & Matthew, 1899) ; ;

Vassacyon (Vasakion — „vasatčki pas”) je izumrli rod placentalni sisara iz kladusa Carnivoraformes, koji je u periodu od kasnog paleocena do ranog eocena nastanjivao područje Sjeverne Amerike i Evrope.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

Etimologija naziva[uredi | uredi izvor]

Rod:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
Vassacyon	geološke formacije Vasatč (engl. Wasatch), u kojoj su pronađeni prvi fosilni ostaci ovog roda i starogrčke riječi kion (stgrč. κύων), koja znači pas	vasatčki pas

Vrste:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
V. bowni	roda Vassacyon i prezmena američkog paleontologa Tomasa M. Bouna	bouov Vasakion
V. prieuri	roda Vassacyon i prezmena Žudikaela Prijera, koji je pronašao fosilne ostatke ove vrste	prijerov Vasakion
V. promicrodon	roda Vassacyon starogrčke riječi pro (stgrč. πρό), koja znači prije starogrčke riječi mikros (stgrč. μικρός), koja znači maleno i starogrčke riječi dus (stgrč. ὀδούς), koja znači zub	Vasakion sa malim prednjim zubima
V. taxidiotis	roda Vassacyon i starogrčke riječi taksidiotis (stgrč. ταξιδιώτης), koja znači putnik	Vasakion putnik

Opis[uredi | uredi izvor]

Vrste iz roda Vassacyon su bile mali kopneni svaštojedi koji su u prošlosti Sjeverne Amerike i Evrope nastanjivali plavne ravnice i kopnene ekosisteme. Ove vrste su takođe bile prilagođene i penjanju po drveću. Vrsta Vassacyon prieuri je u prosjeku težila oko 790 g, a Vassacyon taxidiotis oko 1,344 kg.^[6]

Sistematika[uredi | uredi izvor]

Istorija klasifikacije[uredi | uredi izvor]

Rod Vassacyon je u prošlosti bio uvrštavan unutar izumrle porodice Miacidae, ali je kasnije prepoznat kao predstavnik kladusa Carnivoraformes.

Klasifikacija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Rod: †*Vassacyon* (Matthew, 1909)
Vrste:	Rasprostranjenost fosila i lokacija:	Vremenski raspon:
†V. bowni (Heinrich, 2008)^[7]	SAD (Vajoming)	54,9 do 54,7 mil. god.
†V. prieuri (Solé, 2016)^[8]	Francuska (O de Frans)	57,2 do 56,0 mil. god.
†V. promicrodon (Wortman & Matthew, 1899)^[9]	SAD (Vajoming)^[10]	54,4 do 52,4 mil. god.
†V. taxidiotis (Solé, 2013)^[11]	Francuska (O de Frans)	56,0 do 55,2 mil. god.
†V. sp. [CM 82447 & CM 82448] (Beard & Dawson, 2009)^[12]	SAD (Misisipi)	54,7 do 54,1 mil. god.

Filogenija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Dolje prikazan kladogram predstavlja filogenetske veze roda Vassacyon.^[13]^[14]^[8]^[15]

Carnivoramorpha

†Viverravidae

	†Viverravoidea

?	†Carnivoramorpha sp. (UALVP 50993 & UALVP 50994)

?	†Ravenictis

sensu lato

?

†Carnivoramorpha sp. (UALVP 31176)

?

†Carnivoramorpha sp. (USNM 538395)

?

†"Sinopa" insectivorus

Carnivoraformes

Kladus "B"

	†Eogale

?	†"Miacis" sp. (CM 67873 & CM 77299)

	†Gracilocyon igniculus

	†Gracilocyon winkleri

†Gracilocyon solei

†Gracilocyon

?

†Gracilocyon sp. (Jibou, Romania)

	†Gracilocyon rosei

	†Gracilocyon rundlei

†Paramiacis

†Paroodectes

†Oodectes jepseni

†Oodectes

†Oodectes herpestoides

†Oodectes proximus

†Oodectes pugnax

†Uintacyon hookeri

†Uintacyon rudis

†Uintacyon

	†Uintacyon massetericus

	†Uintacyon vorax

†Uintacyon asodes

†Uintacyon edax

	†Uintacyon acutus

	†Uintacyon jugulans

	†Uintacyon gingerichi

	†Xinyuictis

†Zodiocyon

	†Miocyon

	†Simamphicyon

	†Uintacyon sp. (USGS 1983)

	†Messelogale

	†Quercygalidae

Kladus "C"

	†Palaearctonyx

(†Phlaodectes)	†Vulpavus ovatus

†Vulpavus profectus

	†Vulpavus australis

	†Vulpavus canavus

†Vulpavus completus

†Vulpavus

†Vulpavus farsonensis

†Vulpavus palustris

†Vassacyon

†Vassacyon bowni

†Vassacyon prieuri

?

†Vassacyon sp. (CM 82447 & CM 82448)

	†Vassacyon promicrodon

	†Vassacyon taxidiotis

	†Dormaalocyon

	†"Miacis" exiguus

†"Miacis" deutschi

?

†Africtis

?

†Carnivoraformes undet. Genus B

†Dawsonicyon

?

†"Miacis" boqinghensis

?

†"Miacis" hookwayi

†"Miacis" latidens

†"Miacis" petilus

?	†Carnivoraformes undet. Genus A

	†Miacis

Kladus "D"

	†Lycarion

	†"Miacis" hargeri

?

†Ceruttia

?

†"Miacis" invictus

†"Miacis" lushiensis

†Neovulpavus

	†Harpalodon

	†Procynodictis

†Prodaphaenus

?

†Walshius

	†"Miacis" gracilis

	†Tapocyon

	Carnivora (sensu stricto)

†Gracilocyon/Oodectes grupa

†Vulpavus grupa

(Carnivora [sensu lato])

Vremenska rasprostranjenst roda Vassacyon unutar kladusa Carnivoraformes[uredi | uredi izvor]

Vidi još[uredi | uredi izvor]

Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]

^ W. D. Matthew (1909) "The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, middle Eocene." Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 9:289-567
^ J. L. Wortman (1901.) "Studies of Eocene Mammalia in the Marsh Collection, Peabody Museum." The American Journal of Science, series 4 12:193-206
^ McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2015. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
^ J. J. Flynn (1998.) "Early Cenozoic Carnivora ("Miacoidea")." In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.) "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulatelike Mammals." Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 9780521355193
^ Spaulding, Michelle; Flynn, John J.; Stucky, Richard K. (2010). „A new basal Carnivoramorphan (Mammalia) from the ‘Bridger B’ (Black’s Fork member, Bridger Formation, Bridgerian Nalma, middle Eocene) of Wyoming, USA”. Palaeontology. 53 (4): 815—832. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00963.x.
^ ^a ^b Solé, Floréal (1. 9. 2014). „New carnivoraforms from the early Eocene of Europe and their bearing on the evolution of the Carnivoraformes”. Palaeontology (na jeziku: engleski). 57 (5): 963—978. ISSN 1475-4983. doi:10.1111/pala.12097.
^ Heinrich, R. E.; Strait, S. G.; Houde, P. (2008). „Earliest Eocene Miacidae (Mammalia: Carnivora) from northwestern Wyoming”. Journal of Paleontology. 82 (1): 154—162. doi:10.1666/05-118.1.
^ ^a ^b Solé, Floréal; Smith, Thierry; De Bast, Eric; Codrea, Vlad; Gheerbrant, Emmanuel (2016). „New carnivoraforms from the latest Paleocene of Europe and their bearing on the origin and radiation of Carnivoraformes (Carnivoramorpha, Mammalia)”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (2): e1082480. ISSN 0272-4634. doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1082480.
^ J. L. Wortman and W. D. Matthew (1899.) "The ancestry of certain members of the Canidae, the Viverridae, and Procyonidae." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 12(6):109-138
^ P. D. Gingerich (1983.) "Paleocene-Eocene faunal zones and a preliminary analysis of Laramide structural deformation in the Clarks Fork Basin, Wyoming." Wyoming Geological Association Guidebook 34:185-195
^ Floréal Solé; Emmanuel Gheerbrant; Marc Godinot (2013). „The "miacids" (Carnivoraformes, Mammalia) from the Early Eocene locality of Le Quesnoy (MP7, France); first occurrence of Vassacyon in Europe”. Comptes Rendus Palevol. 12 (4): 191—202. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2013.05.001.
^ K. Christopher Beard; Mary R. Dawson (2009). „Early Wasatchian Mammals of the Red Hot Local Fauna, Uppermost Tuscahoma Formation, Lauderdale County, Mississippi”. Annals of Carnegie Museum. 78 (3): 193—243. doi:10.2992/007.078.0301.
^ Flynn, John J.; Finarelli, John A.; Spaulding, Michelle (2010). „Phylogeny of the Carnivora and Carnivoramorpha, and the use of the fossil record to enhance understanding of evolutionary transformations”. Ur.: Goswami, Anjali; Friscia, Anthony. Carnivoran evolution. New views on phylogeny, form and function. Cambridge University Press. str. 25–63. ISBN 9781139193436. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139193436.003.
^ Solé, Floréal; Smith, Richard; Coillot, Tiphaine; de Bast, Eric; Smith, Thierry (2014). „Dental and tarsal anatomy of Miacis latouri and a phylogenetic analysis of the earliest carnivoraforms (Mammalia, Carnivoramorpha)”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (1): 1—21. ISSN 0272-4634. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.793195.
^ Tomiya, S.; Zack, S. P.; Spaulding, M.; Flynn, J. J. (2021). „Carnivorous mammals from the middle Eocene Washakie Formation, Wyoming, USA, and their diversity trajectory in a post-warming world”. Journal of Paleontology. 95 (Supplement S82): 1—115. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.74.

Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]

O. P. Hay (1902.) "Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America." Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179:1-868
W. D. Matthew and W. Granger (1915.) "A revision of the Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River faunas." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 34(1):1-103
Flynn, John J.; Galiano, Henry (1982). „Phylogeny of Early Tertiary Carnivora, With a Description of a New Species of Protictis From the Middle Eocene of Northwestern Wyoming”. American Museum Novitates. 2725: 1—64.
J. J. Hooker (1986.) "Mammals from the Bartonian (middle/late Eocene) of the Hampshire Basin, southern England." Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) 39(4):191-478
Anthony R. Friscia and D. Tab Rassmussen (2010) „Middle Eocene Carnivoramorpha of the Uinta Basin, Utah”. Annals of Carnegie Museum, vol. 79 (1), pp. 51-63

[1] W. D. Matthew (1909) "The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, middle Eocene." Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 9:289-567

[2] J. L. Wortman (1901.) "Studies of Eocene Mammalia in the Marsh Collection, Peabody Museum." The American Journal of Science, series 4 12:193-206

[McKenna_&_Bell-3] McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2015. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[4] J. J. Flynn (1998.) "Early Cenozoic Carnivora ("Miacoidea")." In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.) "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulatelike Mammals." Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 9780521355193

[Dawsonicyon-5] Spaulding, Michelle; Flynn, John J.; Stucky, Richard K. (2010). „A new basal Carnivoramorphan (Mammalia) from the ‘Bridger B’ (Black’s Fork member, Bridger Formation, Bridgerian Nalma, middle Eocene) of Wyoming, USA”. Palaeontology. 53 (4): 815—832. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00963.x.

[Sole-2014-6] Solé, Floréal (1. 9. 2014). „New carnivoraforms from the early Eocene of Europe and their bearing on the evolution of the Carnivoraformes”. Palaeontology (na jeziku: engleski). 57 (5): 963—978. ISSN 1475-4983. doi:10.1111/pala.12097.

[7] Heinrich, R. E.; Strait, S. G.; Houde, P. (2008). „Earliest Eocene Miacidae (Mammalia: Carnivora) from northwestern Wyoming”. Journal of Paleontology. 82 (1): 154—162. doi:10.1666/05-118.1.

[SoléSmith2016-8] Solé, Floréal; Smith, Thierry; De Bast, Eric; Codrea, Vlad; Gheerbrant, Emmanuel (2016). „New carnivoraforms from the latest Paleocene of Europe and their bearing on the origin and radiation of Carnivoraformes (Carnivoramorpha, Mammalia)”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (2): e1082480. ISSN 0272-4634. doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1082480.

[9] J. L. Wortman and W. D. Matthew (1899.) "The ancestry of certain members of the Canidae, the Viverridae, and Procyonidae." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 12(6):109-138

[10] P. D. Gingerich (1983.) "Paleocene-Eocene faunal zones and a preliminary analysis of Laramide structural deformation in the Clarks Fork Basin, Wyoming." Wyoming Geological Association Guidebook 34:185-195

[11] Floréal Solé; Emmanuel Gheerbrant; Marc Godinot (2013). „The "miacids" (Carnivoraformes, Mammalia) from the Early Eocene locality of Le Quesnoy (MP7, France); first occurrence of Vassacyon in Europe”. Comptes Rendus Palevol. 12 (4): 191—202. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2013.05.001.

[Dawson2009-12] K. Christopher Beard; Mary R. Dawson (2009). „Early Wasatchian Mammals of the Red Hot Local Fauna, Uppermost Tuscahoma Formation, Lauderdale County, Mississippi”. Annals of Carnegie Museum. 78 (3): 193—243. doi:10.2992/007.078.0301.

[asdff-13] Flynn, John J.; Finarelli, John A.; Spaulding, Michelle (2010). „Phylogeny of the Carnivora and Carnivoramorpha, and the use of the fossil record to enhance understanding of evolutionary transformations”. Ur.: Goswami, Anjali; Friscia, Anthony. Carnivoran evolution. New views on phylogeny, form and function. Cambridge University Press. str. 25–63. ISBN 9781139193436. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139193436.003.

[SoléSmith2014-14] Solé, Floréal; Smith, Richard; Coillot, Tiphaine; de Bast, Eric; Smith, Thierry (2014). „Dental and tarsal anatomy of Miacis latouri and a phylogenetic analysis of the earliest carnivoraforms (Mammalia, Carnivoramorpha)”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (1): 1—21. ISSN 0272-4634. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.793195.

[Tomiya2021-15] Tomiya, S.; Zack, S. P.; Spaulding, M.; Flynn, J. J. (2021). „Carnivorous mammals from the middle Eocene Washakie Formation, Wyoming, USA, and their diversity trajectory in a post-warming world”. Journal of Paleontology. 95 (Supplement S82): 1—115. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.74.

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