Atlantogenata

Atlantogenata; Vremenski raspon: 91.71–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N kasna kreda do danas
	primjeri živući predstavnika magnreda; Atlantogenata
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Klasa:	Mammalia
Kladus:	Eutheria
Infraklasa:	Placentalia
Magnred:	Atlantogenata; Waddell, 1999
Nadredovi
	Afrotheria; Americatheria;
Sinonimi
	Atlantogenta (Phillips, 2001); Notoplacentalia (Arnason, 2008); Xenafrotheria (Asher, 2005);

Atlantogenata (Atlantogenata — „atlansko porijeklo”) je magnred placentalnih sisara.^[2] Ovaj magnred sisara obuhvata nadred Afrotheria i kladus Americatheria.^[6]^[7]^[8] Stručni naziv za članove ovog magnreda sisara je atlantogenati.

Etimologija naziva[уреди | уреди извор]

Magnred:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
Atlantogenata	Atlantskog okeana i starogrčke riječi genos (стгрч. γένος), koja znači porijeklo ili rod	atlansko porijeklo^[2]

Opis[уреди | уреди извор]

Zajednička osobina koja povezuje sisare iz magnreda Atlantogenata je, pored njihovog genetskog srodstva,^[9]^[10] da mužjaci ne posjeduju mošnice kao drugi placentalni sisara i viviparni sisari, već se njihovi testisi nalaze u unutrašnjosti stomaka.^[11]^[12] Ova osobina je posljedica gubitka gena koji kod drugi sisara omogućavaju da se testisi spuste iz stomaka u mošnice.^[12]

Evolucija[уреди | уреди извор]

Predstavnici magnreda Atlantogenata vode porijeklo od predaka iz infrareda Placentalia, koji su u periodu kasne krede živjeli na prostoru današnje Južne Amerike i Afrike, dok su ova dva kontinenta još bila spojena i činila kopnenu masu zapadne Gondvane.^[7] Ovi preci su po svom izgledu nalikovali na surlaste rovčice, i bili su mali bubojedi po ishrani. Oko 91,71 miliona godina preci nadreda Afrotheria i kladusa Americatheria su se odvojili u dvije posebne linije sisara.^[1] Ovo razdvajanje se poklapa sa vremenskim periodom nastanka južnog djela Atlanskog okeana, kada su se Afrika i Južna Amerika u potpunosti razdvojile i kada je nestao brazilski kopneni most koji je vezivao ove dvije kopnene mase^[13]^[7]

Sistematika[уреди | уреди извор]

Klasifikacija[уреди | уреди извор]

Magnred: Atlantogenata (Waddell, 1999) Nadred: Afrotheria (Stanhope, 1998) Veliki Red: Afroinsectiphilia (Waddell, 2001) Kladus: Paenungulatomorpha (Gheerbrant, 2016) Kladus: Americatheria (Shockey, 2017) Nadred: Xenarthra (Cope, 1889) Red: Cingulata (Illiger, 1811) (oklopnici) Red: Pilosa (Flower, 1883) Incertae sedis: †Americatheria sp. [MLP 94-III-15-14] (Vizcaíno & Scillato-Yané, 1995) ("ljenjivac" sa ostrva Simor) † - oznaka za izumrli takson

Filogenija[уреди | уреди извор]

Dolje prikazan kladogram predstavlja filogenetske veze magnreda Atlantogenata.^[14]^[15]^[16]^[8]^[17]

Placentalia

	†Taeniodonta

	†Alveugena

†Procerberidae

†Ambilestes

†Palaeoryctida

Boreoeutheria

Atlantogenata

Afrotheria

	Afroinsectiphilia

	Paenungulatomorpha

Americatheria

?

†Americatheria sp. (MLP 94-III-15-14)

Xenarthra

	Cingulata

	Pilosa

sensu stricto

(Xenarthra [sensu lato])

Vremenska rasprostranjenost[уреди | уреди извор]

Unutar infraklase Placentalia[уреди | уреди извор]

Unutar magnreda Atlantogenata[уреди | уреди извор]

Vidi još[уреди | уреди извор]

Reference[уреди | уреди извор]

^ ^а ^б Foley, N. M.; Mason, V. C.; Harris, A. J.; Bredemeyer, K. R.; Damas, J.; Lewin, H. A.; Eizirik, E.; Gatesy, J.; Karlsson, E. K.; Lindblad-Toh, K.; Zoonomia Consortium; Springer, M. S.; Murphy, W. J. (2023). „A genomic timescale for placental mammal evolution”. Science. 380 (6643). eabl8189. doi:10.1126/science.abl8189.
^ ^а ^б ^в Waddell, Peter J.; Cao, Ying; Hasegawa, Masami; Mindell, David P. (1999). „Assessing the Cretaceous Superordinal Divergence Times within Birds and Placental Mammals by Using Whole Mitochondrial Protein Sequences and an Extended Statistical Framework”. Systematic Biology. 48 (1): 119—137. doi:10.1080/106351599260481 .
^ M. J. Phillips, Y. H. Lin, G. L. Harrison and D. Penny (2001.) "Mitochondrial genomes of a bandicoot and a brushtail possum confirm the monophyly of australidelphian marsupials." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 268:1533-1538
^ Arnason U., Adegoke J. A., Gullberg A., Harley E. H., Janke A., Kullberg M. (2008.) "Mitogenomic relationships of placental mammals and molecular estimates of their divergences." Gene.; 421(1-2):37–51
^ Asher R. J. (2005.) "Insectivoran grade placental mammals: character evolution and fossil history." In: K. D. Rose and J. D. Archibold "The Rise of Placental Mammals: Origins and Relationships of the Major Extant Clades", Baltimore and London, Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 978-0-8018-8022-3
^ R. J. Asher and K. M. Helgen (2010.) "Nomenclature and placental mammal phylogeny". BMC Evolutionary BIology 10(102):1-9
^ ^а ^б ^в James E. Tarver, Mario dos Reis, Siavash Mirarab, Raymond J. Moran, Sean Parker, Joseph E. O’Reilly, Benjamin L. King, Mary J. O’Connell, Robert J. Asher, Tandy Warnow, Kevin J. Peterson, Philip C. J. Donoghue and Davide Pisani (2016.) "The Interrelationships of Placental Mammals and the Limits of Phylogenetic Inference" Genome Biol. Evol. 8(2):330–344
^ ^а ^б Frank E. Zachos (2020) "Mammalian Phylogenetics: A Short Overview of Recent Advances", In book: "Mammals of Europe - Past, Present, and Future" (pp.31-48)
^ Waddell, Peter J.; Okada, Norohiro; Hasegawa, Masami (1999). „Towards Resolving the Interordinal Relationships of Placental Mammals”. Systematic Biology. 48 (1): 1—5. PMID 12078634. doi:10.1093/sysbio/48.1.1 .
^ Murphy, W. J.; Pringle, T. H.; Crider, T. A.; Springer, M. S.; Miller, W. (2007). „Using genomic data to unravel the root of the placental mammal phylogeny”. Genome Research. 17 (4): 413—421. PMC 1832088 . PMID 17322288. doi:10.1101/gr.5918807.
^ Kleisner, K; Ivell, R; Flegr, J (2010). „The evolutionary history of testicular externalization and the origin of the scrotum”. Journal of Biosciences. 35 (1): 27—37. PMID 20413907. S2CID 11962872. doi:10.1007/s12038-010-0005-7.
^ ^а ^б Sharma, Virag; Lehmann, Thomas; Stuckas, Heiko; Funke, Liane; Hiller, Michael (2018). „Loss of RXFP2 and INSL3 genes in Afrotheria shows that testicular descent is the ancestral condition in placental mammals”. PLOS Biology. 16 (6): e2005293. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 6023123 . PMID 29953435. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2005293 .
^ Nishihara, H.; Maruyama, S.; Okada, N. (2009). „Retroposon analysis and recent geological data suggest near-simultaneous divergence of the three superorders of mammals”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (13): 5235—40. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.5235N. PMC 2655268 . PMID 19286970. doi:10.1073/pnas.0809297106 .
^ O’Leary, M. A., Bloch JI, Flynn, J. J., Gaudin, T. J., Giallombardo, A., Giannini, N. P., Goldber, S. L, Kraatz, B. P., Luo, Z-X, Jin Meng, Xijun Ni, Novacek, M. J., Perini, F. A., Randall, Z. S., Rougier, G. W., Sargis, E. J., Silcox, M. T., Simmons, N. B., Spaulding, M. Velazco, P. M., Weksler, M., Wible, J. R. Cirranello, A. L. (2013) "The Placental Mammal Ancestor and the Post–K-Pg Radiation of Placentals." Science 339:6120:662-667.
^ Foley, Nicole M.; Springer, Mark S.; Teeling, Emma C. (19. 7. 2016). „Mammal madness: Is the mammal tree of life not yet resolved?”. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 371 (1699): 20150140. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 4920340 . PMID 27325836. doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0140.
^ Esselstyn, Jacob A.; Oliveros, Carl H.; Swanson, Mark T.; Faircloth, Brant C. (26. 8. 2017). „Investigating Difficult Nodes in the Placental Mammal Tree with Expanded Taxon Sampling and Thousands of Ultraconserved Elements”. Genome Biology and Evolution (на језику: енглески). 9 (9): 2308—2321. ISSN 1759-6653. PMC 5604124 . PMID 28934378. doi:10.1093/gbe/evx168.
^ Bertrand, O. C.; Shelley, S. L.; Williamson, T. E.; Wible, J. R.; Chester, S. G. B.; Flynn, J. J.; Holbrook, L. T.; Lyson, T. R.; Meng, J.; Miller, I. M.; Püschel, H. P.; Smith, T.; Spaulding, M.; Tseng, Z. J.; Brusatte, S. L. (2022). „Brawn before brains in placental mammals after the end-Cretaceous extinction”. Science. 376 (6588): 80—85. Bibcode:2022Sci...376...80B. doi:10.1126/science.abl5584.

Literatura[уреди | уреди извор]

Waddell, Peter J.; Kishino, Hirohisa; Ota, Rissa (2001). „A phylogenetic foundation for comparative mammalian genomics”. Genome Informatics. 12: 141—154. PMID 11791233. Архивирано из оригинала 2019-07-10. г. Приступљено 2015-08-27.
Springer, Mark S.; Murphy, William J.; Eizirik, Eduardo; O'Brien, Stephen J. (2003). „Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 100 (3): 1056—1061. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.1056S. PMC 298725 . PMID 12552136. doi:10.1073/pnas.0334222100 .
Wildman, Derek E.; Chen, Caoyi; Erez, Offer; Grossman, Lawrence I.; Goodman, Morris; Romero, Roberto (2006). „Evolution of the mammalian placenta revealed by phylogenetic analysis”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (9): 3203—3208. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103.3203W. PMC 1413940 . PMID 16492730. doi:10.1073/pnas.0511344103 .
Nikolaev, Sergey; Montoya-Burgos, Juan I.; Margulies, Elliott H.; NISC Comparative Sequencing Program; Rougemont, Jacques; Nyffeler, Bruno; Antonarakis, Stylianos E. (2007). „Early History of Mammals is Elucidated with the ENCODE Multiple Species Sequencing Data”. PLoS Genetics. 3 (1): e2. PMC 1761045 . PMID 17206863. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030002.
Churakov, G.; Kriegs, J. O.; Baertsch, R.; Zemann, A.; Brosius, J. R.; Schmitz, J. R. (2009). „Mosaic retroposon insertion patterns in placental mammals”. Genome Research. 19 (5): 868—875. PMC 2675975 . PMID 19261842. doi:10.1101/gr.090647.108.

[Foley-Mason2023-1] а ^б Foley, N. M.; Mason, V. C.; Harris, A. J.; Bredemeyer, K. R.; Damas, J.; Lewin, H. A.; Eizirik, E.; Gatesy, J.; Karlsson, E. K.; Lindblad-Toh, K.; Zoonomia Consortium; Springer, M. S.; Murphy, W. J. (2023). „A genomic timescale for placental mammal evolution”. Science. 380 (6643). eabl8189. doi:10.1126/science.abl8189.

[Waddell1999c-2] а ^б ^в Waddell, Peter J.; Cao, Ying; Hasegawa, Masami; Mindell, David P. (1999). „Assessing the Cretaceous Superordinal Divergence Times within Birds and Placental Mammals by Using Whole Mitochondrial Protein Sequences and an Extended Statistical Framework”. Systematic Biology. 48 (1): 119—137. doi:10.1080/106351599260481 .

[3] M. J. Phillips, Y. H. Lin, G. L. Harrison and D. Penny (2001.) "Mitochondrial genomes of a bandicoot and a brushtail possum confirm the monophyly of australidelphian marsupials." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 268:1533-1538

[4] Arnason U., Adegoke J. A., Gullberg A., Harley E. H., Janke A., Kullberg M. (2008.) "Mitogenomic relationships of placental mammals and molecular estimates of their divergences." Gene.; 421(1-2):37–51

[5] Asher R. J. (2005.) "Insectivoran grade placental mammals: character evolution and fossil history." In: K. D. Rose and J. D. Archibold "The Rise of Placental Mammals: Origins and Relationships of the Major Extant Clades", Baltimore and London, Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 978-0-8018-8022-3

[6] R. J. Asher and K. M. Helgen (2010.) "Nomenclature and placental mammal phylogeny". BMC Evolutionary BIology 10(102):1-9

[Tarver2016-7] а ^б ^в James E. Tarver, Mario dos Reis, Siavash Mirarab, Raymond J. Moran, Sean Parker, Joseph E. O’Reilly, Benjamin L. King, Mary J. O’Connell, Robert J. Asher, Tandy Warnow, Kevin J. Peterson, Philip C. J. Donoghue and Davide Pisani (2016.) "The Interrelationships of Placental Mammals and the Limits of Phylogenetic Inference" Genome Biol. Evol. 8(2):330–344

[Zachos2020-8] а ^б Frank E. Zachos (2020) "Mammalian Phylogenetics: A Short Overview of Recent Advances", In book: "Mammals of Europe - Past, Present, and Future" (pp.31-48)

[9] Waddell, Peter J.; Okada, Norohiro; Hasegawa, Masami (1999). „Towards Resolving the Interordinal Relationships of Placental Mammals”. Systematic Biology. 48 (1): 1—5. PMID 12078634. doi:10.1093/sysbio/48.1.1 .

[10] Murphy, W. J.; Pringle, T. H.; Crider, T. A.; Springer, M. S.; Miller, W. (2007). „Using genomic data to unravel the root of the placental mammal phylogeny”. Genome Research. 17 (4): 413—421. PMC 1832088 . PMID 17322288. doi:10.1101/gr.5918807.

[11] Kleisner, K; Ivell, R; Flegr, J (2010). „The evolutionary history of testicular externalization and the origin of the scrotum”. Journal of Biosciences. 35 (1): 27—37. PMID 20413907. S2CID 11962872. doi:10.1007/s12038-010-0005-7.

[Sharma_Lehmann_Stuckas_Funke-12] а ^б Sharma, Virag; Lehmann, Thomas; Stuckas, Heiko; Funke, Liane; Hiller, Michael (2018). „Loss of RXFP2 and INSL3 genes in Afrotheria shows that testicular descent is the ancestral condition in placental mammals”. PLOS Biology. 16 (6): e2005293. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 6023123 . PMID 29953435. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2005293 .

[13] Nishihara, H.; Maruyama, S.; Okada, N. (2009). „Retroposon analysis and recent geological data suggest near-simultaneous divergence of the three superorders of mammals”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (13): 5235—40. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.5235N. PMC 2655268 . PMID 19286970. doi:10.1073/pnas.0809297106 .

[O’Leary2013-14] O’Leary, M. A., Bloch JI, Flynn, J. J., Gaudin, T. J., Giallombardo, A., Giannini, N. P., Goldber, S. L, Kraatz, B. P., Luo, Z-X, Jin Meng, Xijun Ni, Novacek, M. J., Perini, F. A., Randall, Z. S., Rougier, G. W., Sargis, E. J., Silcox, M. T., Simmons, N. B., Spaulding, M. Velazco, P. M., Weksler, M., Wible, J. R. Cirranello, A. L. (2013) "The Placental Mammal Ancestor and the Post–K-Pg Radiation of Placentals." Science 339:6120:662-667.

[15] Foley, Nicole M.; Springer, Mark S.; Teeling, Emma C. (19. 7. 2016). „Mammal madness: Is the mammal tree of life not yet resolved?”. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 371 (1699): 20150140. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 4920340 . PMID 27325836. doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0140.

[16] Esselstyn, Jacob A.; Oliveros, Carl H.; Swanson, Mark T.; Faircloth, Brant C. (26. 8. 2017). „Investigating Difficult Nodes in the Placental Mammal Tree with Expanded Taxon Sampling and Thousands of Ultraconserved Elements”. Genome Biology and Evolution (на језику: енглески). 9 (9): 2308—2321. ISSN 1759-6653. PMC 5604124 . PMID 28934378. doi:10.1093/gbe/evx168.

[17] Bertrand, O. C.; Shelley, S. L.; Williamson, T. E.; Wible, J. R.; Chester, S. G. B.; Flynn, J. J.; Holbrook, L. T.; Lyson, T. R.; Meng, J.; Miller, I. M.; Püschel, H. P.; Smith, T.; Spaulding, M.; Tseng, Z. J.; Brusatte, S. L. (2022). „Brawn before brains in placental mammals after the end-Cretaceous extinction”. Science. 376 (6588): 80—85. Bibcode:2022Sci...376...80B. doi:10.1126/science.abl5584.

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