Istorija drevnog Izraela i Judeje

Približna mapa kraljevstva Samarije gvozdenog doba (plavo) i kraljevstvo Judeja (žuta), sa njihovim susedima (9. vek p. n. e.)

Istorija drevne Samarije i Judeje je poznata iz nekoliko klasičnih izvora kao što su judaistički Tanah (u hrišćanstvu poznat kao Stari Zavet), Talmud, etiopski Kebra Nagast, spisi Nikolaja Damskog, Artapana, Fila iz Aleksandrije i Josifa, a uz koje idu od strane arheologa otkriveni egipatski, moavski, asirski, vavilonski, izraelitski i judejski natpisi.

Istorija regija u kojima će kasnije nastati države Judeja i Izrael postavlja posebne probleme pred savremene istoričare. S obzirom na to da je ta oblast povezana s pričama i legendama zapisanim u Bibliji, postoji tendencija da se cela istorija južnog Levanta prati gotovo isključivo iz biblijske perspektive nauštrb post-biblijskog perioda. Arheološki nalazi iz područja se takođe često gledaju gotovo isključivo kroz biblijsku prizmu, što ponekad otežava razumevanje ove važne oblasti u modernom arheološkom kontekstu drevnog Bliskog Istoka kao zaokružene celine.

Neki smatraju da su ta dva glavna izvora istorijskih podataka u sukobu (v. Biblija i istorija za dalje informacije). U pitanju je prilično kontroverzna tema, vezana uz religiju, politiku i diplomatiju.

Priroda i precizni datumi određenih dogašaja, kao i preciznost s kojom se mogu odrediti su predmet stalnih rasprava. Ne postoji biblijski događaj čija se godina može može potvrditi eksternim izvorima pre 9. veka p. n. e. (uspon Omrija, kralja Izraela). Svi raniji datumi su, stoga, ekstrapolacije. Nadalje, sama Biblija ne daje lak materijal za izračunavanje: uglavnom se ne spominje nijedan period duži od nečijeg životnog veka, pa se hronologija mora posredno ustanoviti iz neizbežne greške koje donosi zaokruživanje.

Civilizacije Izraela

Knjiga postanka početak Izraela pripusuje trojici patrijarha židovskog, kao i susednih arapskoh, edomitskih, moabitskih i amonićanskih naroda, Avramu, Isaiju i Jakovu, od kojih je poslednji bio poznat i pod imenom Izrael po kome je posle dobila ime i zemlja. Jakob, poznat i kao „lutajući Aramejac” (Ponovljeni zakon 26:5), unuk Avramov, putovao je u Haran, dom svojih predaka, kako bi uzeo ženu. Dok se vraćao iz Harana u Kanan, prešao je Jabok, pritoku na arapskoj strani reke Jordan (Knjiga postanka 32:22-33). Pošto je od sebe poslao porodicu i sluge, te se noći rvao s čudnim čovekom na mestu zvanom Peniel te ga pitao za ime. Kao rezultat nazvan je „Izrael”, jer se „rvao s Bogom”. Jakov je postao otac dvanaest sinova s Leom i Rahelom (ćerima Labana), i njenim sluškinjama Bilhom i Zilpom. Njih dvanaest su se smatrali „decom Izraelovom”. Te priče o poreklu Izraelita ih prvo smeštaju na istočnu obalu Jordana. Priče o Izraelu se kasnije premeštaju na zapadnu obalu započevši s pričom o pustošenju Sihema (Knjiga postanka 34:1-33), nakon čega se brdovito područje Kanana počelo smatrati istorijskom jezgrom područja Izraela.

Vilijam F. Olbrajt, Nelson Gluek i E. A. Spejser su te priče iz Knjige postanka smestili na kraj srednjeg bronzanog doba i početak srednjeg bronzanog doba, na temelju tri tačke: lična imena, načina života i običaji. Ostali naučnici su, međutim, sugerisali kasnije datume za Doba patrijarha, jer se sve to dugo vremena bila karakteristika života na Drevnom Bliskom Istoku. Sajrus Gordon navodi svoj argument o usponu nomadskog pastoralizma i montoeizma na kraju doba Amane i sugeriše kako bi se pre trebao smestiti u kasno bronzano doba. Džon Van Seters, na temelju širokog korištenja kamila od strane filistejskih kraljeva u Geraru, novčanoj privredi i kupovini zemljišta, sugeriše kako ta priča pripada gvozdenom dobu. Ostali naučnici (posebno Martin Noh i njegovi studenti) smatraju da je teško utvrditi vremenski okvir za Doba patrijarha. Oni sugerišu da važnost biblijskih tekstova sama po sebi ne povlači njihovu istorijsku utemeljenost, nego da su oni važniji za opis izraelitskog društva u gvozdenom dobu.

U poslednje vreme su studije analize aktivacije neutrona na brdskim naseljima Jan Guneveg, a koje je izveo Hebrejski univerzitet iz Jerusalima, pokazale da su ta naselja povezana s kamenim dobom I i II, ali i dokaze o dolasku naseljenika u tu oblast sa severoistoka u skladu s ranijim pričama

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Spoljašnje veze

• Catholic Encyclopedia: Jerusalem (Before A.D. 71)
• Holy land Maps