Свемирска станица — разлика између измена
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{{Short description|Станиште и станица у свемиру}} |
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[[Датотека:ISS_insignia.svg|250п|мини|десно|Амблем Међународне свемирске станице]] |
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'''Свемирске станице''' представљају вештачка места за живот људи у [[свемир]]у. Користе се за проучавање утицаја дуготрајног боравка у космичком пространству на људски организам, као и за извођење различитих научних експеримената. |
'''Свемирске станице''' представљају вештачка места за живот људи у [[свемир]]у. Користе се за проучавање утицаја дуготрајног боравка у космичком пространству на људски организам, као и за извођење различитих научних експеримената. |
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Према подацима из 2022, there are two fully operational space stations in [[low Earth orbit]] (LEO) – the [[International Space Station]] (ISS) and [[Chinese space program|China]]'s [[Tiangong Space Station|''Tiangong'' Space Station]] (TSS). The ISS has been permanently inhabited since October 2000 with the [[Expedition 1]] crews and the TSS began continuous inhabitation with the [[Shenzhou 14]] crews in June 2022. The ISS is used to study the [[effects of spaceflight on the human body]], as well as to provide a location to conduct a greater number and longer length of scientific studies than is possible on other space vehicles. [[Chinese space program|China]]'s [[Tiangong Space Station|''Tiangong'' Space Station]] is scheduled to finish its phase 1 construction by the end of 2022 with the addition of two lab modules. In July 2022, [[Russia]] announced intentions to withdraw from the ISS after 2024 in order to build its own space station.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Chang |first1=Kenneth |last2=Nechepurenko |first2=Ivan |date=2022-07-26 |title=Russia Says It Will Quit the International Space Station After 2024 |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/26/science/russia-space-station.html |access-date=2022-07-26 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> There have been numerous decommissioned space stations, including USSR's [[Salyut programme|''Salyuts'']], Russia's ''Mir'', NASA's ''Skylab'', and China's ''[[Tiangong program|Tiangong]] 1'' and ''Tiangong 2''. |
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== Историја и развој == |
== Историја и развој == |
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Прва свемирска станица је била [[Саљут 1]], и налазила се у орбити од [[19. април]]а до [[11. октобар|11. октобра]] [[1971]]. У склопу програма Саљут је лансирано укупно 7 свемирских станица, док је Саљут 8 преименован у [[Свемирска станица Мир|Мир]] и био у орбити од [[20. фебруар]]а [[1986]]. до [[23. март]]а [[2001]]. године када је програмирано срушен изнад [[Тихи океан|Тихог океана]]. Током 4594 дана колико је био настањен, посаду Мира су чинили 104 космонаута из 12 држава. |
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Уз то, [[Савез Совјетских Социјалистичких Република|Совјетски Савез]] је лансирао и 3 војне свемирске станице, које су биле оперативне у периоду од [[1973]]. до [[1977]]. САД су као једину самосталну свемирску станицу користиле [[Скајлаб]], који је био оперативан од 1973. до [[1979]]. године. Скајлаб су насељавале три посаде током 1973. и [[1974]]. године. |
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Тренутно се у орбити налази [[Међународна свемирска станица]], заједнички пројекат [[Белгија|Белгије]], [[Бразил]]а, [[Уједињено Краљевство|Велике Британије]], [[Данска|Данске]], [[Италија|Италије]], [[Јапан]]а, [[Канада|Канаде]], [[Немачка|Немачке]], [[Норвешка|Норвешке]], [[Русија|Русије]], [[Сједињене Америчке Државе|САД]], [[Француска|Француске]], [[Холандија|Холандије]], [[Швајцарска|Швајцарске]], [[Шведска|Шведске]] и [[Шпанија|Шпаније]]. |
Прва свемирска станица је била [[Саљут 1]], и налазила се у орбити од [[19. април]]а до [[11. октобар|11. октобра]] [[1971]]. У склопу програма Саљут је лансирано укупно 7 свемирских станица, док је Саљут 8 преименован у [[Свемирска станица Мир|Мир]] и био у орбити од [[20. фебруар]]а [[1986]]. до [[23. март]]а [[2001]]. године када је програмирано срушен изнад [[Тихи океан|Тихог океана]]. Током 4594 дана колико је био настањен, посаду Мира су чинили 104 космонаута из 12 држава. Уз то, [[Савез Совјетских Социјалистичких Република|Совјетски Савез]] је лансирао и 3 војне свемирске станице, које су биле оперативне у периоду од [[1973]]. до [[1977]]. САД су као једину самосталну свемирску станицу користиле [[Скајлаб]], који је био оперативан од 1973. до [[1979]]. године. Скајлаб су насељавале три посаде током 1973. и [[1974]]. године. Тренутно се у орбити налази [[Међународна свемирска станица]], заједнички пројекат [[Белгија|Белгије]], [[Бразил]]а, [[Уједињено Краљевство|Велике Британије]], [[Данска|Данске]], [[Италија|Италије]], [[Јапан]]а, [[Канада|Канаде]], [[Немачка|Немачке]], [[Норвешка|Норвешке]], [[Русија|Русије]], [[Сједињене Америчке Државе|САД]], [[Француска|Француске]], [[Холандија|Холандије]], [[Швајцарска|Швајцарске]], [[Шведска|Шведске]] и [[Шпанија|Шпаније]]. |
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Starting with the ill-fated flight of the [[Soyuz 11]] crew to [[Salyut 1]], all recent human spaceflight duration records have been set aboard space stations. The [[List of spaceflight records#Most time in space|duration record for a single spaceflight]] is 437.75 days, set by [[Valeri Polyakov]] aboard ''Mir'' from 1994 to 1995.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Madrigal |first=Alexis |title=March 22, 1995: Longest Human Space Adventure Ends |language=en-US |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/2010/03/0322cosmonaut-space-record/ |access-date=2022-08-27 |issn=1059-1028}}</ref> {{As of|2021}}, four cosmonauts have completed single missions of over a year, all aboard ''Mir''. The last military-use space station was the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Salyut 5]], which was launched under the [[Almaz]] program and orbited between 1976 and 1977.<ref>[[wikisource:NASA FACTS/Russian Space Stations|Russian Space Stations (wikisource)]]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-06-23 |title=Are there military space stations out there? |url=https://science.howstuffworks.com/military-space-station.htm |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=HowStuffWorks |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hitchens |first=Theresa |date=2019-07-02 |title=Pentagon Eyes Military Space Station |url=https://breakingdefense.com/2019/07/pentagon-eyes-military-space-station/ |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=Breaking Defense |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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=== Early concepts === |
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The first mention of anything resembling a space station occurred in [[Edward Everett Hale]]'s 1869 "[[The Brick Moon]]".<ref name="Wired">{{cite news |last=Mann |first=Adam |title=Strange Forgotten Space Station Concepts That Never Flew |url=https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/01/space-station-concepts/ |access-date=January 22, 2018 |newspaper=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=January 25, 2012}}</ref> The first to give serious, scientifically grounded consideration to space stations were [[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky]] and [[Hermann Oberth]] about two decades apart in the early 20th century.<ref name="boys">{{Cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z2YEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA20|title=The First Space Station|page=20|newspaper=[[Boys' Life]]|date=September 1989}}</ref> In 1929 [[Herman Potočnik]]'s ''The Problem of Space Travel'' was published, the first to envision a "rotating wheel" space station to create [[artificial gravity]].<ref name="Wired" /> Conceptualized during the [[Second World War]], the "[[sun gun]]" was a theoretical [[orbital weapon]] orbiting Earth at a height of {{convert|8200|km}}. No further research was ever conducted.<ref name="Time">{{cite magazine | date = July 9, 1945 | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,852344-1,00.html | title = Science: Sun Gun | magazine = Time | access-date = September 13, 2011 | archive-date = May 21, 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130521131705/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,852344-1,00.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> In 1951, [[Wernher von Braun]] published a concept for a [[rotating wheel space station]] in ''[[Collier's Weekly]]'', referencing Potočnik's idea. However, development of a rotating station was never begun in the 20th century.<ref name="boys" /> |
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=== Salyut, Almaz and Skylab === |
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{{main|Salyut|Almaz|Skylab}} |
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[[File:Skylab 3 flyaround.jpg|thumb|The U.S. Skylab station of the 1970s|upright]] |
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In 1971 the [[Soviet Union]] developed and launched the world's first space station, [[Salyut 1]].<ref name="Salyut">{{Cite book|title=Salyut – The First Space Station: Triumph and Tragedy |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/304494949 |first=Grujica S. |last=Ivanovich |year=2008 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |isbn=978-0-387-73973-1 |oclc=304494949}}</ref> The [[Almaz]] and [[Salyut Program|Salyut series]] were eventually joined by [[Skylab]], ''[[Mir]]'', and [[Tiangong-1]] and [[Tiangong-2]]. The hardware developed during the initial Soviet efforts remains in use, with evolved variants comprising a considerable part of the ISS, orbiting today. Each crew member stays aboard the station for weeks or months, but rarely more than a year. |
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Early stations were monolithic designs that were constructed and launched in one piece, generally containing all their supplies and experimental equipment. A crew would then be launched to join the station and perform research. After the supplies had been used up, the station was abandoned.<ref name="Salyut"/> |
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The first space station was [[Salyut 1]], which was launched by the [[Soviet Union]] on April 19, 1971. The early Soviet stations were all designated "Salyut", but among these there were two distinct types: civilian and military. The military stations, [[Salyut 2]], [[Salyut 3]], and [[Salyut 5]], were also known as [[Almaz]] stations.<ref name="Outposts">{{Cite book |title=Outposts on the Frontier: A Fifty-Year History of Space Stations |first=Jay |last=Chladek |year=2017 |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/990337324 |isbn=978-0-8032-2292-2 |others=Clayton C. Anderson |oclc=990337324}}</ref> |
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The civilian stations [[Salyut 6]] and [[Salyut 7]] were built with two docking ports, which allowed a second crew to visit, bringing a new spacecraft with them; the [[Soyuz 7K-T|Soyuz ferry]] could spend 90 days in space, at which point it needed to be replaced by a fresh Soyuz spacecraft.<ref name=MHH>{{cite web|url=http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/RP1357.pdf|title=Mir Hardware Heritage|author=D.S.F. Portree|publisher=NASA|year=1995|access-date=30 November 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907191412/http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/RP1357.pdf|archive-date=7 September 2009}}</ref> This allowed for a crew to man the station continually. The American [[Skylab]] (1973–1979) was also equipped with two docking ports, like second-generation stations, but the extra port was never utilized. The presence of a second port on the new stations allowed [[Progress spacecraft|Progress]] supply vehicles to be docked to the station, meaning that fresh supplies could be brought to aid long-duration missions. This concept was expanded on Salyut 7, which "hard docked" with a [[TKS spacecraft|TKS tug]] shortly before it was abandoned; this served as a proof-of-concept for the use of modular space stations. The later Salyuts may reasonably be seen as a transition between the two groups.<ref name="Outposts"/> |
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=== ''Mir'' and Apollo–Soyuz === |
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{{main|Mir|Apollo–Soyuz}} |
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[[File:Mir Space Station viewed from Endeavour during STS-89.jpg|left|thumb|''[[Mir]]'' station seen in 1998]] |
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Unlike previous stations, the Soviet space station ''[[Mir]]'' had a [[modular design]]; a core unit was launched, and additional modules, generally with a specific role, were later added to that. This method allows for greater flexibility in operation, as well as removing the need for a single immensely powerful [[launch vehicle]]. Modular stations are also designed from the outset to have their supplies provided by logistical support craft, which allows for a longer lifetime at the cost of requiring regular support launches.<ref>{{cite book |title=The History of Mir 1986–2000 |year=2000 |publisher=[[British Interplanetary Society]] |isbn=978-0-9506597-4-9 |editor=Hall, R. |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmir19860000unse}}</ref> |
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===International Space Station=== |
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{{main|International Space Station}} |
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[[File:The station pictured from the SpaceX Crew Dragon 5 (cropped).jpg|thumb|View of the [[International Space Station]] in 2021]] |
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The ISS is divided into two main sections, the [[Russian Orbital Segment]] (ROS) and the [[US Orbital Segment]] (USOS). The first module of the International Space Station, [[Zarya (ISS module)|Zarya]], was launched in 1998.<ref name="CASIS">{{Cite web|title=History and Timeline of the ISS|website=[[Center for the Advancement of Science in Space]]|url=https://www.iss-casis.org/about/iss-timeline/|access-date=8 February 2018}}</ref> |
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The Russian Orbital Segment's "second-generation" modules were able to launch on [[Proton (rocket)|Proton]], fly to the correct orbit, and dock themselves without human intervention.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usu.edu/mae/aerospace/publications/JDSC_RoadToAutonomy.pdf |title=Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering |publisher=Usu.edu |access-date=2012-08-13}}</ref> Connections are automatically made for power, data, gases, and propellants. The Russian autonomous approach allows the assembly of space stations prior to the launch of crew. |
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The Russian "second-generation" modules are able to be reconfigured to suit changing needs. As of 2009, [[RKK Energia]] was considering the removal and reuse of some modules of the ROS on the [[Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex]] after the end of mission is reached for the ISS.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8064060.stm |title=Russia 'to save its ISS modules' |work=BBC News |date=22 May 2009 |access-date=23 May 2009 |first=Anatoly |last=Zak}}</ref> However, in September 2017 the head of Roscosmos said that the technical feasibility of separating the station to form OPSEK had been studied, and there were now no plans to separate the Russian segment from the ISS.<ref>{{cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |url=http://spacenews.com/international-partners-in-no-rush-regarding-future-of-iss/ |title=International partners in no rush regarding future of ISS |website=[[SpaceNews]] |date=25 September 2017 |access-date=26 October 2017}}</ref> |
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In contrast, the main US modules launched on the [[Space Shuttle]] and were attached to the ISS by crews during [[Extra-vehicular activity|EVAs]]. Connections for electrical power, data, propulsion, and cooling fluids are also made at this time, resulting in an integrated block of modules that is not designed for disassembly and must be deorbited as one mass.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.nap.edu/read/9794/chapter/8|isbn=978-0-309-06938-0|publisher=National Academies Press|year=2000|pages=28–30|first=Thomas|last=Kelly|title=Engineering Challenges to the Long-Term Operation of the International Space Station|display-authors=etal}}</ref> |
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The [[Axiom Orbital Segment]] is a planned commercial segment to be added to the ISS starting in the mid-2020s. Axiom Space gained NASA approval for the venture in January 2020. Up to three Axiom modules will attach to the International Space Station. The first module could be launched no later than 2024 and will be docked to the forward port of [[Harmony (ISS module)|''Harmony'']], requiring relocation of the [[Pressurized Mating Adapter|PMA-2]]. Axiom Space plans to attach up to two additional modules to its first core module, and send private astronauts to inhabit the modules. The modules could one day detach into the [[Axiom Station]] in a manner similar to Russia's proposed OPSEK.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-28|title=NASA selects Axiom Space to build commercial space station module|url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-selects-axiom-space-to-build-commercial-space-station-module/|access-date=2020-09-18|website=SpaceNews|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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== Карактеристике == |
== Карактеристике == |
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== Референце == |
== Референце == |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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== Литература == |
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{{refbegin|30em}} |
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* {{Cite book|title=Outposts on the Frontier: A Fifty-Year History of Space Stations|first=Jay|last=Chladek|year=2017|publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]]|isbn=978-0-8032-2292-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V60oDwAAQBAJ}} |
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* Haeuplik-Meusburger: ''Architecture for Astronauts – An Activity based Approach''. Springer Praxis Books, 2011, {{ISBN|978-3-7091-0666-2}}. |
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* {{cite book|title=Salyut: the first space station: triumph and tragedy|url=https://archive.org/details/salyutfirstspace00ivan_020|url-access=limited|first=Grujica S.|last=Ivanovich|publisher=Praxis|date=July 7, 2008|isbn=978-0-387-73585-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/salyutfirstspace00ivan_020/page/n444 426]}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Neri Vela |first=Rodolfo |title=Manned space stations" Their construction, operation and potential application |year=1990 |publisher=European Space Agency SP-1137 |location=Paris |isbn=978-92-9092-124-0 }} |
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* {{Cite book |last=Baker |first=David |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/945783975 |title=International Space Station : 1998-2011 (all stages) : an insight into the history, development, collaboration, production and role of the permanently manned earth-orbiting complex |date=2015 |isbn=0-85733-839-0 |location=Sparkford, Yeovil, Somerset |oclc=945783975}} |
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* {{Cite book |url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/np-2015-05-022-jsc-iss-guide-2015-update-111015-508c.pdf |title=Reference Guide to the International Space Station |date=September 2015 |publisher=NASA |edition=Utilization |id=NP-2015-05-022-JSC}} |
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* {{Cite book |url=https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/508318main_ISS_ref_guide_nov2010.pdf |title=Reference Guide to the International Space Station |year= 2010 |publisher=NASA |isbn=978-0-16-086517-6 |edition=Assembly Complete |id=NP-2010-09-682-HQ}} |
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* O'Sullivan, John. ''European Missions to the International Space Station: 2013 to 2019'' (Springer Nature, 2020). |
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* Ruttley, Tara M., Julie A. Robinson, and William H. Gerstenmaier. "The International Space Station: Collaboration, Utilization, and Commercialization." ''Social Science Quarterly'' 98.4 (2017): 1160–1174. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tara_Ruttley2/publication/322066773_The_International_Space_Station_Collaboration_Utilization_and_Commercialization_The_International_Space_Station/links/5b43c819aca2728a0d689466/The-International-Space-Station-Collaboration-Utilization-and-Commercialization-The-International-Space-Station.pdf online] |
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* {{cite book|editor-last=Belew|editor-first=Leland. F.|year=1977 |url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-400/contents.htm |title=Skylab, Our First Space Station|publisher=NASA Scientific and Technical Information Office|id=SP-400 |oclc=2644423}} {{PD-notice}} |
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* {{cite book|last1=Benson|first1=Charles Dunlap|first2=William David|last2=Compton |year=1983 |url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4208/contents.htm|title=Living and Working in Space: A History of Skylab |publisher=NASA Scientific and Technical Information Office|id=SP-4208|oclc=8114293}} {{PD-notice}} |
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* {{cite book|title=The Space Shuttle Decision: NASA's Search for a Reusable Space Vehicle|publisher=NASA History Office|id= SP-4221|last=Heppenheimer|first=T. A.|year=1999 |url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4221/contents.htm |oclc=40305626}} {{PD-notice}} |
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* {{cite book|title=Skylab Reuse Study|author1=Martin Marietta|author2=Bendix |publisher=NASA|date=September 1978}} {{PD-notice}} |
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* {{cite magazine|last=Edelson|first=Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQEAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA64 |title=Saving Skylab: The Untold Story|magazine=Popular Science|date=January 1979|via=Google Books}} |
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* {{cite book |url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4011/cover.htm|title=Skylab: A Chronology|first1=Roland W. |last1=Newkirk|first2=Ivan D.|last2=Ertel|first3=Courtney G.|last3=Brooks|publisher=NASA|id=SP-4011 |year=1977}} {{PD-notice}} |
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{{refend}} |
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== Спољашње везе == |
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{{Commons category|Space station}} |
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* [https://digital.library.unt.edu/explore/collections/CRSR/browse/?q=%22space+station%22&t=fulltext&sort= Read Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding Space Stations] |
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* [https://iss.tass.com/?_ga=2.120421256.1836958623.1578914712-1128464502.1578914712 ISS] - on [[TASS|Russian News Agency TASS]] Official [[Infographic]] |
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* [https://books.google.com/books?id=OSEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA120#v=twopage&q&f=true "Giant Doughnut Purposed as Space Station"], ''[[Popular Science]]'', October 1951, pp. 120–121; article on the subject of space exploration and a space station orbiting earth |
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* [https://history.nasa.gov/SP-402/contents.htm SP-402 A New Sun: The Solar Results from Skylab] {{PD-notice}} |
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* [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19740024203_1974024203.pdf Skylab Mission Evaluation – NASA report (PDF format)] {{PD-notice}} |
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* [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19800012907_1980012907.pdf Skylab Reactivation Mission Report 1980 – NASA report (PDF format)] {{PD-notice}} |
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Верзија на датум 19. октобар 2022. у 16:23
Свемирске станице представљају вештачка места за живот људи у свемиру. Користе се за проучавање утицаја дуготрајног боравка у космичком пространству на људски организам, као и за извођење различитих научних експеримената. Шаблон:Ret Према подацима из 2022, there are two fully operational space stations in low Earth orbit (LEO) – the International Space Station (ISS) and China's Tiangong Space Station (TSS). The ISS has been permanently inhabited since October 2000 with the Expedition 1 crews and the TSS began continuous inhabitation with the Shenzhou 14 crews in June 2022. The ISS is used to study the effects of spaceflight on the human body, as well as to provide a location to conduct a greater number and longer length of scientific studies than is possible on other space vehicles. China's Tiangong Space Station is scheduled to finish its phase 1 construction by the end of 2022 with the addition of two lab modules. In July 2022, Russia announced intentions to withdraw from the ISS after 2024 in order to build its own space station.[1] There have been numerous decommissioned space stations, including USSR's Salyuts, Russia's Mir, NASA's Skylab, and China's Tiangong 1 and Tiangong 2.
Историја и развој
Прва свемирска станица је била Саљут 1, и налазила се у орбити од 19. априла до 11. октобра 1971. У склопу програма Саљут је лансирано укупно 7 свемирских станица, док је Саљут 8 преименован у Мир и био у орбити од 20. фебруара 1986. до 23. марта 2001. године када је програмирано срушен изнад Тихог океана. Током 4594 дана колико је био настањен, посаду Мира су чинили 104 космонаута из 12 држава. Уз то, Совјетски Савез је лансирао и 3 војне свемирске станице, које су биле оперативне у периоду од 1973. до 1977. САД су као једину самосталну свемирску станицу користиле Скајлаб, који је био оперативан од 1973. до 1979. године. Скајлаб су насељавале три посаде током 1973. и 1974. године. Тренутно се у орбити налази Међународна свемирска станица, заједнички пројекат Белгије, Бразила, Велике Британије, Данске, Италије, Јапана, Канаде, Немачке, Норвешке, Русије, САД, Француске, Холандије, Швајцарске, Шведске и Шпаније.
Starting with the ill-fated flight of the Soyuz 11 crew to Salyut 1, all recent human spaceflight duration records have been set aboard space stations. The duration record for a single spaceflight is 437.75 days, set by Valeri Polyakov aboard Mir from 1994 to 1995.[2] Ажурирано: 2021.[ажурирање], four cosmonauts have completed single missions of over a year, all aboard Mir. The last military-use space station was the Soviet Salyut 5, which was launched under the Almaz program and orbited between 1976 and 1977.[3][4][5]
Early concepts
The first mention of anything resembling a space station occurred in Edward Everett Hale's 1869 "The Brick Moon".[6] The first to give serious, scientifically grounded consideration to space stations were Konstantin Tsiolkovsky and Hermann Oberth about two decades apart in the early 20th century.[7] In 1929 Herman Potočnik's The Problem of Space Travel was published, the first to envision a "rotating wheel" space station to create artificial gravity.[6] Conceptualized during the Second World War, the "sun gun" was a theoretical orbital weapon orbiting Earth at a height of 8.200 km (5.100 mi). No further research was ever conducted.[8] In 1951, Wernher von Braun published a concept for a rotating wheel space station in Collier's Weekly, referencing Potočnik's idea. However, development of a rotating station was never begun in the 20th century.[7]
Salyut, Almaz and Skylab
In 1971 the Soviet Union developed and launched the world's first space station, Salyut 1.[9] The Almaz and Salyut series were eventually joined by Skylab, Mir, and Tiangong-1 and Tiangong-2. The hardware developed during the initial Soviet efforts remains in use, with evolved variants comprising a considerable part of the ISS, orbiting today. Each crew member stays aboard the station for weeks or months, but rarely more than a year.
Early stations were monolithic designs that were constructed and launched in one piece, generally containing all their supplies and experimental equipment. A crew would then be launched to join the station and perform research. After the supplies had been used up, the station was abandoned.[9]
The first space station was Salyut 1, which was launched by the Soviet Union on April 19, 1971. The early Soviet stations were all designated "Salyut", but among these there were two distinct types: civilian and military. The military stations, Salyut 2, Salyut 3, and Salyut 5, were also known as Almaz stations.[10]
The civilian stations Salyut 6 and Salyut 7 were built with two docking ports, which allowed a second crew to visit, bringing a new spacecraft with them; the Soyuz ferry could spend 90 days in space, at which point it needed to be replaced by a fresh Soyuz spacecraft.[11] This allowed for a crew to man the station continually. The American Skylab (1973–1979) was also equipped with two docking ports, like second-generation stations, but the extra port was never utilized. The presence of a second port on the new stations allowed Progress supply vehicles to be docked to the station, meaning that fresh supplies could be brought to aid long-duration missions. This concept was expanded on Salyut 7, which "hard docked" with a TKS tug shortly before it was abandoned; this served as a proof-of-concept for the use of modular space stations. The later Salyuts may reasonably be seen as a transition between the two groups.[10]
Mir and Apollo–Soyuz
Unlike previous stations, the Soviet space station Mir had a modular design; a core unit was launched, and additional modules, generally with a specific role, were later added to that. This method allows for greater flexibility in operation, as well as removing the need for a single immensely powerful launch vehicle. Modular stations are also designed from the outset to have their supplies provided by logistical support craft, which allows for a longer lifetime at the cost of requiring regular support launches.[12]
International Space Station
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The ISS is divided into two main sections, the Russian Orbital Segment (ROS) and the US Orbital Segment (USOS). The first module of the International Space Station, Zarya, was launched in 1998.[13]
The Russian Orbital Segment's "second-generation" modules were able to launch on Proton, fly to the correct orbit, and dock themselves without human intervention.[14] Connections are automatically made for power, data, gases, and propellants. The Russian autonomous approach allows the assembly of space stations prior to the launch of crew.
The Russian "second-generation" modules are able to be reconfigured to suit changing needs. As of 2009, RKK Energia was considering the removal and reuse of some modules of the ROS on the Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex after the end of mission is reached for the ISS.[15] However, in September 2017 the head of Roscosmos said that the technical feasibility of separating the station to form OPSEK had been studied, and there were now no plans to separate the Russian segment from the ISS.[16]
In contrast, the main US modules launched on the Space Shuttle and were attached to the ISS by crews during EVAs. Connections for electrical power, data, propulsion, and cooling fluids are also made at this time, resulting in an integrated block of modules that is not designed for disassembly and must be deorbited as one mass.[17]
The Axiom Orbital Segment is a planned commercial segment to be added to the ISS starting in the mid-2020s. Axiom Space gained NASA approval for the venture in January 2020. Up to three Axiom modules will attach to the International Space Station. The first module could be launched no later than 2024 and will be docked to the forward port of Harmony, requiring relocation of the PMA-2. Axiom Space plans to attach up to two additional modules to its first core module, and send private astronauts to inhabit the modules. The modules could one day detach into the Axiom Station in a manner similar to Russia's proposed OPSEK.[18]
Карактеристике
Свемирске станице по својој конструкцији могу бити монолитне (рани модели) или модуларне (каснији, усавршени модели). С обзиром да су се све досадашње свемирске станице налазиле у ниској орбити око Земље, користи се и назив „орбиталне станице“. Орбиталне станице користе ниску орбиту да би допремање посаде и потрошног материла било јефтиније.
Референце
- ^ Chang, Kenneth; Nechepurenko, Ivan (2022-07-26). „Russia Says It Will Quit the International Space Station After 2024”. The New York Times (на језику: енглески). ISSN 0362-4331. Приступљено 2022-07-26.
- ^ Madrigal, Alexis. „March 22, 1995: Longest Human Space Adventure Ends”. Wired (на језику: енглески). ISSN 1059-1028. Приступљено 2022-08-27.
- ^ Russian Space Stations (wikisource)
- ^ „Are there military space stations out there?”. HowStuffWorks (на језику: енглески). 2008-06-23. Приступљено 2022-08-27.
- ^ Hitchens, Theresa (2019-07-02). „Pentagon Eyes Military Space Station”. Breaking Defense (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2022-08-27.
- ^ а б Mann, Adam (25. 1. 2012). „Strange Forgotten Space Station Concepts That Never Flew”. Wired. Приступљено 22. 1. 2018.
- ^ а б „The First Space Station”. Boys' Life. септембар 1989. стр. 20.
- ^ „Science: Sun Gun”. Time. 9. 7. 1945. Архивирано из оригинала 21. 5. 2013. г. Приступљено 13. 9. 2011.
- ^ а б Ivanovich, Grujica S. (2008). Salyut – The First Space Station: Triumph and Tragedy. Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-0-387-73973-1. OCLC 304494949.
- ^ а б Chladek, Jay (2017). Outposts on the Frontier: A Fifty-Year History of Space Stations. Clayton C. Anderson. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-2292-2. OCLC 990337324.
- ^ D.S.F. Portree (1995). „Mir Hardware Heritage” (PDF). NASA. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 7. 9. 2009. г. Приступљено 30. 11. 2010.
- ^ Hall, R., ур. (2000). The History of Mir 1986–2000
. British Interplanetary Society. ISBN 978-0-9506597-4-9.
- ^ „History and Timeline of the ISS”. Center for the Advancement of Science in Space. Приступљено 8. 2. 2018.
- ^ „Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering” (PDF). Usu.edu. Приступљено 2012-08-13.
- ^ Zak, Anatoly (22. 5. 2009). „Russia 'to save its ISS modules'”. BBC News. Приступљено 23. 5. 2009.
- ^ Foust, Jeff (25. 9. 2017). „International partners in no rush regarding future of ISS”. SpaceNews. Приступљено 26. 10. 2017.
- ^ Kelly, Thomas; et al. (2000). Engineering Challenges to the Long-Term Operation of the International Space Station. National Academies Press. стр. 28—30. ISBN 978-0-309-06938-0.
- ^ „NASA selects Axiom Space to build commercial space station module”. SpaceNews (на језику: енглески). 2020-01-28. Приступљено 2020-09-18.
Литература
- Chladek, Jay (2017). Outposts on the Frontier: A Fifty-Year History of Space Stations. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-2292-2.
- Haeuplik-Meusburger: Architecture for Astronauts – An Activity based Approach. Springer Praxis Books, 2011, ISBN 978-3-7091-0666-2.
- Ivanovich, Grujica S. (7. 7. 2008). Salyut: the first space station: triumph and tragedy. Praxis. стр. 426. ISBN 978-0-387-73585-6.
- Neri Vela, Rodolfo (1990). Manned space stations" Their construction, operation and potential application. Paris: European Space Agency SP-1137. ISBN 978-92-9092-124-0.
- Baker, David (2015). International Space Station : 1998-2011 (all stages) : an insight into the history, development, collaboration, production and role of the permanently manned earth-orbiting complex. Sparkford, Yeovil, Somerset. ISBN 0-85733-839-0. OCLC 945783975.
- Reference Guide to the International Space Station (PDF) (Utilization изд.). NASA. септембар 2015. NP-2015-05-022-JSC.
- Reference Guide to the International Space Station (PDF) (Assembly Complete изд.). NASA. 2010. ISBN 978-0-16-086517-6. NP-2010-09-682-HQ.
- O'Sullivan, John. European Missions to the International Space Station: 2013 to 2019 (Springer Nature, 2020).
- Ruttley, Tara M., Julie A. Robinson, and William H. Gerstenmaier. "The International Space Station: Collaboration, Utilization, and Commercialization." Social Science Quarterly 98.4 (2017): 1160–1174. online
- Belew, Leland. F., ур. (1977). Skylab, Our First Space Station. NASA Scientific and Technical Information Office. OCLC 2644423. SP-400.
Овај чланак користи текст рада који је у јавном власништву. - Benson, Charles Dunlap; Compton, William David (1983). Living and Working in Space: A History of Skylab. NASA Scientific and Technical Information Office. OCLC 8114293. SP-4208. Овај чланак користи текст рада који је у јавном власништву.
- Heppenheimer, T. A. (1999). The Space Shuttle Decision: NASA's Search for a Reusable Space Vehicle. NASA History Office. OCLC 40305626. SP-4221. Овај чланак користи текст рада који је у јавном власништву.
- Martin Marietta; Bendix (септембар 1978). Skylab Reuse Study. NASA. Овај чланак користи текст рада који је у јавном власништву.
- Edelson, Edward (јануар 1979). „Saving Skylab: The Untold Story”. Popular Science — преко Google Books.
- Newkirk, Roland W.; Ertel, Ivan D.; Brooks, Courtney G. (1977). Skylab: A Chronology. NASA. SP-4011. Овај чланак користи текст рада који је у јавном власништву.
Спољашње везе
- Read Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding Space Stations
- ISS - on Russian News Agency TASS Official Infographic
- "Giant Doughnut Purposed as Space Station", Popular Science, October 1951, pp. 120–121; article on the subject of space exploration and a space station orbiting earth
- SP-402 A New Sun: The Solar Results from Skylab Овај чланак користи текст рада који је у јавном власништву.
- Skylab Mission Evaluation – NASA report (PDF format) Овај чланак користи текст рада који је у јавном власништву.
- Skylab Reactivation Mission Report 1980 – NASA report (PDF format) Овај чланак користи текст рада који је у јавном власништву.
