Пређи на садржај

Арабијско море — разлика између измена

Уреди везе
Координате: 14° С; 65° И / 14° С; 65° И / 14; 65
С Википедије, слободне енциклопедије
Интерактиван преглед историје
← Старија изменаНовија измена →
Садржај обрисан Садржај додат
ВизуелноВикитекст
#1Lib1Ref #1Lib1RefCEE
.
ознака: везе до вишезначних одредница
Ред 1: Ред 1:
{{rut}}
'''Арабијско море''' ('''Арапско море''') је северозападни део [[Индијски океан|Индијског океана]]. <ref name="британика 1">{{cite book |editor1-last=Мишић |editor1-first=Милан |title=Енциклопедија Британика. А-Б |date=2005 |publisher=Народна књига : Политика |location=Београд |isbn=86-331-2075-5 |pages=64}}</ref>Ограничавају га [[Индија]] на истоку, [[Пакистан]] на северу, Арабијско полуострво на западу, на југу његову границу представља линија између рта Гардафуј у [[Сомалија|Сомалијии]] рта Коморин на крајњем југу Индије.
{{Инфокутија водена површина
[[Датотека:Arapsko more.png|мини|220п|Арабијско море]] На северозападу се сужава у [[Омански залив]] који га повезује са [[Персијски залив|Персијским заливом]] преко [[Ормуски мореуз|Ормуског мореуза]], а на југозападу се сужава у [[Аденски залив]] који га повезује са [[Црвено море|Црвеним морем]] преко мореуза [[Баб ел Мандеб]].
| име = Арабијско море
| изворни_назив =
| слика = Arabian Sea - n22e70.jpg
| опис_слике =
| image_bathymetry = Arabian Sea map.png
| alt_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =
| државе = [[India]]<br>[[Iran]]<br>[[Maldives]]<br>[[Oman]]<br>[[Pakistan]]<br>[[Seychelles]]<br>[[Somalia]]<br>[[Sri Lanka]]<br>[[Yemen]]
| републике =
| покрајине =
| области = =
| регије =
| површина = {{convert|3862000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (3,600,000 to 4,600,000 km2 in various sources)
| ширина = {{convert|2400|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| дужина =
| обала =
| запремина =
| просечна_дубина =
| највећа_дубина = {{convert|4652|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| басен =
| висина =
| салинитет =
| врста = море
| притоке =
| отоке =
| острва = [[Astola island]], [[Basavaraj Durga Island]], [[Lakshadweep]], [[Masirah Island]], [[Piram Island]], [[Pirotan]], [[Socotra]]
| градови =
| map =
| lat = 14
| long = 65
}}


'''Арабијско море''' (''Арапско море'', {{lang-ar| اَلْبَحرْ ٱلْعَرَبِيُّ|Al-Bahr al-ˁArabī}}) је северозападни део [[Индијски океан|Индијског океана]]. <ref name="британика 1">{{cite book |editor1-last=Мишић |editor1-first=Милан |title=Енциклопедија Британика. А-Б |date=2005 |publisher=Народна књига : Политика |location=Београд |isbn=86-331-2075-5 |pages=64}}</ref> Ограничавају га [[Индија]] на истоку, [[Пакистан]] на северу, Арабијско полуострво на западу, на југу његову границу представља линија између рта Гардафуј у [[Сомалија|Сомалији]]<ref>Pham, J. Peter. "Putting Somali piracy in context." Journal of Contemporary African Studies 28.3 (2010): 325-341.</ref> рта Коморин на крајњем југу Индије.<ref>Banse, Karl, and Charles R. McClain. "Winter blooms of phytoplankton in the Arabian Sea as observed by the Coastal Zone Color Scanner." Marine Ecology Progress Series (1986): 201-211.</ref>
Максимална ширина Арабијског мора је 2.400 -{km}-, а највећа дубина 4.562 -{m}-. [[Инд]] је највећа река која се улива у Бенгалски залив<ref name="британика 1" />, друге веће реке су Нармада, Тапти и Махи. Централни део индијске обале која излази на Арабијско море се назива „Конкан”, а јужни део се назива „Малабар”. Арабијско море је део важног пута између Европе и Азије преко [[Суецки канал|Суецског канала]].


На северозападу се сужава у [[Омански залив]] који га повезује са [[Персијски залив|Персијским заливом]] преко [[Ормуски мореуз|Ормуског мореуза]], а на југозападу се сужава у [[Аденски залив]] који га повезује са [[Црвено море|Црвеним морем]] преко мореуза [[Баб ел Мандеб]].
Земље које излазе на њега су Индија, Пакистан, [[Иран]], [[Оман]], [[Јемен]], [[Сомалија]] и [[Малдиви]]. Највећи градови на његовим обалама су [[Мумбај]] (бивши Бомбај), [[Сурат]], [[Мангалор]] и [[Кочи]] у Индији, [[Карачи]] и [[Гвадар]] у Пакистану, и [[Аден]] у Јемену. <ref name="британика 1" />


Максимална ширина Арабијског мора је 2.400 -{km}-, а највећа дубина 4.562 -{m}-. [[Инд]] је највећа река која се улива у Бенгалски залив<ref name="британика 1" />, друге веће реке су Нармада, Тапти и Махи. Централни део индијске обале која излази на Арабијско море се назива „Конкан”, а јужни део се назива „Малабар”. Арабијско море је део важног пута између Европе и Азије преко [[Суецки канал|Суецског канала]]. Земље које излазе на њега су Индија, Пакистан, [[Иран]], [[Оман]], [[Јемен]], [[Сомалија]] и [[Малдиви]]. Највећи градови на његовим обалама су [[Мумбај]] (бивши Бомбај), [[Сурат]], [[Мангалор]] и [[Кочи]] у Индији, [[Карачи]] и [[Гвадар]] у Пакистану, и [[Аден]] у Јемену. <ref name="британика 1" /> Најпознатије плаже Арабијског мора су: плаже Карачија, плаже Гое, Јуху плаже код Мумбаја и Ковалам плажа код Керала.
Најпознатије плаже

Арабијског мора су: плаже Карачија, плаже Гое, Јуху плаже код Мумбаја и Ковалам плажа код Керала.
== Географија ==

The Arabian Sea's surface area is about {{convert|3862000|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Britannica">[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31653/Arabian-Sea Arabian Sea], Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> The maximum width of the sea is approximately {{convert|2400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}}, and its maximum depth is {{convert|4652|m|ft|0}}. The biggest river flowing into the sea is the [[Indus River]].
[[File:Bandra Sea Link aerial.jpg|thumb|left|250px| The aerial view of the Arabian Sea above Bombay/Mumbai, India]]
[[File:Arabian Sea in Karachi.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Arabian Sea in Karachi, Pakistan]]

The Arabian Sea has two important branches&nbsp;— the Gulf of Aden in the southwest, connecting with the Red Sea through the strait of [[Bab-el-Mandeb]]; and the Gulf of Oman to the northwest, connecting with the Persian Gulf. There are also the gulfs of [[Gulf of Khambhat|Khambhat]] and [[Gulf of Kutch|Kutch]] on the [[Coastal South West India|Indian Coast]].
The Arabian Sea has been crossed by many important marine trade routes since the 3rd or 2nd millennium BCE. Major seaports include [[Kandla|Kandla Port]], [[Mundra Port]], [[Pipavav Port]], [[Dahej Port]], [[Hazira Port]], [[Mumbai Port Trust|Mumbai Port]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port|Nhava Sheva Port (Navi Mumbai)]], [[Mormugao|Mormugão Port (Goa)]], [[New Mangalore Port]] and [[Cochin Port|Kochi Port]] in India, the [[Port of Karachi]], [[Port Qasim]], and the [[Gwadar Port]] in Pakistan, [[Chabahar Port]] in Iran and the [[Port of Salalah]] in [[Salalah]], [[Oman]]. The largest islands in the Arabian Sea include [[Socotra]] ([[Yemen]]), [[Masirah Island]] (Oman), [[Lakshadweep]] (India) and [[Astola Island]] (Pakistan).
The countries with coastlines on the Arabian Sea are Yemen, Oman, Pakistan, Iran, India and the [[Maldives]].<ref name="Britannica"/>

===Limits===
The [[International Hydrographic Organization]] defines the limits of the Arabian Sea as follows:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf |title=Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition |year=1953 |publisher=International Hydrographic Organization |access-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207191813/https://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf |archive-date=7 December 2017 |pages=20–21}}</ref>

*On the west: the eastern limit of the Gulf of Aden.
*On the north: a line joining [[Ras al Hadd|Ràs al Hadd]], east point of the [[Arabian Peninsula]] (22°32'N) and [[Jiwani|Ràs Jiyùni]] (61°43'E) on the coast of Pakistan.
*On the south: a line running from the southern extremity of [[Addu Atoll]] in the Maldives, to the eastern extremity of [[Ras Hafun|Ràs Hafun]] (the easternmost point of [[Africa]], 10°26'N).
*On the east: the western limit of the Laccadive Sea a line running from [[Sadashivgad]] on the west coast of India ({{coord|14|48|N|74|07|E}}) to [[Cora Divh]] ({{coord|13|42|N|72|10|E}}) and thence down the west side of the [[Lakshadweep|Laccadive]] and Maldive archipelagos to the most southerly point of [[Addu Atoll]] in the Maldives.

== Пограничне земље и земље слива ==
Border and basin countries:<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Iran}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wildlifeofpakistan.com/IntroductiontoPakistan/coastlineofPakistan.htm|title=Introduction to Pakistan: Section 5: Coastline|website=www.wildlifeofpakistan.com|access-date=2020-08-28|archive-date=2020-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626173333/http://www.wildlifeofpakistan.com/IntroductiontoPakistan/coastlineofPakistan.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
#{{IND}} - 2.500&nbsp;km обале
#{{PAK}} - 1.050&nbsp;km обале
#{{ИРН}}
#{{МЛД}}
#{{ОМН}}
#{{YEM}}
#{{SOM}}

== Алтернативни називи ==
The Arabian Sea historically and geographically has been referred to with different names by [[Arabian]] and European geographers and travelers, including [[Erythraean Sea]], Indian Sea, [[Oman sea]],<ref name=Kamat>{{cite web|url=http://www.kamat.com/indica/geography/arabian_sea.htm|title=Kamat's Potpourri: The Arabian Sea|work=kamat.com}}</ref> Erythraean, Persian Sea in para No 34-35 of the Voyage.<ref name=Periplus>{{cite web|url=http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/periplus/periplus.html|title=The Voyage around the Erythraean Sea|work=washington.edu}}</ref> In Indian folklore, it is referred to as Darya, Sindhu Sagar, and Arab Samudra.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kamat.com/indica/geography/arabian_sea.htm|title=Kamat's Potpourri: The Arabian Sea|website=www.kamat.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/periplus/periplus.html|title=The Voyage around the Erythraean Sea|website=depts.washington.edu}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/8583367/The-Periplus-of-the-Erythraean-Sea |title=The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea |access-date=2012-04-03 |archive-date=2013-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202223335/http://www.scribd.com/doc/8583367/The-Periplus-of-the-Erythraean-Sea |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Arab geographers, sailors and nomads used to call this sea by different names, including the Akhzar (Green) Sea, Bahre Fars (Persian Sea), the Ocean Sea, the Hindu sea, the Makran Sea, the sea of Oman; among them [[Zakariya al-Qazwini]], [[Al-Masudi]], [[Ibn Hawqal]] and [[Hafiz-i Abru]]. They wrote: "The green sea and Indian sea and Persian sea are all one sea and in this sea there are strange creatures." in Iran and Turkey people call it Oman sea.<ref name=MFA>{{cite web|url=https://japan.mfa.gov.ir/en/newsview/536034|title=Ministry of MoFA Iran: Introducing a Book and Atlas|work=mfa.gov.ir}}</ref>
In the [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]], as well as in some ancient maps, Erythraean Sea refers to the whole area of the northwestern Indian Ocean, including the Arabian Sea.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1794_Anville_Map_of_the_Ancient_World_-_Geographicus_-_AncientWorld-anville-1794.jpg| title = 1794, Orbis Veteribus Notus by Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville| year = 1794}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
File:A horizontal Malabar Coast miniature, a reprint by Petrus Bertius, 1630.jpg|A horizontal Malabar Coast miniature, a reprint by [[Petrus Bertius]], 1630
File:Basra-ps64.JPG|Persian Sea
File:Asia in the shape of the mythical winged horse Pegasus..jpg|Asia. [[Sinus Persicus]] and the Mare Persicum
File:Map of persia.jpg|Iran and [[Makran]]
File:Soulier, E.; Andriveau-Goujon, J. Anciens Empires Jusqua Alexandre. 1838.jpg|[[Erythraean Sea]] 1838.
File:1658 Jansson Map of the Indian Ocean (Erythrean Sea) in Antiquity - Geographicus - ErythraeanSea-jansson-1658.jpg|1658 [[Jan Janssonius|Jansson]] Map of the Indian Ocean ([[Erythraean Sea]])
File:The western part of the Indian Ocean, by Vincenzo Maria Coronelli, 1693, from his system of global gores the south.jpg|The western part of the Indian Ocean,1693
</gallery>

==Oxygen minimum zone==
[[File:Winter Phytoplankon Arabian Sea.jpg|alt=Phytoplankton bloom over the Arabian Sea|thumb|250px|Phytoplankton bloom over the Arabian Sea in winter (NASA)]]
The Arabian Sea has one of the world's three largest oceanic [[oxygen minimum zone]]s (OMZ), or “dead zones,” along with the eastern tropical North Pacific and the eastern tropical South Pacific. OMZs have very low levels of [[oxygen]], sometimes undetectable by standard equipment.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lüke|first1=Claudia|last2=Speth|first2=Daan R.|last3=Kox|first3=Martine A. R.|last4=Villanueva|first4=Laura|last5=Jetten|first5=Mike S. M.|date=2016-04-07|title=Metagenomic analysis of nitrogen and methane cycling in the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone|url=https://peerj.com/articles/1924|journal=PeerJ|language=en|volume=4|pages=e1924|doi=10.7717/peerj.1924|issn=2167-8359|pmc=4830246|pmid=27077014}}</ref> The Arabian Sea's OMZ has the lowest levels of oxygen in the world, especially in the Gulf of Oman.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Queste|first1=Bastien Y.|last2=Vic|first2=Clément|last3=Heywood|first3=Karen J.|last4=Piontkovski|first4=Sergey A.|date=2018|title=Physical Controls on Oxygen Distribution and Denitrification Potential in the North West Arabian Sea|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|language=en|volume=45|issue=9|pages=4143–4152|doi=10.1029/2017GL076666|bibcode=2018GeoRL..45.4143Q|issn=1944-8007|doi-access=free}}</ref> Causes of the OMZ may include untreated sewage as well as high temperatures on the Indian subcontinent, which increase winds blowing towards India, bringing up nutrients and reducing oxygen in the Arabian Sea's waters. In winter, phytoplankton suited to low-oxygen conditions turn the OMZ bright green.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bhanoo|first=S.N.|title=A Green Blanket on the Arabian Sea|work=The New York Times}}</ref>

==Arabian Sea warming==
Recent studies<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Roxy |first1=Mathew Koll |last2=Ritika |first2=Kapoor |last3=Terray |first3=Pascal |last4=Murtugudde |first4=Raghu |last5=Ashok |first5=Karumuri |last6=Goswami |first6=B. N. |title=Drying of Indian subcontinent by rapid Indian Ocean warming and a weakening land-sea thermal gradient |journal=Nature Communications |date=16 June 2015 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=7423 |doi=10.1038/ncomms8423 |pmid=26077934 |bibcode=2015NatCo...6.7423R |s2cid=7061499 |language=en |issn=2041-1723|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pratik |first1=Kad |last2=Parekh |first2=Anant |last3=Karmakar |first3=Ananya |last4=Chowdary |first4=Jasti S. |last5=Gnanaseelan |first5=C. |title=Recent changes in the summer monsoon circulation and their impact on dynamics and thermodynamics of the Arabian Sea |journal=Theoretical and Applied Climatology |date=1 April 2019 |volume=136 |issue=1 |pages=321–331 |doi=10.1007/s00704-018-2493-6 |bibcode=2019ThApC.136..321P |s2cid=126114281 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00704-018-2493-6 |language=en |issn=1434-4483}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Roxy |first1=M. K. |last2=Gnanaseelan |first2=C. |last3=Parekh |first3=Anant |last4=Chowdary |first4=Jasti S. |last5=Singh |first5=Shikha |last6=Modi |first6=Aditi |last7=Kakatkar |first7=Rashmi |last8=Mohapatra |first8=Sandeep |last9=Dhara |first9=Chirag |last10=Shenoi |first10=S. C. |last11=Rajeevan |first11=M. |title=Assessment of Climate Change over the Indian Region: A Report of the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Government of India |date=2020 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-15-4327-2 |pages=191–206 |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-15-4327-2_10 |language=en |chapter=Indian Ocean Warming|doi=10.1007/978-981-15-4327-2_10 |s2cid=226643638 }}</ref> by [[Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology]] confirmed that the Arabian Sea is warming monotonously; it possibly is due to by global warming.

==Underwater tunnel==
A rail tunnel under the sea is planned. It will link the UAE with the western coast of India. The tunnel will be supported by pontoons and will be nearly 2000 kilometres in length.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/a-2000-km-long-underwater-rail-will-connect-mumbai-to-the-uae-very-soon/amp_articleshow/66878629.cms|title = A 2,000-km-long underwater rail will connect Mumbai to the UAE very soon! &#124; Times of India Travel|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://futurism.com/united-arab-emirates-underwater-bullet-train-india/amp|title=The UAE wants an underwater bullet train to India|date=5 December 2018}}</ref>

== Environment and wildlife ==
The wildlife of the Arabian sea is diverse, and entirely unique because of the geographic distribution.
<gallery mode="packed" widths="250px" heights="180px">
File:The western part of the Indian Ocean, by Vincenzo Maria Coronelli, 1693 from his system of global gores the Makran coast.jpg|The western part of the Indian Ocean, by Vincenzo Maria Coronelli, 1693 from his system of global gores the Makran coast
File:Karachi Mangroves.jpg|Mangrove forests are abundant south of Karachi, Pakistan
File:Nakhl-Minoo.jpg|[[Arecaceae|Palm]] and [[sunset]] in [[Minoo Island]], Iran.
File:The-Worlds-Most-Isolated-and-Distinct-Whale-Population-Humpback-Whales-of-the-Arabian-Sea-pone.0114162.s001.tif|Critically endangered
File:Dugong.jpg|[[Dugong]] mother and her offspring in shallow waters.
File:Makran sea .makoran coast in Iran.jpg|Makran coast
File:Makoran sea .Makoran coast in Iran.jpg|Makran sea .Makoran coast in Iran
File:Red Coast of Makoran sea Iran.jpg|Makran coast
File:Arabian or Makoran sea .Makoran red coast in Iran.jpg|Iran
</gallery>

== Референце ==
{{Reflist}}

== Литература ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite web|date=May 17, 2021|title=Cyclone Tauktae Strikes India|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/148325/cyclone-tauktae-strikes-india|access-date=June 5, 2021|website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov}}
* {{Cite web|title=Activities of RSMC, New Delhi|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/activities-of-rsmc-new-delhi.php|access-date=June 5, 2021|website=www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in}}
* {{Cite web|title=2021 North Indian Ocean Cyclone Season|url=https://disasterphilanthropy.org/disaster/2021-north-indian-ocean-cyclone-season/|url-status=live|access-date=June 5, 2021|website=disasterphilanthropy.org}}
* {{Cite web|title=Acronyms|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/acronyms.php|access-date=June 5, 2021|website=www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/io0221web.txt|title=TROPICAL CYCLONE 02B (TWO) WARNING NR 001|website=www.metoc.navy.mil|author= |publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|location=Pearl Harbour, Hawaii|date=May 24, 2021|access-date=May 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524042107/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/io0221web.txt|archive-date=May 24, 2021}}
* {{Cite web|title=Bay of Bengal {{!}} bay, Indian Ocean|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bay-of-Bengal|access-date=June 3, 2021|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}
* {{Cite web|date=May 26, 2021|title=Why Bay of Bengal is hotbed of worst tropical cyclones? As Yaas hits Odisha, here's all you need to know|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/science/why-bay-of-bengal-is-hotbed-of-worst-tropical-cyclones-as-yaas-hits-odisha-heres-all-you-need-to-know/2259192/|access-date=June 5, 2021|website=The Financial Express}}
* {{Cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions on Tropical Cyclones|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/faq.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=May 31, 2021|website=IMD}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/io0121web.txt|title=TROPICAL CYCLONE 01A (ONE) WARNING NR 001|website=www.metoc.navy.mil|author= |publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|location=Pearl Harbour, Hawaii|date=May 14, 2021|access-date=May 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514100035/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/io0121web.txt|archive-date=May 14, 2021}}
* {{Cite web|date=April 10, 2011|title=History of cyclones in the Arabian sea|url=https://pakistanweatherportal.com/2011/04/10/history-of-cyclones-in-the-arabian-sea/|access-date=May 30, 2021|website=Pakistan Weather Portal (PWP)}}
* {{Cite web|date=June 7, 2007|title=Tropical Cyclone Gonu|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/18446/tropical-cyclone-gonu|access-date=May 30, 2021|website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov}}
* {{cite report|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/archive/best-track/bestrack.pdf|title=Best track data of tropical cyclonic disturbances over the north Indian Ocean|date=July 14, 2009|publisher=India Meteorological Department|access-date=October 31, 2015}}
* {{cite report|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/archive/rsmc/2004.pdf|date=January 2005|page=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402104124/http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/archive/rsmc/2004.pdf|title=Report on Cyclonic Disturbances over North Indian Ocean during 2014|author=RSMC&nbsp;— Tropical Cyclones New Delhi|archive-date=April 2, 2015|url-status=live}}
* {{cite conference|page=10|url=https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/3JS_Reportdraft_FINAL.pdf|title=Third Joint Session of Panel on Tropical Cyclones & Typhoon Committee February 9–13, 2015|location=Bangkok, Thailand|url-status=live|archive-date=April 19, 2016|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419055649/https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/3JS_Reportdraft_FINAL.pdf}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=Shih-Yu|last2=Buckley|first2=Brendan M.|last3=Yoon|first3=Jin-Ho|last4=Fosu|first4=Boniface|date=2013|title=Intensification of premonsoon tropical cyclones in the Bay of Bengal and its impacts on Myanmar|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres|volume=118|issue=10|pages=4373–4384|doi=10.1002/jgrd.50396|bibcode=2013JGRD..118.4373W |issn=2169-8996|doi-access=free}}
{{refend}}


== Спољашње везе ==
== Спољашње везе ==
{{Commonscat|Arabian Sea}}
{{Commonscat|Arabian Sea}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110523064712/http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/arabian_sea.cfm Арабијско море (World Wildlife Fund)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110523064712/http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/arabian_sea.cfm Арабијско море (World Wildlife Fund)]
* [https://japan.mfa.gov.ir/en/newsview/536034 A book and Atlas]


{{Светско море}}
{{Светско море}}

Верзија на датум 15. фебруар 2023. у 17:31

Арабијско море
Локација=
Координате14° С; 65° И / 14° С; 65° И / 14; 65
14° С; 65° И / 14° С; 65° И / 14; 65
Типморе
Земље басенаIndia
Iran
Maldives
Oman
Pakistan
Seychelles
Somalia
Sri Lanka
Yemen
Макс. ширина2.400 km (1.500 mi) km
Површина3.862.000 km2 (1.491.000 sq mi) (3,600,000 to 4,600,000 km2 in various sources) km2
Макс. дубина4.652 m (15.262 ft) m
ОстрваAstola island, Basavaraj Durga Island, Lakshadweep, Masirah Island, Piram Island, Pirotan, Socotra
Водена површина на Викимедијиној остави

Арабијско море (Арапско море, арап. اَلْبَحرْ ٱلْعَرَبِيُّ) је северозападни део Индијског океана. [1] Ограничавају га Индија на истоку, Пакистан на северу, Арабијско полуострво на западу, на југу његову границу представља линија између рта Гардафуј у Сомалији[2] рта Коморин на крајњем југу Индије.[3]

На северозападу се сужава у Омански залив који га повезује са Персијским заливом преко Ормуског мореуза, а на југозападу се сужава у Аденски залив који га повезује са Црвеним морем преко мореуза Баб ел Мандеб.

Максимална ширина Арабијског мора је 2.400 km, а највећа дубина 4.562 m. Инд је највећа река која се улива у Бенгалски залив[1], друге веће реке су Нармада, Тапти и Махи. Централни део индијске обале која излази на Арабијско море се назива „Конкан”, а јужни део се назива „Малабар”. Арабијско море је део важног пута између Европе и Азије преко Суецског канала. Земље које излазе на њега су Индија, Пакистан, Иран, Оман, Јемен, Сомалија и Малдиви. Највећи градови на његовим обалама су Мумбај (бивши Бомбај), Сурат, Мангалор и Кочи у Индији, Карачи и Гвадар у Пакистану, и Аден у Јемену. [1] Најпознатије плаже Арабијског мора су: плаже Карачија, плаже Гое, Јуху плаже код Мумбаја и Ковалам плажа код Керала.

Географија

The Arabian Sea's surface area is about 3.862.000 km2 (1.491.130 sq mi).[4] The maximum width of the sea is approximately 2.400 km (1.490 mi), and its maximum depth is 4.652 m (15.262 ft). The biggest river flowing into the sea is the Indus River.

The aerial view of the Arabian Sea above Bombay/Mumbai, India
Arabian Sea in Karachi, Pakistan

The Arabian Sea has two important branches — the Gulf of Aden in the southwest, connecting with the Red Sea through the strait of Bab-el-Mandeb; and the Gulf of Oman to the northwest, connecting with the Persian Gulf. There are also the gulfs of Khambhat and Kutch on the Indian Coast. The Arabian Sea has been crossed by many important marine trade routes since the 3rd or 2nd millennium BCE. Major seaports include Kandla Port, Mundra Port, Pipavav Port, Dahej Port, Hazira Port, Mumbai Port, Nhava Sheva Port (Navi Mumbai), Mormugão Port (Goa), New Mangalore Port and Kochi Port in India, the Port of Karachi, Port Qasim, and the Gwadar Port in Pakistan, Chabahar Port in Iran and the Port of Salalah in Salalah, Oman. The largest islands in the Arabian Sea include Socotra (Yemen), Masirah Island (Oman), Lakshadweep (India) and Astola Island (Pakistan). The countries with coastlines on the Arabian Sea are Yemen, Oman, Pakistan, Iran, India and the Maldives.[4]

Limits

The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Arabian Sea as follows:[5]

Пограничне земље и земље слива

Border and basin countries:[6][7]

  1.  Индија - 2.500 km обале
  2.  Пакистан - 1.050 km обале
  3.  Иран
  4.  Малдиви
  5.  Оман
  6.  Јемен
  7.  Сомалија

Алтернативни називи

The Arabian Sea historically and geographically has been referred to with different names by Arabian and European geographers and travelers, including Erythraean Sea, Indian Sea, Oman sea,[8] Erythraean, Persian Sea in para No 34-35 of the Voyage.[9] In Indian folklore, it is referred to as Darya, Sindhu Sagar, and Arab Samudra.[10][11][12]

Arab geographers, sailors and nomads used to call this sea by different names, including the Akhzar (Green) Sea, Bahre Fars (Persian Sea), the Ocean Sea, the Hindu sea, the Makran Sea, the sea of Oman; among them Zakariya al-Qazwini, Al-Masudi, Ibn Hawqal and Hafiz-i Abru. They wrote: "The green sea and Indian sea and Persian sea are all one sea and in this sea there are strange creatures." in Iran and Turkey people call it Oman sea.[13] In the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, as well as in some ancient maps, Erythraean Sea refers to the whole area of the northwestern Indian Ocean, including the Arabian Sea.[14]

Oxygen minimum zone

Phytoplankton bloom over the Arabian Sea
Phytoplankton bloom over the Arabian Sea in winter (NASA)

The Arabian Sea has one of the world's three largest oceanic oxygen minimum zones (OMZ), or “dead zones,” along with the eastern tropical North Pacific and the eastern tropical South Pacific. OMZs have very low levels of oxygen, sometimes undetectable by standard equipment.[15] The Arabian Sea's OMZ has the lowest levels of oxygen in the world, especially in the Gulf of Oman.[16] Causes of the OMZ may include untreated sewage as well as high temperatures on the Indian subcontinent, which increase winds blowing towards India, bringing up nutrients and reducing oxygen in the Arabian Sea's waters. In winter, phytoplankton suited to low-oxygen conditions turn the OMZ bright green.[17]

Arabian Sea warming

Recent studies[18][19][20] by Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology confirmed that the Arabian Sea is warming monotonously; it possibly is due to by global warming.

Underwater tunnel

A rail tunnel under the sea is planned. It will link the UAE with the western coast of India. The tunnel will be supported by pontoons and will be nearly 2000 kilometres in length.[21] [22]

Environment and wildlife

The wildlife of the Arabian sea is diverse, and entirely unique because of the geographic distribution.

  • The western part of the Indian Ocean, by Vincenzo Maria Coronelli, 1693 from his system of global gores the Makran coast
    The western part of the Indian Ocean, by Vincenzo Maria Coronelli, 1693 from his system of global gores the Makran coast
  • Mangrove forests are abundant south of Karachi, Pakistan
    Mangrove forests are abundant south of Karachi, Pakistan
  • Palm and sunset in Minoo Island, Iran.
    Palm and sunset in Minoo Island, Iran.
  • Critically endangered
    Critically endangered
  • Dugong mother and her offspring in shallow waters.
    Dugong mother and her offspring in shallow waters.
  • Makran coast
    Makran coast
  • Makran sea .Makoran coast in Iran
    Makran sea .Makoran coast in Iran
  • Makran coast
    Makran coast
  • Iran
    Iran

Референце

  1. ^ а б в Мишић, Милан, ур. (2005). Енциклопедија Британика. А-Б. Београд: Народна књига : Политика. стр. 64. ISBN 86-331-2075-5. 
  2. ^ Pham, J. Peter. "Putting Somali piracy in context." Journal of Contemporary African Studies 28.3 (2010): 325-341.
  3. ^ Banse, Karl, and Charles R. McClain. "Winter blooms of phytoplankton in the Arabian Sea as observed by the Coastal Zone Color Scanner." Marine Ecology Progress Series (1986): 201-211.
  4. ^ а б Arabian Sea, Encyclopædia Britannica
  5. ^ „Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition” (PDF). International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. стр. 20—21. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 7. 12. 2017. г. Приступљено 28. 12. 2020. 
  6. ^ „Iran”. The World Factbook (2024 изд.). Central Intelligence Agency. 
  7. ^ „Introduction to Pakistan: Section 5: Coastline”. www.wildlifeofpakistan.com. Архивирано из оригинала 2020-06-26. г. Приступљено 2020-08-28. 
  8. ^ „Kamat's Potpourri: The Arabian Sea”. kamat.com. 
  9. ^ „The Voyage around the Erythraean Sea”. washington.edu. 
  10. ^ „Kamat's Potpourri: The Arabian Sea”. www.kamat.com. 
  11. ^ „The Voyage around the Erythraean Sea”. depts.washington.edu. 
  12. ^ „The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea”. Архивирано из оригинала 2013-12-02. г. Приступљено 2012-04-03. 
  13. ^ „Ministry of MoFA Iran: Introducing a Book and Atlas”. mfa.gov.ir. 
  14. ^ „1794, Orbis Veteribus Notus by Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville”. 1794. 
  15. ^ Lüke, Claudia; Speth, Daan R.; Kox, Martine A. R.; Villanueva, Laura; Jetten, Mike S. M. (2016-04-07). „Metagenomic analysis of nitrogen and methane cycling in the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone”. PeerJ (на језику: енглески). 4: e1924. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 4830246 Слободан приступ. PMID 27077014. doi:10.7717/peerj.1924. 
  16. ^ Queste, Bastien Y.; Vic, Clément; Heywood, Karen J.; Piontkovski, Sergey A. (2018). „Physical Controls on Oxygen Distribution and Denitrification Potential in the North West Arabian Sea”. Geophysical Research Letters (на језику: енглески). 45 (9): 4143—4152. Bibcode:2018GeoRL..45.4143Q. ISSN 1944-8007. doi:10.1029/2017GL076666 Слободан приступ. 
  17. ^ Bhanoo, S.N. „A Green Blanket on the Arabian Sea”. The New York Times. 
  18. ^ Roxy, Mathew Koll; Ritika, Kapoor; Terray, Pascal; Murtugudde, Raghu; Ashok, Karumuri; Goswami, B. N. (16. 6. 2015). „Drying of Indian subcontinent by rapid Indian Ocean warming and a weakening land-sea thermal gradient”. Nature Communications (на језику: енглески). 6 (1): 7423. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.7423R. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 26077934. S2CID 7061499. doi:10.1038/ncomms8423 Слободан приступ. 
  19. ^ Pratik, Kad; Parekh, Anant; Karmakar, Ananya; Chowdary, Jasti S.; Gnanaseelan, C. (1. 4. 2019). „Recent changes in the summer monsoon circulation and their impact on dynamics and thermodynamics of the Arabian Sea”. Theoretical and Applied Climatology (на језику: енглески). 136 (1): 321—331. Bibcode:2019ThApC.136..321P. ISSN 1434-4483. S2CID 126114281. doi:10.1007/s00704-018-2493-6. 
  20. ^ Roxy, M. K.; Gnanaseelan, C.; Parekh, Anant; Chowdary, Jasti S.; Singh, Shikha; Modi, Aditi; Kakatkar, Rashmi; Mohapatra, Sandeep; Dhara, Chirag; Shenoi, S. C.; Rajeevan, M. (2020). „Indian Ocean Warming”. Assessment of Climate Change over the Indian Region: A Report of the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Government of India (на језику: енглески). Springer. стр. 191—206. ISBN 978-981-15-4327-2. S2CID 226643638. doi:10.1007/978-981-15-4327-2_10. 
  21. ^ „A 2,000-km-long underwater rail will connect Mumbai to the UAE very soon! | Times of India Travel”. The Times of India. 
  22. ^ „The UAE wants an underwater bullet train to India”. 5. 12. 2018. 

Литература

Спољашње везе

Арабијско море на Викимедијиној остави.
Преузето из „https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Арабијско_море&oldid=25584866”