Prototomus
Prototomus (parafiletski rod) Vremenski raspon: eocen
rani | |
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Naučna klasifikacija | |
Domen: | Eukaryota |
Carstvo: | Animalia |
Tip: | Chordata |
Klasa: | Mammalia |
Red: | †Hyaenodonta |
Porodica: | †Sinopidae |
Rod: | †Prototomus Cope, 1874 |
Tipska vrsta | |
†Prototomus viverrinus Cope, 1874
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Vrste | |
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Sinonimi | |
sinonimi roda:
sinonimi vrste:
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Prototomus (Prototomus — „prvi rezač”) je izumrli parafiletski rod placentalnih sisara iz izumrle porodice Sinopidae, koji je u periodu ranog eocena nastanjivao područje Sjeverne Amerike, Azije[6] i Evrope.[7][8][9][10][11]
Etimologija naziva[uredi | uredi izvor]
Rod: | Porijeklo naziva od: | Značenje naziva: |
---|---|---|
Prototomus | prvi rezač[12] |
Vrste: | Porijeklo naziva od: | Značenje naziva: |
---|---|---|
P. deimos | dejmosov Prototomus | |
P. girardoti |
|
žirardotov Prototomus |
P. martis |
|
marsov Prototomus |
P. minimus |
|
mali Prototomus |
P. phobos | fobosov Prototomus | |
P. robustus |
|
snažni Prototomus |
P. secundarius |
|
niži Prototomus |
P. viverrinus |
|
cibetkoliki Prototomus |
Opis[uredi | uredi izvor]
Vrsta Prototomus martis je težila od 3,38 do 4,39 kg, Prototomus phobos od 2,56 do 2,68 kg, Prototomus robustus od 5,22 do 7,13 kg, Prototomus secundarius od 2,87 do 4,76 kg,[13] Prototomus girardoti oko 450 g, a Prototomus minimus oko 240 g.[14] Zubna formula kod vrsti iz ovog parafiletskog roda je 3.1.4.33.1.4.3.[8] Prvi gornji par pretkutnjaka (P1) ima dvostruki korijen, a prvi donji par pretkutnjaka (p1) ima jedan korijen.
Ponašanje i paleoekologija[uredi | uredi izvor]
Vrste iz parafiletskog roda Prototomus su bile mali kopneni predatori koji su u prošlosti Sjeverne Amerike i Evrope nastanjivali plavne ravnice i kopnene ekosisteme.
Sistematika[uredi | uredi izvor]
Klasifikacija[uredi | uredi izvor]
Vrste: | Rasprostranjenost fosila i lokacija: |
Vremenski raspon: |
---|---|---|
†P. deimos (Gingerich & Deutsch, 1989)[15] | SAD (Vajoming i Kolorado) | 55,0 do 54,7 mil. god. |
†P. girardoti (Smith & Smith, 2001)[16] | Belgija (pokrajina Flamanski Brabant) UK (Širi London) Francuska (Grand Est i O de Frans) |
56,0 do 55,2 mil. god. |
†P. martis (Gingerich & Deutsch, 1989)[15] | SAD (Vajoming i Kolorado) | 54,7 do 54,1 mil. god. |
†P. minimus (Smith & Smith, 2001)[16] | Belgija (pokrajina Flamanski Brabant) UK (Širi London) Francuska (O de Frans) |
56,0 do 55,2 mil. god. |
†P. phobos (Gingerich & Deutsch, 1989)[15] | SAD (Vajoming i Kolorado) | 55,0 do 46,0 mil. god. |
†P. robustus (Matthew & Granger 1915)[17] | SAD (Vajoming) | 54,4 do 52,4 mil. god. |
†P. secundarius (Cope, 1875)[18] | SAD (Vajoming i Kolorado) | 53,0 do 52,4 mil. god. |
†P. viverrinus (Cope, 1874)[19] | SAD (Vajoming i Novi Meksiko) | 54,1 do 53,4 mil. god. |
Filogenija[uredi | uredi izvor]
Dolje prikazan kladogram predstavlja filogenetske veze parafiletskog roda Prototomus.[8][20][21][14][22][23]
†Hyaenodonta |
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†Lahimia grupa †Sinopa grupa †Arfia grupa †Galecyon grupa †afro-arabijska grupa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Vremenska rasprostranjenst parafiletskog roda Prototomus unutar porodice Sinopidae[uredi | uredi izvor]
Vidi još[uredi | uredi izvor]
Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]
- ^ A. V. Lavrov (1999.) "Adaptive Radiation of Hyaenodontinae (Creodonta, Hyaenodontidae) of Asia." in 6th Congress of the Theriological Society, Moscow, April 13–16, p. 138 [in Russian].
- ^ Van Valen, Leigh (1965). „Some European Proviverrini (Mammalia, Deltatheridia)” (PDF). Palaeontology. 8: 638–665.
- ^ Matthew, W. D. (1901.) "Additional observations on the Creodonta." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 14: 1-38
- ^ William Diller Matthew (1899.) "A provisional classification of the fresh-water Tertiary of the West." Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 12: 19-75.
- ^ E. D. Cope (1877.) "Report upon the extinct Vertebrata obtained in New Mexico by parties of the expedition of 1874." Report upon United States Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian, in charge of First Lieut. G.M. Wheeler, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, Vol. IV Paleontology, Part II, pp. 1-365. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
- ^ A. V. Lavrov and A. V. Lopatin (2004.) "A New Species of Arfia (Hyaenodontidae, Creodonta) from the Basal Eocene of Mongolia." Paleontological Journal 38(4):448-457
- ^ McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2015.
- ^ a b v G. F. Gunnell (1998.) "Creodonta". In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate like Mammals", Cambridge University Press, 703 pages ISBN 9780521355193
- ^ Solé, Floréal; Gheerbrant, Emmanuel; Amaghzaz, Mbarek; Bouya, Baâdi (2009). „Further evidence of the African antiquity of hyaenodontid (‘Creodonta’, Mammalia) evolution”. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 156 (4): 827—846. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00501.x .
- ^ Floréal Solé (2013). „New proviverrine genus from the Early Eocene of Europe and the first phylogeny of Late Palaeocene–Middle Eocene hyaenodontidans (Mammalia)”. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 11 (4): 375—398. doi:10.1080/14772019.2012.686927.
- ^ Solé, F.; Lhuillier, J.; Adaci, M.; Bensalah, M.; Mahboubi, M.; Tabuce, R. (2013). „The hyaenodontidans from the Gour Lazib area (?Early Eocene, Algeria): implications concerning the systematics and the origin of the Hyainailourinae and Teratodontinae”. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 12 (3): 303—322. doi:10.1080/14772019.2013.795196.
- ^ Palmer, Theodore Sherman (1904). Index Generum Mammalium: A List of the Genera and Families of Mammals (na jeziku: engleski). U.S. Government Printing Office.
- ^ Egi, Naoko (2001). „Body mass estimates in extinct mammals from limb bone dimensions: the case of North American hyaenodontids.” (PDF). Palaeontology. 44 (3): 497—528. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 13. 04. 2022. g. Pristupljeno 16. 03. 2021.
- ^ a b Floréal Solé; Bernard Marandat; Fabrice Lihoreau (2020). „The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian”. Geodiversitas. 42 (13): 185—214. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a13.
- ^ a b v Philip D. Gingerich and Harvey A. Deutsch (1989). „Systematics and evolution of early Eocene Hyaenodontidae (Mammalia, Creodonta) in the Clarks Fork Basin, Wyoming” (PDF). Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan. 27 (13): 327—391.
- ^ a b T. Smith and R. Smith (2001.) "The creodonts (Mammalia, Ferae) from the Paleocene-Eocene transition in Belgium (Tienen Formation, MP7)." Belgian Journal of Zoology 131(2):117-135
- ^ W. D. Matthew and W. Granger (1915.) "A revision of the Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River faunas." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 34(1):1-103
- ^ Cope, Edward D. (1875). „Systematic Catalogue of Vertebrata of the Eocene of New Mexico: Collected in 1874. Report to the Engineer Department”. Washington D.C.: United States Army, US Government Printing Office: 5—37.
- ^ Cope, E. D. (1874.) "Report upon vertebrate fossils discovered in New Mexico, with descriptions of new species." Chief of Engineers Annual Report, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, Appendix FF:589-606.
- ^ Borths, Matthew R.; Stevens, Nancy J. (2017). „Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)”. Palaeontologia Electronica. 20 (3): 55A. doi:10.26879/776 .
- ^ Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2019). „Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (1): e1570222. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222.
- ^ Solé, F.; Morlo, M.; Schaal, T.; Lehmann, T. (2021). „New hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the late Ypresian locality of Prémontré (France) support a radiation of the hyaenodonts in Europe already at the end of the early Eocene”. Geobios. 66-67: 119—141. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2021.02.004.
- ^ Averianov, Alexander; Obraztsova, Ekaterina; Danilov, Igor; Jin, Jian-Hua (2023). „A new hypercarnivorous hyaenodont from the Eocene of South China”. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 11. ISSN 2296-701X. doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1076819/full.
Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]
- W. B. Scott (1892.) "A revision of the North American Creodonta with notes on some genera which have been referred to that group." Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 44:291-323
- O. P. Hay (1902.) "Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America." Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179:1-868
- J. L. Wortman (1902.) "Studies of Eocene Mammalia in the Marsh Collection, Peabody Museum." The American Journal of Science, series 4 13:197-206
- C. W. Andrews (1906.) "A Descriptive Catalogue of the Tertiary Vertebrata of Fayum, Egypt" 1-324
- W. D. Matthew (1909.) "The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, middle Eocene." Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 9:289-567
- E. L. Troxell (1926.) "Smilodectes or Notharctus." American Journal of Science, vol. 211, pp. 423-428
- G. G. Simpson (1951.) "Hayden, Cope, and the Eocene of New Mexico." Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 103:1-21
- M. C. McKenna (1960.) "Fossil Mammalia from the early Wasatchian Four Mile fauna, Eocene of northwest Colorado." University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 37(1):1-130
- L. Van Valen (1966.) "Deltatheridia, a new order of Mammals." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 132(1):1-126
- L. Van Valen (1967.) "New Paleocene insectivores and insectivore classification." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 135(5):217-284
- L. Van Valen (1969.) "Evolution of dental growth and adaptation in mammalian carnivores." Evolution 23(1):96-117
- E. Delson (1971.) "Fossil mammals of the early Wasatchian Powder River local fauna, Eocene of northeast." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 146(4)
- D. A. Guthrie (1971.) "The Mammalian Fauna of the Lost Cabin Member, Wind River Formation (lower Eocene) of Wyoming." Annals of Carnegie Museum 43(4):47-113
- R. V. Melville (1983.) "Prototomus viverrinus Cope, 1874 (Mammalia): Refusal to designate a neotype under the plenary powers." Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 40(4):202-204
- P. D. Polly (1993.) "Hyaenodontidae (Creodonta, Mammalia) from the Early Eocene Four Mile Fauna and their biostratigraphic implications." PaleoBios 14(4):1-10
- S. Peigné, M. Morlo, Y. Chaimanee, S. Ducrocq, S. T. Tun and J. J. Jaeger (2007.) "New discoveries of hyaenodontids (Creodonta, Mammalia) from the Pondaung Formation, middle Eocene, Myanmar—paleobiogeographic implications." Geodiversitas 29(3):441-458
- Jerry J. Hooker (2010). "The mammal fauna of the early Eocene Blackheath Formation of Abbey Wood, London". Palaeontographical Society. str. 1—162. ISSN 0269-3445.
- K. D. Rose, A. E. Chew, R. H. Dunn, M. J. Kraus, H. C. Fricke and S. P. Zack (2012.) "Earliest Eocene mammalian fauna from the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum at Sand Creek Divide, southern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming." University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 36:1-122
- S. Faurby, L. Werdelin, A. Antonelli (2019.) "Dispersal ability predicts evolutionary success among mammalian carnivores" Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE