Ebla

Ostaci dvorske palate u Ebli

Ebla (arap. تل مرديخ.) je drevni trgovački grad-država, koji je postojao na teritoriji drevne Sirije, počev od sredine 3. milenijuma p. n. e.. Ebla je bio smešten zapadno od velikog zavoja reke Eufrat u Siriji, 53 km jugozapadno od modernog grada Alep. Ebla je jedna od najstarijih civilizacija Sirije.

Istorija

Osnivači smatraju da su stanovnici drevne Eble, bili narod semitskog porekla koji su se preselili u Siriju iz jugoistočne Arabije sredinom 4. milenijuma p. n. e. Eblaiti su koristili sumersko-akadski jezik i pismo. U vreme najvećeg uspeha Ebla je svoj ekonomski i politički uticaj proširila od feničanskog grada Biblos na obali Sredozemnog mora do grada-države Mari na sredini Eufrata. Grad je imao živu trgovinu i političke veze sa sumerskom stanovništva drevne Mesopotamije, Drevni Elama i Egipta.

Nestanak prvobitnog grada Ebla povezan je sa osvajanjem grada od strane akadskog kralja Sargona Akadskog u 23. veku p. n. e.

Nakon obnove, druga Ebla je takođe uništena, što je omogućilo amoritskim plemenima da nasele napuštene grad. Poslednje, treće carstvo Ebla bilo je u sastavu carstva Jamhad, ali je na kraju i ono netsalo nakon poraza od strane hetitskog kralja Murišiliša I oko 1600. p. n. e.

Uništenje grada-države Ebla, većina naučnika danas vezuje vladavinu Narum-Sin (2236–2200. p. n. e.), unuka Sargon, po čijem nalogu je grad spaljen.

Nakon 250 godina, teritoriju Ebla naselila su amorejska plemena koji su osnovali dinastiju i obnovili palate i hramove. Međutim, grad nikada nije podignut na nivo uporediv sa periodom od svog najvećeg prosperiteta u 24. veku p. n. e.

Konačna uništenje Ebla datira se na sredinu 17. veka p. n. e.. U to vreme većinom zemalja na Bliskom istoku su vladali Kasiti, napali su teritoriju Mesopotamije i susednih zemalja.

Privreda i trgovina

Od postanka Ebla je zasnovan na razvoju poljoprivrede: tlo severne Sirije je pogodno za ječam, pšenicu, masline, smokve, grožđe, šipak i druge useve, uzgoj goveda i ovaca. Grad je pokrenuo proizvodnju različitih tkanina i metalnih proizvoda, važnu ulogu u privredi Ebla je dobila preradapoljoprivrednih proizvoda i proizvodi kao što su maslinovo ulje, vino, pivo.

Eblaiti su uvozili zlato, srebro, bakar, kalaj, drago kamenje, kao i ovce. Grad je napredovao zahvaljujući povoljnoj lokaciji na raskrsnici trgovačkih puteva iz Persije, Anadolije, Sumera i Egiptu. Odeća i tkanine, razne rukotvorine, maslinovo ulje su bili glavni izvozni artikli.

Usko povezano sa ekonomijom je Ebla gajila političke odnose sa svojim susedima. Državnom arhivu sadrže kopije ugovora zaključenih sa različitih gradovima, među kojima mnogi priznaju dominaciju Ebla. Protiv grada Mari, koji je odbio da posluša, Ebla je preduzela vojnu akciju i porazivši ga, primorao ga da oda počast Eblu u srebru i zlatu.

Jezik i kultura

Jezik Eble pripada grupi semitskih jezika i ima puno veze sa akadskim jezikom. U akadski jezik naknadno su unete reči Sumerski porekla.

Vladari Ebla posvetili su značajnu pažnju obrazovanju, za pažljivo kontrolisanu obuku koristili su nastavne metode koje su česte u sumerskim gradovima Mesopotamije. Pronađeni su brojni studentski radovi koji pokazuju da je škola u Ebli pripremala svoje studente za buduće pozicije državnih službenika.

Moderna iskopavanja

Iskopavanja su počela 1964. godine od strane italijanske arheološke ekspedicije pod rukovodstvom Paolo Matie. 1975. godine arheolozi su otkrili velike carske arhive Ebla, koja datiraju iz 3. milenijuma p. n. e. Tokom narednih 10 godina, naučnici su pronašli oko 20 hiljada artefakata. Arhiva je skup glinenih tablica ispisanih na eblaitskom i sumerskom jeziku. Oni opisuju dečje školske vežbe, prvi poznati u istoriji maslina, informacije o privredi Ebla, gradske uprave, pesme, himne, i još mnogo toga. Većina ovih zapisa čuva su u muzeju Alepu, i Narodnom muzeju Damaska.

U jednom od tekstova stoji da stanovništvo ovog grada-države broji oko 260 hiljada, da 22 hiljada živi u samom gradu. Iskopavanja su potvrdila da su u zenitu, 25. veku p. n. e., zidovi grada mogli da primi do 30 hiljada stanovnika. Druga tabela navodi da kralj Ebla poseduje ogromno polje maslina, kojih je broj oko 3 i po hiljade.

Ebla iskopavanja otkrili ostatke stepenastog utvrđenja - Zigurata, u kojoj je boravio kralj Ebla. Analiza Zigurata je pokazala da je sagrađena pre oko 4.400 godine p. n. e. od blata i cigle. Visina Zigurata je oko šest metara. Tu su pronađeni bogati zlatni ornamenti, koji bi mogli da pripadaju kraljevskoj porodici.

Oni su takođe pronašli ostatke u kraljevskoj palati, koji pripada 3. milenijumu p. n. e., nekoliko hramova i monumentalna kapija, koja datira iz 2. milenijuma. p. n. e.

Vidi još

• Biblioteka u Ebli

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Spoljašnje veze

• Ebla (Tell Mardikh) Suggestion to have Ebla (Tell Mardikh) recognized as a UNESCO world heritage site
• Ebla - Tell Mardikh with photos and plans of the digs (jezik: italijanski)
• Two Weights from Temple N at Tell Mardikh-Ebla, by E. Ascalone and L. Peyronel (pdf)
• The Urban Landscape of Old Syrian Ebla. F. Pinnock (pdf)