Palmira

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Palmira
Svetska baština Uneska
Zvanično ime	Palmira
Mesto	Sirijska pustinja, Tadmur, Sirija
Koordinate	34° 33′ 01″ S; 38° 16′ 11″ I
Površina	1.640, 16.800 ha (177.000.000, 1,808×109 sq ft)
Uključuje	Great Colonnade at Palmyra Roman Theatre at Palmyra Temple of Al-Lat Temple of Baalshamin Temple of Bel Temple of Nabu Valley of the Tombs
Kriterijum	kulturna: i, ii, iv
Referenca	23
Upis	1980. (4. sednica)
Ugroženost	2013 –

Palmira (grč. Παλμυρα) je antički grad u centralnom delu današnje Sirije. Njegovo originalno ime potiče iz aramejskog jezika i znači Belmira (P u srpskom prelazi u B), jer je grad bio posvećen bogu Belom, čiji hram je najimpozantniji deo grada. Lokalno stanovništvo danas koristi naziv Tadmor.

Palmira se nalazi u Sirijskoj pustinji, oko 200 kilometara severoistočno od Damaska. Ovaj grad je nekada bio jedan od najbitnijih centara u regionu i važna raskrsnica trgovačkih puteva. Oaza u kojoj se Palmira nalazi sa izvorima pijaće i tople vode je svakako dosta doprinela da ovaj grad bude jedan od značajnih na Putu svile od Kine do Mediterana.

Poznat je kao grad bogate istorije i vrlo očuvanih antičkih građevina iz različitih istorijskih perioda. Upravo zbog toga je jedna od najposećenijih turističkih destinacija Sirije. Grad su u maju 2015. zauzeli pripadnici Islamske Države, što je izazvalo zabrinutost za sudbinu drevnih spomenika, a mnoge statue su izmeštene na druge lokacije.

Svitanje u Palmiri

Istorija

Period pre dolaska Rimljana

Belov hram

Japanska arheološka ekspedicija je u pećinama istočno Palmire pronašla dokaze postojanja paleolitskog čoveka na tom tlu. Takođe, nadomak izvora su pronađeni i materijali koji potiču iz neolita. Veruje se da je prvo stalno naselje na tom području osnovano oko 3000. p. n. e. Dokazi o tome su pronađeni ispod kasnije izgrađenog Belovog hrama. Kao Tadmor se prvi put spominje u asirskim spisima u ranom drugom milenijumu p. n. e.

Pominje se i u Starom zavetu, gde se navodi kao deo Solomonovih teritorija. Takođe, jevrejski istoričar Flavije Josif u svom delu Jevrejske starine navodi da je upravo Solomon osnovao Palmiru.

Kasnije (323. p. n. e.), Sirija je postala deo Seleukidskog carstva. Ipak, Seleukidi nisu pokazivalo veliku zainteresovanost za Palmiru, te je ona vremenom postala i nezavisna. Usledio je period grčke okupacije o čemu nema značajnijih podataka.

Rimska vlast

Ulica iz rimskog perioda

Rimljani su još 41. p. n. e. pokušali da osvoje Palmiru pod vođstvom Marka Antonija. Ipak, stanovnici grada, koji su unapred bili obavešteni o dolasku rimske vojske, su begom na drugu stranu Eufrata izmakli pred rimskim trupama čime je i rimski pohod završen kao neuspešan. To navodi na zaključak da je u to doba Palmira i dalje bila pretežno nomadsko naselje čije su glavne dragocenosti lako mogle biti transportovane i na veće udaljenosti.

Rimsko osvajanje je usledilo za vreme Tiberijeve vladavine (14—37) kada je grad ušao u sastav provincije Sirije. Nagli rast Palmira doživljava početkom 2. veka n. e. sticajem drugih geopolitičkih okolnosti. Naime, tada je Trajan anektirao kraljevstvo Petru koje je kontrolisalo glavne karavanske puteve. Takođe, sve više na značaju dobijao je severni grad Antiohija. To je uticalo da se karavanski putevi pomere ka severu, čime Palmira u velikoj meri dobija na značaju. Tome je pogodovao i uspon susednog Parćanskog carstva. Velika ponuda Partije i velika potražnja Rima (naravno, preko Palmire) je trgovinu učinila još važnijom i stabilnijom u to doba. Trgovci iz Palmire su posedovali i brodove u vodama oko Italije, gde su dovozili indijsku svilu. Sam grad je 129. posetio car Hadrijan koji ga je proglasio za slobodni grad i preimenovao ga u Palmira Hadrijana (Palmyra Hadriana).

Palmira je uživala povlašćen položaj u okviru carstva. U njoj je bio stacioniran samo laki garnizon rimske vojske, a Palmira je imala svoj poreski sistem iz koga je finansirala održavanje i izgradnju grada i (ređe) neke trgovačke poduhvate.

Zenobijino kraljevstvo

Glavni članak: Palmirsko carstvo

Smena dinastija u Persiji (Sasanidi umesto parćanskih Arsakida) dovela je do pogoršanja odnosa između Persije i Rima. Već 212, Sasanidi su zauzeli ušće Tigra i Eufrata, čime su ograničili trgovinu palmirskih trgovaca.

Tokom krize 3. veka, rimski carevi su istovremeno morali da vode borbu i sa agresivnim Sasanidima na Istoku i sa raznorodnim varvarskim plemenima na Rajni i Dunavu. Car Valerijan je 257. odbranu evropskih provincija poverio svom sinu Galijenu, dok se sam uputio u rat sa Persijom. Valerijan je 258. postavio za namesnika Sirije vladara Palmire Odenata. Najzad, Valerijan je 259. katastrofalno poražen u bici kod Edese i zarobljen od strane persijskog kralja Šapura I koji ga je odveo u sužanjstvo u svoju prestonicu Ktesifon. Tada je odbranu rimskog istoka uspešno preuzeo Odenat koji je u nekoliko navrata porazio i Persijance i uzurpatore. zbog toga mu je Valerijanov sin Galijen poverio zapovedništvo nad čitavim istokom. Odenat je time postao vladar čitavog rimskog istoka i nosio je različite titule i rimske i istočnjačke, mada nikada zvanično nije raskinuo svoje veze sa Rimljanima. Kada je Odenat pao kao žrtva atentata 266. ili 267. vlast je nasledio njegov maloletni sin Vabalat u čije ime je vladala udovica Zenobija.

Za razliku od supruga, Zenobija nije oklevala da istupi kao samostalna vladarka i relativno lako je uspela da zauzme čak i Egipat. Ubrzo, svojem kraljevstvu je pripojila i celokupnu Siriju, tada rimsku provinciju, čime je stigla i daleko na sever. Pojedine armije su čak zašle duboko u Malu Aziju čime je pod svoju kontrolu stavila sve bitne trgovačke puteve. Zenobijina vladavina, iako prosvećena i puna tolerancije, nije trajala dugo. Već 272. godine, iskusni vojskovođa, car Aurelijan je krenuo da povrati svoje teritorije. Prvo je povratio Egipat, zatim Malu Aziju. U bici kod Emese je porazio celokupnu Zenobijinu armiju i zauzeo Palmiru. Sama Zenobija je bila odvedena u zarobljeništvo. Dok je njen sin Vabalat umro tokom puta u Rim, Zenobija je docnije vođena u zlatnim lancima prilikom proslave Aurelijanovih trijumfa. Ipak, car joj je poštedeo život i udao je za jednog rimskog senatora sa kojim je živela u Tiburu.

I pored zarobljavanja njihove vladarke, žitelji Palmire su se 273. ponovo pobunili protiv rimske vlasti. Aurelijan je preduzeo još jedan pohod na Palmiru i ovoga puta je razorio grad do temelja. Posle ovog osvajanja, Palmira se više nikada nije oporavila.

Pad Palmire

Kalat ibn Manova tvrđava noću

Posle Zenobijine vladavine, značaj Palmire opada. Tome je doprinela i ratobornost vladajuće persijske dinastije, zbog čega je Palmira pretvorena u vojnu bazu. Grad je dodatno utvrdio Dioklecijan. Vizantijska i arapska vladavina (od 636. godine) nisu ostavile većeg traga na gradsku infrastrukturu, osim nekoliko bogomolja. Oko 800. godine započelo je konstantno osipanje stanovništva uzrokovano migracijama, a sam grad je konačno napušten posle zemljotresa 1089. godine.

Turizam

Stanovništvo ovog grada se izdržava i, uopšte, živi pretežno od turizma. Milioni stranih i domaćih turista svake godine posećuju ovu pustinjsku lepoticu. Meštani na svakom koraku pokušavaju da prodaju nešto iz velikog izbora suvenira, razglednica, a nude se i vodičke usluge. Stoga ne bi trebalo da čudi i veliki broj onih koji nastoje da čak i na motorima prevezu turiste do najudaljenijih delova arheološkog parka, grobnica-kula, grobnice Tri brata, Ibn Manove tvrđave itd.

Galerija slika

• 
  Panorama Palmire
• 
  Svitanje nad Palmirom
• 
  Luk Belovog hrama
• 
  Detalj sa rimskog luka
• 
  Belov hram, pogled iznutra (1)
• 
  Belov hram, pogled iznutra (2)
• 
  Tetrapilon

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Spoljašnje veze

Istorijat i druge informacije

• Atlas Tours
• Encyclopedia of the Orient Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (20. април 2006)
• Warwick Ball.; Syria, a Historical and Architectural Guide; Scorpion Publishing Ltd and MCS. 1994. ISBN 978-0-905906-96-6..
• Islamska država digla u vazduh hram Balšamin u Palmiri 24.08.2015.
• Islamska država uništila Trijumfalnu kapiju u Palmiri („Politika“, 5. oktobar 2015)

Fotografije

• Galerija sa mapama Palmire iz 2003. godine
• 2005. godina