Boreoeutheria

Boreoeutheria; Vremenski raspon: 98.07–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N kasna kreda do danas
	primjeri živući predstavnika; magnreda Boreoeutheria
	ilustracija kosti gležnja izumrle; vrste Veratalpa lugdunensiana
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Klasa:	Mammalia
Kladus:	Eutheria
Infraklasa:	Placentalia
Magnred:	Boreoeutheria; Springer & de Jong, 2001
Nadredovi
	Euarchontoglires; Laurasiatheria; Incertae sedis: Rod: †Veratalpa; ;
Sinonimi
	Boreoplacentalia (Arnason, 2008); Boreotheria (Waddell, 2001);

Boreoeutheria (Boreoeuterija — „sjeverni euteri”) je magnred placentalnih sisara.^[4]^[5]^[6] Ovaj magnred sisara obuhvata nadredove Laurasiatheria i Euarchontoglires, i izumrli rod Veratalpa. Stručni naziv za članove ovog magnreda sisara je boreoeuteri.

Etimologija naziva[uredi | uredi izvor]

Magnred:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
Boreoeutheria	latinske riječi borealis (lat. borealis), koja znači sjeverno i kladusa sisara Eutheria	sjeverni euteri

Evolucija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Predstavnici magnreda Boreoeutheria vode porijeklo od predaka iz infrareda Placentalia, koji su u periodu kasne krede živjeli na prostoru današnje Sjeverne Amerike, Evrope i Azije, dok su ova tri kontinenta još bila spojena i činila superkontinent Laurazija. Ovi preci su po svom izgledu nalikovali na rovčice, i bili su mali bubojedi po ishrani. Oko 98,07 miliona godina preci nadredova Euarchontoglires i Laurasiatheria su se odvojili u dvije posebne linije sisara.^[1]

Sistematika[uredi | uredi izvor]

Klasifikacija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Klasifikacija magnreda Boreoeutheria:

Magnred: Boreoeutheria (Springer & de Jong, 2001) Nadred: Euarchontoglires (Murphy, 2001) Veliki Red: Euarchonta (Waddell, 1999) Kladus: Gliriformes (Wyss & Meng, 1996) Red: †Apatotheria (Scott & Jepsen, 1936) Porodica: †Picrodontidae (Simpson, 1937) Nadred: Laurasiatheria (Waddell, 1999) Red: Eulipotyphla (Waddell, 1999) (pravi bubojedi) Kladus: Scrotifera (Waddell, 1999) Incertae sedis: Rod: †Veratalpa (Ameghino, 1905) † - oznaka za izumrli takson

Filogenija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Dolje prikazan kladogram predstavlja filogenetske veze magnreda Boreoeutheria.^[7]^[8]^[9]^[6]^[10]^[11]

Placentalia

	†Taeniodonta

	†Alveugena

†Procerberidae

†Ambilestes

†Palaeoryctida

Atlantogenata

Boreoeutheria

Laurasiatheria

	Eulipotyphla

	Scrotifera

?

†Veratalpa

Euarchontoglires

Euarchonta

Gliriformes

	†Picrodontidae

	†Apatotheria

Vremenska rasprostranjenst[uredi | uredi izvor]

Unutar infraklase Placentalia[uredi | uredi izvor]

Unutar magnreda Boreoeutheria[uredi | uredi izvor]

Vidi još[uredi | uredi izvor]

Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]

^ ^a ^b Foley, N. M.; Mason, V. C.; Harris, A. J.; Bredemeyer, K. R.; Damas, J.; Lewin, H. A.; Eizirik, E.; Gatesy, J.; Karlsson, E. K.; Lindblad-Toh, K.; Zoonomia Consortium; Springer, M. S.; Murphy, W. J. (2023). „A genomic timescale for placental mammal evolution”. Science. 380 (6643). eabl8189. doi:10.1126/science.abl8189.
^ Springer M. S. and de Jong W. W. (2001) "Which mammalian supertree to bark up?" Science 291, 1709–1711
^ Arnason U., Adegoke J. A., Gullberg A., Harley E. H., Janke A., Kullberg M. (2008) "Mitogenomic relationships of placental mammals and molecular estimates of their divergences." Gene.; 421(1-2):37–51
^ ^a ^b Waddell, Peter J.; Kishino, Hirohisa; Ota, Rissa (2001). „A phylogenetic foundation for comparative mammalian genomics”. Genome Informatics. 12: 141—154. PMID 11791233. Arhivirano iz originala 10. 07. 2019. g. Pristupljeno 29. 08. 2021.
^ Zhou, X.; Xu, S.; Xu, J.; Chen, B.; Zhou, K.; Yang, G. (2012). „Phylogenomic Analysis Resolves the Interordinal Relationships and Rapid Diversification of the Laurasiatherian Mammals” (PDF). Systematic Biology. 61 (1): 150—164. ISSN 1063-5157. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syr089.
^ ^a ^b Frank E. Zachos (2020) "Mammalian Phylogenetics: A Short Overview of Recent Advances", In book: "Mammals of Europe - Past, Present, and Future" (pp.31-48)
^ O’Leary, M. A., Bloch JI, Flynn, J. J., Gaudin, T. J., Giallombardo, A., Giannini, N. P., Goldber, S. L, Kraatz, B. P., Luo, Z-X, Jin Meng, Xijun Ni, Novacek, M. J., Perini, F. A., Randall, Z. S., Rougier, G. W., Sargis, E. J., Silcox, M. T., Simmons, N. B., Spaulding, M. Velazco, P. M., Weksler, M., Wible, J. R. Cirranello, A. L. (2013) "The Placental Mammal Ancestor and the Post–K-Pg Radiation of Placentals." Science 339:6120:662-667.
^ Foley, Nicole M.; Springer, Mark S.; Teeling, Emma C. (19. 7. 2016). „Mammal madness: Is the mammal tree of life not yet resolved?”. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 371 (1699): 20150140. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 4920340 . PMID 27325836. doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0140.
^ Esselstyn, Jacob A.; Oliveros, Carl H.; Swanson, Mark T.; Faircloth, Brant C. (26. 8. 2017). „Investigating Difficult Nodes in the Placental Mammal Tree with Expanded Taxon Sampling and Thousands of Ultraconserved Elements”. Genome Biology and Evolution (na jeziku: engleski). 9 (9): 2308—2321. ISSN 1759-6653. PMC 5604124 . PMID 28934378. doi:10.1093/gbe/evx168.
^ Xue Lv, Jingyang Hu, Yiwen Hu, Yitian Li, Dongming Xu, Oliver A. Ryder, David M. Irwin, Li Yu (2021) "Diverse phylogenomic datasets uncover a concordant scenario of laurasiatherian interordinal relationships", Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 157
^ Bertrand, O. C.; Shelley, S. L.; Williamson, T. E.; Wible, J. R.; Chester, S. G. B.; Flynn, J. J.; Holbrook, L. T.; Lyson, T. R.; Meng, J.; Miller, I. M.; Püschel, H. P.; Smith, T.; Spaulding, M.; Tseng, Z. J.; Brusatte, S. L. (2022). „Brawn before brains in placental mammals after the end-Cretaceous extinction”. Science. 376 (6588): 80—85. Bibcode:2022Sci...376...80B. doi:10.1126/science.abl5584.

Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]

Murphy, William J.; Eizirik, Eduardo; Springer, Mark S.; et al. (2001). „Resolution of the early placental mammal radiation using Bayesian phylogenetics”. Science. 294 (5550): 2348—2351. PMID 11743200. doi:10.1126/science.1067179.
Blanchette, M; Green, E.D.; Miller, W; Haussler, D (decembar 2004). „Reconstructing large regions of an ancestral mammalian genome in silico”. Genome Research. 14 (12): 2412—2423. PMC 534665 . PMID 15574820. doi:10.1101/gr.2800104.
Kriegs; Ole, Jan; Churakov, Gennady; Kiefmann, Martin; Jordan, Ursula; Brosius, Juergen; Schmitz, Juergen (2006). „Retroposed elements as archives for the evolutionary history of placental mammals”. PLoS Biology. 4 (4): e91. PMC 1395351 . PMID 16515367. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040091.
Ma, J; Zhang, L; Suh, B.B.; Raney, B.J.; Burhans, R.C.; Kent, W.J.; Blanchette, M; Haussler, D; Miller, W (decembar 2006). „Reconstructing contiguous regions of an ancestral genome”. Genome Research. 16 (12): 1557—1565. PMC 1665639 . PMID 16983148. doi:10.1101/gr.5383506.
Gross, Liza (14. 3. 2006). „Resolving the family tree of placental mammals”. PLoS Biology. 4 (4): e111. PMC 1395350 . PMID 20076552. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040111.
Olson, Steve (april 2006). „Bringing back the brontosaurus”. Wired magazine.
Gross, Liza (14. 3. 2006). „Resolving the family tree of placental mammals”. PLoS Biology. 4 (4): e111. PMC 1395350 . PMID 20076552. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040111.
R. J. Asher and K. M. Helgen (2010) "Nomenclature and placental mammal phylogeny". BMC Evolutionary BIology 10(102):1-9

Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]

Aron Ra - "Systematic Classification of Life (episode 34) - Boreoeutheria"

[Foley-Mason2023-1] Foley, N. M.; Mason, V. C.; Harris, A. J.; Bredemeyer, K. R.; Damas, J.; Lewin, H. A.; Eizirik, E.; Gatesy, J.; Karlsson, E. K.; Lindblad-Toh, K.; Zoonomia Consortium; Springer, M. S.; Murphy, W. J. (2023). „A genomic timescale for placental mammal evolution”. Science. 380 (6643). eabl8189. doi:10.1126/science.abl8189.

[2] Springer M. S. and de Jong W. W. (2001) "Which mammalian supertree to bark up?" Science 291, 1709–1711

[3] Arnason U., Adegoke J. A., Gullberg A., Harley E. H., Janke A., Kullberg M. (2008) "Mitogenomic relationships of placental mammals and molecular estimates of their divergences." Gene.; 421(1-2):37–51

[Waddell2001-4] Waddell, Peter J.; Kishino, Hirohisa; Ota, Rissa (2001). „A phylogenetic foundation for comparative mammalian genomics”. Genome Informatics. 12: 141—154. PMID 11791233. Arhivirano iz originala 10. 07. 2019. g. Pristupljeno 29. 08. 2021.

[ZhouXu2012-5] Zhou, X.; Xu, S.; Xu, J.; Chen, B.; Zhou, K.; Yang, G. (2012). „Phylogenomic Analysis Resolves the Interordinal Relationships and Rapid Diversification of the Laurasiatherian Mammals” (PDF). Systematic Biology. 61 (1): 150—164. ISSN 1063-5157. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syr089.

[Zachos2020-6] Frank E. Zachos (2020) "Mammalian Phylogenetics: A Short Overview of Recent Advances", In book: "Mammals of Europe - Past, Present, and Future" (pp.31-48)

[O’Leary2013-7] O’Leary, M. A., Bloch JI, Flynn, J. J., Gaudin, T. J., Giallombardo, A., Giannini, N. P., Goldber, S. L, Kraatz, B. P., Luo, Z-X, Jin Meng, Xijun Ni, Novacek, M. J., Perini, F. A., Randall, Z. S., Rougier, G. W., Sargis, E. J., Silcox, M. T., Simmons, N. B., Spaulding, M. Velazco, P. M., Weksler, M., Wible, J. R. Cirranello, A. L. (2013) "The Placental Mammal Ancestor and the Post–K-Pg Radiation of Placentals." Science 339:6120:662-667.

[8] Foley, Nicole M.; Springer, Mark S.; Teeling, Emma C. (19. 7. 2016). „Mammal madness: Is the mammal tree of life not yet resolved?”. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 371 (1699): 20150140. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 4920340 . PMID 27325836. doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0140.

[9] Esselstyn, Jacob A.; Oliveros, Carl H.; Swanson, Mark T.; Faircloth, Brant C. (26. 8. 2017). „Investigating Difficult Nodes in the Placental Mammal Tree with Expanded Taxon Sampling and Thousands of Ultraconserved Elements”. Genome Biology and Evolution (na jeziku: engleski). 9 (9): 2308—2321. ISSN 1759-6653. PMC 5604124 . PMID 28934378. doi:10.1093/gbe/evx168.

[Xue2021-10] Xue Lv, Jingyang Hu, Yiwen Hu, Yitian Li, Dongming Xu, Oliver A. Ryder, David M. Irwin, Li Yu (2021) "Diverse phylogenomic datasets uncover a concordant scenario of laurasiatherian interordinal relationships", Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 157

[11] Bertrand, O. C.; Shelley, S. L.; Williamson, T. E.; Wible, J. R.; Chester, S. G. B.; Flynn, J. J.; Holbrook, L. T.; Lyson, T. R.; Meng, J.; Miller, I. M.; Püschel, H. P.; Smith, T.; Spaulding, M.; Tseng, Z. J.; Brusatte, S. L. (2022). „Brawn before brains in placental mammals after the end-Cretaceous extinction”. Science. 376 (6588): 80—85. Bibcode:2022Sci...376...80B. doi:10.1126/science.abl5584.

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