Hemipsalodon

Hemipsalodon; Vremenski raspon: 41.2–37.0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ srednji do kasni eocen
	rekonstrukcija izgleda vrste; Hemipsalodon grandis
	lobanja vrste Hemipsalodon grandis
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Klasa:	Mammalia
Red:	†Hyaenodonta
Natporodica:	†Hyainailouroidea
Porodica:	†Hyainailouridae
Potporodica:	†Hyainailourinae
Rod:	†Hemipsalodon; Cope, 1885
Tipska vrsta
	†Hemipsalodon grandis; Cope, 1885
Vrste
	†Hemipsalodon grandis; †Hemipsalodon viejaensis;
Sinonimi
	sinonimi vrste: H. grandis: Hemipsalodon cooki (Schlaikjer, 1935) ; Pterodon grandis (Savage, 1965) ; ;

Hemipsalodon (Hemipsalodon — „polumakazasti zub”) je izumrli rod placentalnih sisara, iz izumrle parafiletske potporodice Hyainailourinae unutar izumrle parafiletske porodice Hyainailouridae, koji je u periodu od srednjeg do kasnog eocena nastanjivao područje Sjeverne Amerike.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

Etimologija naziva[uredi | uredi izvor]

Rod:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
Hemipsalodon	starogrčke riječi hemi (stgrč. ἡμι), koja znači pola starogrčke riječi psalis (stgrč. ψαλίς), koja znači makaze i starogrčke riječi dus (stgrč. ὀδούς), koja znači zub	polumakazasti zub^[7]

Vrste:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
H. grandis	roda Hemipsalodon i latinske riječi grandis (lat. grandis), koja znači veliko	veliki Hemipsalodon
H. viejaensis	roda Hemipsalodon i planinskog lanca Sijera Vijeha	Hemipsalodon sa Sijera Vijeha planina

Opis[uredi | uredi izvor]

Vrste iz roda Hemipsalodon su bile najveći znani predstavnici iz reda Hyaenodonta koji su živjeli na prostoru Sjeverne Amerike. Vrsta Hemipsalodon grandis je dostizala veličinu kodijačkog mrkog medvjeda, a vrsta Hemipsalodon viejaensis veličinu grizlija.^[8] Lobanje vrste Hemipsalodon grandis je bila duga 45 cm, sa donjom vilicom dužine od 34 cm.^[9] Nosni otvori na lobanjama ovi sisara su bili veliki. Zubna formula kod vrsti iz ovog roda je 3.1.4.33.1.4.3.^[9]

Sistematika[uredi | uredi izvor]

Klasifikacija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Rod: †*Hemipsalodon* (Cope, 1885)
Vrste:	Rasprostranjenost fosila i lokacija:	Vremenski raspon:
†H. grandis (Cope, 1885)^[10]	Kanada (pokrajina Saskačevan)^[11]^[12] SAD (Vajoming,^[13]^[14] Novi Meksiko i Oregon^[9])	41,2 do 37,8 mil. god.
†H. viejaensis (Gustafson, 1986)^[8]	SAD (Teksas)	39,7 do 37,0 mil. god.

Filogenija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Dolje prikazan kladogram predstavlja filogenetske veze roda Hemipsalodon.^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]

†Hyaenodonta

†Eoproviverra

†Boualitomidae

	†Arfiidae

	†Limnocyonidae

†Sinopidae

†Hyaenodontoidea

	†Gazinocyon

	†Pyrocyon

†Galecyon

†Parvavorodon

	†Indohyaenodontidae

	†Glibzegdouia

†Indohyaenodon grupa

†Koholiidae

†Tritemnodon

†Tritemnodon grupa

†Teratodontidae

†Apterodontinae

	†Maocyon	†Maocyon/Orienspterodon grupa

	†Orienspterodon

†Hyainailourinae

†Hemipsalodon

	†Hemipsalodon grandis

	†Hemipsalodon viejaensis

†Ischnognathus

†Akhnatenavus grupa

†Akhnatenavus

?

†"Pterodon" sp. (BC 15’08)

?

†Hyainailourinae sp. (UON 84-359)

?

†Hyainailourinae sp. C (DPC 9243 & DPC 10315)

?

†Hyainailourinae sp. D (DPC 6545)

	†Kerberos

	†"Pterodon" syrtos

†Pterodon grupa

†Pterodontina

?	†Hyainailourinae sp. A (DPC 6555)

	†"Pterodon" africanus

	†Parapterodon

?

†"Pterodon" sp. (DPC 5036)

†"Pterodon" phiomensis

†Hyainailourini

†Paroxyaenini

†Falcatodon

†Sectisodon

	†Exiguodon

	†Isohyaenodon zadoki

†Isohyaenodon (†Isohyaenodontina)

†Isohyaenodon andrewsi

	†Sivapterodon

	†Hyainailouros bugtiensis

†Hyainailouros napakensis

†Hyainailouros

	†Hyainailouros sulzeri

?	†Hyainailourinae sp. (GSN AD 100’96)

†Simbakubwa

	†Leakitheriini

	†Megistotherium

	†Mlanyama

	†Metapterodontini

†Pakakali

†Prionogalidae

†Hyainailouridae

†Hyainailouroidea

†Lahimia grupa

†Arfia grupa

†Galecyon grupa

†afro-arabijska grupa

Vremenska rasprostranjenst roda Hemipsalodon unutar parafiletske porodice Hyainailouridae[uredi | uredi izvor]

Vidi još[uredi | uredi izvor]

Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]

^ Schlaikjer, Erich M. (1935). „Contributions to the stratigraphy and paleontology of the Goshen Hole area, Wyoming. III. A new basal Oligocene formation”. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 76 (3): 71—93.
^ R. J. G. Savage (1965.) "Fossil Mammals of Africa: The Miocene Carnivora of East Africa." Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 10(8):241-316
^ McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2015. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
^ G. F. Gunnell (1998.) "Creodonta". In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate like Mammals", Cambridge University Press, 703 pages ISBN 9780521355193
^ Floréal Solé; Eli Amson; Matthew Borths; Dominique Vidalenc; Michael Morlo; Katharina Bastl (2015). „A New Large Hyainailourine from the Bartonian of Europe and Its Bearings on the Evolution and Ecology of Massive Hyaenodonts (Mammalia)”. PLOS ONE. 10 (9): e0135698. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1035698S. PMC 4580617 . PMID 26398622. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135698.
^ Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2017). „The first hyaenodont from the late Oligocene Nsungwe Formation of Tanzania: Paleoecological insights into the Paleogene-Neogene carnivore transition”. PLOS ONE. 12 (10): e0185301. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1285301B. PMC 5636082 . PMID 29020030. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185301.
^ Palmer, Theodore Sherman (1904). Index Generum Mammalium: A List of the Genera and Families of Mammals (na jeziku: engleski). U.S. Government Printing Office.
^ ^a ^b E. P. Gustafson (1986.) "Carnivorous mammals of the Late Eocene and Early Oligocene of Trans-Pecos Texas." Texas Memorial Museum Bulletin 33:1-66
^ ^a ^b ^v Mellett, James Silvan (1969). „A skull of Hemipsalodon (Mammalia, Deltatheridia) from the Clarno Formation of Oregon”. American Museum Novitates (2387). hdl:2246/2597.
^ E. D. Cope (1885.) "The White River beds of Swift Current River, Northwest Territory." American Naturalist 19(2):163
^ E. D. Cope (1891.) "On vertebrata from the Tertiary and Cretaceous rocks of the North West Territory: The species from the Oligocene or Lower Miocene beds of the Cypress Hills." Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology 3:1-25
^ L. M. Lambe (1908.) "The Vertebrata of the Oligocene of the Cypress Hills, Saskatchewan." Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology 3(4):1-65
^ W. D. Matthew (1909.) "The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, middle Eocene." Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 9:289-567
^ A. J. Kihm (1987.) "Mammalian paleontology and geology of the Yoder Member, Chadron Formation, east-central Wyoming." Dakoterra 3:28-45
^ Borths, Matthew R.; Stevens, Nancy J. (2017). „Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)”. Palaeontologia Electronica. 20 (3): 55A. doi:10.26879/776 .
^ Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2019). „Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (1): e1570222. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222.
^ Floréal Solé; Bernard Marandat; Fabrice Lihoreau (2020). „The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian”. Geodiversitas. 42 (13): 185—214. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a13.
^ Solé, F.; Morlo, M.; Schaal, T.; Lehmann, T. (2021). „New hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the late Ypresian locality of Prémontré (France) support a radiation of the hyaenodonts in Europe already at the end of the early Eocene”. Geobios. 66-67: 119—141. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2021.02.004.
^ Averianov, Alexander; Obraztsova, Ekaterina; Danilov, Igor; Jin, Jian-Hua (2023). „A new hypercarnivorous hyaenodont from the Eocene of South China”. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 11. ISSN 2296-701X. doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1076819/full.

Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]

W. B. Scott (1892.) "A revision of the North American Creodonta with notes on some genera which have been referred to that group." Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 44:291-323
O. P. Hay (1902.) "Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America." Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179:1-868
L. Van Valen (1967.) "New Paleocene insectivores and insectivore classification." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 135(5):217-284
J. S. Mellett (1977.) "Paleobiology of North American Hyaenodon (Mammalia, Creodonta)." Contributions to Vertebrate Evolution 1:1-134

[1] Schlaikjer, Erich M. (1935). „Contributions to the stratigraphy and paleontology of the Goshen Hole area, Wyoming. III. A new basal Oligocene formation”. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 76 (3): 71—93.

[2] R. J. G. Savage (1965.) "Fossil Mammals of Africa: The Miocene Carnivora of East Africa." Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 10(8):241-316

[McKenna_&_Bell-3] McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2015. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[Gunnell1998-4] G. F. Gunnell (1998.) "Creodonta". In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate like Mammals", Cambridge University Press, 703 pages ISBN 9780521355193

[5] Floréal Solé; Eli Amson; Matthew Borths; Dominique Vidalenc; Michael Morlo; Katharina Bastl (2015). „A New Large Hyainailourine from the Bartonian of Europe and Its Bearings on the Evolution and Ecology of Massive Hyaenodonts (Mammalia)”. PLOS ONE. 10 (9): e0135698. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1035698S. PMC 4580617 . PMID 26398622. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135698.

[6] Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2017). „The first hyaenodont from the late Oligocene Nsungwe Formation of Tanzania: Paleoecological insights into the Paleogene-Neogene carnivore transition”. PLOS ONE. 12 (10): e0185301. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1285301B. PMC 5636082 . PMID 29020030. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185301.

[7] Palmer, Theodore Sherman (1904). Index Generum Mammalium: A List of the Genera and Families of Mammals (na jeziku: engleski). U.S. Government Printing Office.

[Gustafson1986-8] E. P. Gustafson (1986.) "Carnivorous mammals of the Late Eocene and Early Oligocene of Trans-Pecos Texas." Texas Memorial Museum Bulletin 33:1-66

[Silvan1969-9] v Mellett, James Silvan (1969). „A skull of Hemipsalodon (Mammalia, Deltatheridia) from the Clarno Formation of Oregon”. American Museum Novitates (2387). hdl:2246/2597.

[10] E. D. Cope (1885.) "The White River beds of Swift Current River, Northwest Territory." American Naturalist 19(2):163

[11] E. D. Cope (1891.) "On vertebrata from the Tertiary and Cretaceous rocks of the North West Territory: The species from the Oligocene or Lower Miocene beds of the Cypress Hills." Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology 3:1-25

[12] L. M. Lambe (1908.) "The Vertebrata of the Oligocene of the Cypress Hills, Saskatchewan." Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology 3(4):1-65

[13] W. D. Matthew (1909.) "The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, middle Eocene." Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 9:289-567

[14] A. J. Kihm (1987.) "Mammalian paleontology and geology of the Yoder Member, Chadron Formation, east-central Wyoming." Dakoterra 3:28-45

[Matthew2017-15] Borths, Matthew R.; Stevens, Nancy J. (2017). „Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)”. Palaeontologia Electronica. 20 (3): 55A. doi:10.26879/776 .

[Simbakubwa-16] Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2019). „Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (1): e1570222. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222.

[Geodiversitas4213-17] Floréal Solé; Bernard Marandat; Fabrice Lihoreau (2020). „The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian”. Geodiversitas. 42 (13): 185—214. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a13.

[hyaenodontsGeobios-18] Solé, F.; Morlo, M.; Schaal, T.; Lehmann, T. (2021). „New hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the late Ypresian locality of Prémontré (France) support a radiation of the hyaenodonts in Europe already at the end of the early Eocene”. Geobios. 66-67: 119—141. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2021.02.004.

[Maocyon-19] Averianov, Alexander; Obraztsova, Ekaterina; Danilov, Igor; Jin, Jian-Hua (2023). „A new hypercarnivorous hyaenodont from the Eocene of South China”. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 11. ISSN 2296-701X. doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1076819/full.

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