Tritemnodon

Tritemnodon; Vremenski raspon: 50.3–46.2 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ rani do srednji eocen
	ilustracija vrste Tritemnodon agilis; (autor V. B. Skot, 1913. god.)
	kostur vrste Tritemnodon agilis
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Klasa:	Mammalia
Red:	†Hyaenodonta
Rod:	†Tritemnodon; Matthew, 1906
Tipska vrsta
	†Tritemnodon agilis; Marsh, 1872
Vrste
	†Tritemnodon agilis;
Sinonimi
	sinonimi vrste: T. agilis: Limnocyon agilis (Marsh, 1872) ; Sinopa agilis (Matthew, 1901) ; Sinopa brevicalcaratus (Cope, 1872) ; Sinopa gracilis (Wortman, 1902) ; Stypolophus agilis ; Stypolophus brevicolcarabus (Cope, 1872) ; Stypolophus brevicalcaratus (Cope, 1872) ; ;

Tritemnodon (Tritemnodon — „trorezni zub”) je izumrli rod placentalnih sisara iz izumrlog reda Hyaenodonta, koji je u periodu od ranog do srednjeg eocena nastanjivao područje Sjeverne Amerike.^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]

Etimologija naziva[uredi | uredi izvor]

Rod:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
Tritemnodon	starogrčke riječi tri (stgrč. τρι), koja znači tri starogrčke riječi temno (stgrč. τέμνω), koja znači rezati ili sjeći i starogrčke riječi dus (stgrč. ὀδούς), koja znači zub	trorezni zub

Vrsta:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
T. agilis	roda Tritemnodon i latinske riječi agilis (lat. agilis), koja znači brz	brzi Tritemnodon

Opis[uredi | uredi izvor]

Odrasli primjerci vrste Tritemnodon agilis su dostizali težinu od 4,82 do 11,44 kg.^[10]^[11]^[12] Zapremina mozga u lobanji kod ove vrste je iznosila 26 cm³.^[11]^[12]

Ponašanje i paleoekologija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Vrsta Tritemnodon agilis je bila mali kopneni predator koji je u prošlosti Sjeverne Amerike nastanjivao plavne ravnice i kopnene ekosisteme. Ova vrsta je bila sposobna i da se penje po drveću.

Sistematika[uredi | uredi izvor]

Klasifikacija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Rod: †*Tritemnodon* (Matthew, 1906)
Vrste:	Rasprostranjenost fosila i lokacija:	Vremenski raspon:
†T. agilis (Marsh, 1872)^[13]	SAD (Vajoming i Juta)	50,3 do 46,2 mil. god.
†T. sp. [FMNH PM 55839] (Tomiya, 2021)^[14]	SAD (Vajoming)	47,0 do 46,2 mil. god.

Filogenija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Dolje prikazan kladogram predstavlja filogenetske veze roda Tritemnodon.^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]

†Hyaenodonta

†Eoproviverra

†Boualitomidae

	†Arfiidae

	†Limnocyonidae

†Sinopidae

†Hyaenodontoidea

	†Gazinocyon

	†Pyrocyon

†Galecyon

†Parvavorodon

	†Indohyaenodontidae

	†Glibzegdouia

†Indohyaenodon grupa

†Tritemnodon

	†Tritemnodon agilis

	†Tritemnodon sp. (FMNH PM 55839)

†Tritemnodon grupa

†Koholiidae

†Teratodontidae

†Apterodontinae

	†Maocyon	†Maocyon/Orienspterodon grupa

	†Orienspterodon

†Hyainailourinae

	†Hemipsalodon

	†Ischnognathus

†Akhnatenavus grupa

†Akhnatenavus

?

†"Pterodon" sp. (BC 15’08)

?

†Hyainailourinae sp. (UON 84-359)

?

†Hyainailourinae sp. C (DPC 9243 & DPC 10315)

?

†Hyainailourinae sp. D (DPC 6545)

	†Kerberos

	†"Pterodon" syrtos

†Pterodon grupa

†Pterodontina

?	†Hyainailourinae sp. A (DPC 6555)

	†"Pterodon" africanus

	†Parapterodon

?

†"Pterodon" sp. (DPC 5036)

†"Pterodon" phiomensis

†Hyainailourini

†Paroxyaenini

†Falcatodon

†Sectisodon

	†Exiguodon

	†Isohyaenodon zadoki

†Isohyaenodon (†Isohyaenodontina)

†Isohyaenodon andrewsi

	†Sivapterodon

	†Hyainailouros bugtiensis

†Hyainailouros napakensis

†Hyainailouros

	†Hyainailouros sulzeri

?	†Hyainailourinae sp. (GSN AD 100’96)

†Simbakubwa

	†Leakitheriini

	†Megistotherium

	†Mlanyama

	†Metapterodontini

†Pakakali

†Prionogalidae

†Hyainailouridae

†Hyainailouroidea

†Lahimia grupa

†Arfia grupa

†Galecyon grupa

†afro-arabijska grupa

Vremenska rasprostranjenst roda Tritemnodon unutar reda Hyaenodonta[uredi | uredi izvor]

Vidi još[uredi | uredi izvor]

Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]

^ Matthew, W. D. (1906.) "The Osteology of Sinopa, a Creodont Mammal of the Middle Eocene." Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXX, pp. 203-233, pl. XVI
^ J. Alroy (2002.) "Synonymies and reidentifications of North American fossil mammals."
^ Matthew, W. D. (1901.) "Additional observations on the Creodonta." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 14: 1-38
^ E. D. Cope (1872.) "Third account of new Vertebrata from the Bridger Eocene of Wyoming Territory." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 12:469-472
^ J. L. Wortman (1902.) "Studies of Eocene Mammalia in the Marsh Collection, Peabody Museum." The American Journal of Science, series 4 13:197-206
^ Philip D. Gingerich and Harvey A. Deutsch (1989). „Systematics and evolution of early Eocene Hyaenodontidae (Mammalia, Creodonta) in the Clarks Fork Basin, Wyoming” (PDF). Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan. 27 (13): 327—391.
^ McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2015. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
^ Floréal Solé (2013). „New proviverrine genus from the Early Eocene of Europe and the first phylogeny of Late Palaeocene–Middle Eocene hyaenodontidans (Mammalia)”. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 11 (4): 375—398. doi:10.1080/14772019.2012.686927.
^ Solé, F.; Lhuillier, J.; Adaci, M.; Bensalah, M.; Mahboubi, M.; Tabuce, R. (2013). „The hyaenodontidans from the Gour Lazib area (?Early Eocene, Algeria): implications concerning the systematics and the origin of the Hyainailourinae and Teratodontinae”. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 12 (3): 303—322. doi:10.1080/14772019.2013.795196.
^ Egi, Naoko (2001). „Body mass estimates in extinct mammals from limb bone dimensions: the case of North American hyaenodontids.” (PDF). Palaeontology. 44 (3): 497—528. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 13. 04. 2022. g. Pristupljeno 17. 01. 2021.
^ ^a ^b Morgane Dubied; Floréal Solé; Bastien Mennecart (2019). „The cranium of Provierra typica (Mammalia, Hyaenodonta) and its impact on hyaenodont phylogeny and endocranial evolution”. Palaeontology. 62 (6): 983—1001. doi:10.1111/pala.12437.
^ ^a ^b Dubied, M.; Solé, F.; Mennecart, B. (2021). „Endocranium and ecology of Eurotherium theriodis, a European hyaenodont mammal from the Lutetian”. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 66 (3). doi:10.4202/app.00771.2020 .
^ O. C. Marsh (1872.) "Preliminary description of new Tertiary mammals. Part II." Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (26. фебруар 2022) American Journal of Science 4(21):202-224
^ Tomiya, S.; Zack, S. P.; Spaulding, M.; Flynn, J. J. (2021). „Carnivorous mammals from the middle Eocene Washakie Formation, Wyoming, USA, and their diversity trajectory in a post-warming world”. Journal of Paleontology. 95 (Supplement S82): 1—115. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.74.
^ Borths, Matthew R.; Stevens, Nancy J. (2017). „Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)”. Palaeontologia Electronica. 20 (3): 55A. doi:10.26879/776 .
^ Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2019). „Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (1): e1570222. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222.
^ Floréal Solé; Bernard Marandat; Fabrice Lihoreau (2020). „The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian”. Geodiversitas. 42 (13): 185—214. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a13.
^ Solé, F.; Morlo, M.; Schaal, T.; Lehmann, T. (2021). „New hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the late Ypresian locality of Prémontré (France) support a radiation of the hyaenodonts in Europe already at the end of the early Eocene”. Geobios. 66-67: 119—141. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2021.02.004.
^ Averianov, Alexander; Obraztsova, Ekaterina; Danilov, Igor; Jin, Jian-Hua (2023). „A new hypercarnivorous hyaenodont from the Eocene of South China”. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 11. ISSN 2296-701X. doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1076819/full.

Литература[uredi | uredi izvor]

W. B. Scott (1892.) "A revision of the North American Creodonta with notes on some genera which have been referred to that group." Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 44:291-323
O. P. Hay (1902.) "Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America." Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179:1-868
W. D. Matthew (1909.) "The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, middle Eocene." Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 9:289-567
M. R. Thorpe (1923.) "Notes on the Bridger (Eocene) Carnivora." Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (9. јануар 2023) American Journal of Science 5(25):23-39
Van Valen, Leigh (1965). „Some European Proviverrini (Mammalia, Deltatheridia)” (PDF). Palaeontology. 8: 638–665.
L. Van Valen (1967.) "New Paleocene insectivores and insectivore classification." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 135(5):217-284
C. L. Gazin (1976.) "Mammalian Faunal Zones of the Bridger Middle Eocene." Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 26:1-25
G. F. Gunnell (1998.) "Creodonta". In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate like Mammals", Cambridge University Press, 703 pages ISBN 9780521355193

[1] Matthew, W. D. (1906.) "The Osteology of Sinopa, a Creodont Mammal of the Middle Eocene." Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXX, pp. 203-233, pl. XVI

[2] J. Alroy (2002.) "Synonymies and reidentifications of North American fossil mammals."

[3] Matthew, W. D. (1901.) "Additional observations on the Creodonta." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 14: 1-38

[4] E. D. Cope (1872.) "Third account of new Vertebrata from the Bridger Eocene of Wyoming Territory." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 12:469-472

[5] J. L. Wortman (1902.) "Studies of Eocene Mammalia in the Marsh Collection, Peabody Museum." The American Journal of Science, series 4 13:197-206

[6] Philip D. Gingerich and Harvey A. Deutsch (1989). „Systematics and evolution of early Eocene Hyaenodontidae (Mammalia, Creodonta) in the Clarks Fork Basin, Wyoming” (PDF). Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan. 27 (13): 327—391.

[McKenna_&_Bell-7] McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2015. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[8] Floréal Solé (2013). „New proviverrine genus from the Early Eocene of Europe and the first phylogeny of Late Palaeocene–Middle Eocene hyaenodontidans (Mammalia)”. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 11 (4): 375—398. doi:10.1080/14772019.2012.686927.

[hyaenodontidansGourLazib-9] Solé, F.; Lhuillier, J.; Adaci, M.; Bensalah, M.; Mahboubi, M.; Tabuce, R. (2013). „The hyaenodontidans from the Gour Lazib area (?Early Eocene, Algeria): implications concerning the systematics and the origin of the Hyainailourinae and Teratodontinae”. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 12 (3): 303—322. doi:10.1080/14772019.2013.795196.

[10] Egi, Naoko (2001). „Body mass estimates in extinct mammals from limb bone dimensions: the case of North American hyaenodontids.” (PDF). Palaeontology. 44 (3): 497—528. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 13. 04. 2022. g. Pristupljeno 17. 01. 2021.

[Provierra2019-11] Morgane Dubied; Floréal Solé; Bastien Mennecart (2019). „The cranium of Provierra typica (Mammalia, Hyaenodonta) and its impact on hyaenodont phylogeny and endocranial evolution”. Palaeontology. 62 (6): 983—1001. doi:10.1111/pala.12437.

[Eurotherium21-12] Dubied, M.; Solé, F.; Mennecart, B. (2021). „Endocranium and ecology of Eurotherium theriodis, a European hyaenodont mammal from the Lutetian”. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 66 (3). doi:10.4202/app.00771.2020 .

[13] O. C. Marsh (1872.) "Preliminary description of new Tertiary mammals. Part II." Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (26. фебруар 2022) American Journal of Science 4(21):202-224

[14] Tomiya, S.; Zack, S. P.; Spaulding, M.; Flynn, J. J. (2021). „Carnivorous mammals from the middle Eocene Washakie Formation, Wyoming, USA, and their diversity trajectory in a post-warming world”. Journal of Paleontology. 95 (Supplement S82): 1—115. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.74.

[Matthew2017-15] Borths, Matthew R.; Stevens, Nancy J. (2017). „Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)”. Palaeontologia Electronica. 20 (3): 55A. doi:10.26879/776 .

[Simbakubwa-16] Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2019). „Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (1): e1570222. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222.

[Geodiversitas4213-17] Floréal Solé; Bernard Marandat; Fabrice Lihoreau (2020). „The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian”. Geodiversitas. 42 (13): 185—214. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a13.

[hyaenodontsGeobios-18] Solé, F.; Morlo, M.; Schaal, T.; Lehmann, T. (2021). „New hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the late Ypresian locality of Prémontré (France) support a radiation of the hyaenodonts in Europe already at the end of the early Eocene”. Geobios. 66-67: 119—141. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2021.02.004.

[Maocyon-19] Averianov, Alexander; Obraztsova, Ekaterina; Danilov, Igor; Jin, Jian-Hua (2023). „A new hypercarnivorous hyaenodont from the Eocene of South China”. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 11. ISSN 2296-701X. doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1076819/full.

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