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{{Кутијица за језик
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[[Датотека:Devimahatmya Sanskrit MS Nepal 11c.jpg|мини|250px|Санскртски рукопис на палминим листовима, [[Бихар]] или [[Непал]], [[11. век]] ]]
[[Датотека:Devimahatmya Sanskrit MS Nepal 11c.jpg|мини|250px|Санскртски рукопис на палминим листовима, [[Бихар]] или [[Непал]], [[11. век]] ]]


'''Санскрт''' или '''санскрит''' (संस्कृतम [-{''saṃskṛtam''}-] — састављен, справљен; од речи -{''sam''}- — са, и -{''kṛta''}- — прављен) класични је [[језик]] [[Индија|Индије]] и [[Непал]]а,<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Keown|first1=Damien|last2=Prebish|first2=Charles S.|title=Encyclopedia of Buddhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D1pcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT15|year=2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-98595-9|pages=15}}; Quote: "Sanskrit served as the lingua franca of ancient India, just as Latin did in medieval Europe"</ref> односно [[литургијски језик]] у [[Хиндуизам|хиндуизму]], [[Будизам|будизму]] и [[Џаинизам|џаинизму]]. Као резултат преношења хиндуистичке и будистичке културе у [[Југоисточна Азија|југоисточну Азију]] и делове [[Централна Азија|централне Азије]], он је исто тако био и језик [[Висока култура|високе културе]] у неким од ових региона у раном средњовековном добу.<ref name=howard21>{{Cite book|last=Howard|first=Michael C.|title=Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross-Border Trade and Travel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6QPWXrCCzBIC&pg=PA21|year=2012|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-9033-2|pages=21}}, '''Quote''': "Sanskrit was another important lingua franca in the ancient world that was widely used in South Asia and in the context of Hindu and Buddhist religions in neighboring areas as well. (...) The spread of South Asian cultural influence to Southeast Asia, Central Asia and East Asia meant that Sanskrit was also used in these areas, especially in a religious context and political elites."</ref><ref name="Pollock2006">{{Cite book|last=Pollock|first=Sheldon|title=The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CMskDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA14|year=2006|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-24500-6|pages=14}}, '''Quote''': "Once Sanskrit emerged from the sacerdotal environment ... it became the sole medium by which ruling elites expressed their power ... Sanskrit probably never functioned as an everyday medium of communication anywhere in the cosmopolis—not in South Asia itself, let alone Southeast Asia ... The work Sanskrit did do ... was directed above all toward articulating a form of ... politics ... as celebration of aesthetic power."</ref> Овај језик је био у свакодневној употребу у периоду од 2. миленијума п. н. е. до 600. п. н. е. (Ведијски санскриt<ref>{{Cite book|last=Reinöhl|first=Uta|title=Grammaticalization and the Rise of Configurationality in Indo-Aryan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nR_4CwAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-873666-0|pages=xiv, 1–16}}</ref>), након чега су из њега настали [[средње индо-аријски језици]]. Санскрит је класични језик индијске књижевности. У [[Азија|Азији]] има статус сличан [[Латински језик|латинском]] и [[Грчки језик|грчком језику]] у [[Европа|Европи]]. Свети списи [[Хиндуизам|хиндуизма]], као и [[махајана]] и [[вађрајана]] будизма састављени су на санскриту.<ref name="SANSKRIT"/>
'''Санскрт''' или '''санскрит''' (संस्कृतम [-{''saṃskṛtam''}-] — састављен, справљен; од речи -{''sam''}- — са, и -{''kṛta''}- — прављен) класични је [[језик]] [[Индија|Индије]] и [[Непал]]а<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Keown|first1=Damien|last2=Prebish|first2=Charles S.|title=Encyclopedia of Buddhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D1pcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT15|year=2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-98595-9|pages=15}}; Quote: "Sanskrit served as the lingua franca of ancient India, just as Latin did in medieval Europe"</ref> са документованом историјом од око 3.500 година.<ref name=britsanskrit/>{{sfn|Tim Murray|2007|pp=v-vi, 1-18, 31-32, 115–116}}{{Sfn|Harold G. Coward|1990|pp=3-12, 36-47, 111-112, Note: Sanskrit was both a literary and spoken language in ancient India.}} Он је [[литургијски језик]] у [[Хиндуизам|хиндуизму]], [[Будизам|будизму]] и [[Џаинизам|џаинизму]]. Као резултат преношења хиндуистичке и будистичке културе у [[Југоисточна Азија|југоисточну Азију]] и делове [[Централна Азија|централне Азије]], он је исто тако био и језик [[Висока култура|високе културе]] у неким од ових региона у раном средњовековном добу.<ref name=howard21>{{Cite book|last=Howard|first=Michael C.|title=Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross-Border Trade and Travel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6QPWXrCCzBIC&pg=PA21|year=2012|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-9033-2|pages=21}}, '''Quote''': "Sanskrit was another important lingua franca in the ancient world that was widely used in South Asia and in the context of Hindu and Buddhist religions in neighboring areas as well. (...) The spread of South Asian cultural influence to Southeast Asia, Central Asia and East Asia meant that Sanskrit was also used in these areas, especially in a religious context and political elites."</ref><ref name="Pollock2006">{{Cite book|last=Pollock|first=Sheldon|title=The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CMskDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA14|year=2006|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-24500-6|pages=14}}, '''Quote''': "Once Sanskrit emerged from the sacerdotal environment ... it became the sole medium by which ruling elites expressed their power ... Sanskrit probably never functioned as an everyday medium of communication anywhere in the cosmopolis—not in South Asia itself, let alone Southeast Asia ... The work Sanskrit did do ... was directed above all toward articulating a form of ... politics ... as celebration of aesthetic power."</ref> Овај језик је био у свакодневној употребу у периоду од 2. миленијума п. н. е. до 600. п. н. е. (Ведијски санскриt<ref>{{Cite book|last=Reinöhl|first=Uta|title=Grammaticalization and the Rise of Configurationality in Indo-Aryan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nR_4CwAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-873666-0|pages=xiv, 1–16}}</ref>), након чега су из њега настали [[средње индо-аријски језици]]. Санскрит је класични језик индијске књижевности. У [[Азија|Азији]] има статус сличан [[Латински језик|латинском]] и [[Грчки језик|грчком језику]] у [[Европа|Европи]]. Свети списи [[Хиндуизам|хиндуизма]], као и [[махајана]] и [[вађрајана]] будизма састављени су на санскриту.<ref name="SANSKRIT"/>


Санскрит је прилично сличан [[пали]]ју, језику [[теравада]] будизма. У време [[Сидарта Гаутама|Буде]] (5. век п. н. е.), санскритом се говорило само на дворовима и међу свештенством, док је пали био народни говор.<ref name="SANSKRIT">[http://srednjiput.rs/tumacenja/sravasti-dhammika-kamma/budizam-od-a-do-z/s/ Budizam od A do Ž]</ref> [[Пали]], језик теравада канона, био је један од оних дијалеката којим се говорило у Аванти провинцији, али не и језик на којем је Буда подучавао.{{sfn|Елијаде|1996|pp=40–59}} Због тога се употреби пали терминологије не даје приоритет у односу на будистички [[санскрит]], врсту санскрита која садржи много [[пракрт]]ских речи (пракрит, народни језик, за разлику од санскрита).{{sfn|Елијаде|1996|pp=40–59}}
Санскрит је прилично сличан [[пали]]ју, језику [[теравада]] будизма. У време [[Сидарта Гаутама|Буде]] (5. век п. н. е.), санскритом се говорило само на дворовима и међу свештенством, док је пали био народни говор.<ref name="SANSKRIT">[http://srednjiput.rs/tumacenja/sravasti-dhammika-kamma/budizam-od-a-do-z/s/ Budizam od A do Ž]</ref> [[Пали]], језик теравада канона, био је један од оних дијалеката којим се говорило у Аванти провинцији, али не и језик на којем је Буда подучавао.{{sfn|Елијаде|1996|pp=40–59}} Због тога се употреби пали терминологије не даје приоритет у односу на будистички [[санскрит]], врсту санскрита која садржи много [[пракрт]]ских речи (пракрит, народни језик, за разлику од санскрита).{{sfn|Елијаде|1996|pp=40–59}} У Индији санскрит данас представља један од службених језика. Иако га многи сматрају мртвим језиком, још увек се учи и користи као свакодневни [[говор]] у неким индијским [[заједница]]ма.
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Sanskrit is an [[Indo-Aryan languages#Old Indo-Aryan|Old Indo-Aryan]] language.<ref name=britsanskrit/> As one of the oldest documented members of the Indo-European family of languages,{{sfn|Philipp Strazny|2013|p=500}}{{refn|group=note|The Old [[Hittite language]] and Mycenaean Greek, along with the Sanskrit language, are the oldest documented IE languages; of these, Old Hittite is dated to be the oldest.<ref name=Woodard12>{{cite book|author=Roger D. Woodard|title=The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UQpAuNIP4oIC |year=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-68494-1|pages=1–2}}, Quote: "The earliest form of this 'oldest' language, Sanskrit, is the one found in the ancient Brahmanic text called the Rigveda, composed c. 1500 BC. The date makes Sanskrit one of the three earliest of the well-documented languages of the Indo-European family - the other two being Old Hittite and Myceanaean Greek - and, in keeping with its early appearance, Sanskrit has been a cornerstone in the reconstruction of the parent language of the Indo-European family - Proto-Indo-European."</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Arne Hult|title=On the Development of the Present Active Participle in Bulgarian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-kViAAAAMAAJ |year=1991|publisher=Institutum Slavicum Universitatis Gothoburgensis|isbn=978-91-86094-11-9|page=26}}</ref>}}{{refn|group=note|The oldest documented South Asian language is not Sanskrit however. It is the language evidenced by the undeciphered Harrapan script from the 3rd millennium BCE.<ref name=Woodard12/>}} Sanskrit holds a prominent position in [[Indo-European studies]].{{sfn|Benware|1974 |pp=25–27}} It is related to Greek and Latin,<ref name=britsanskrit/> as well as [[Hittite language|Hittite]], [[Luwian language|Luwian]], [[Avestan language|Old Avestan]] and many other extinct languages with historical significance to Europe, West Asia and Central Asia. It traces its linguistic ancestry to the [[Proto-Indo-Aryan language]], [[Proto-Indo-Iranian language|Proto-Indo-Iranian]] and the [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] languages.{{sfn|Thomas Burrow|2001|pp= v & ch. 1}}
У Индији санскрит данас представља један од службених језика. Иако га многи сматрају мртвим језиком, још увек се учи и користи као свакодневни [[говор]] у неким индијским [[заједница]]ма.

Sanskrit is traceable to the [[2nd millennium BCE]] in a form known as the [[Vedic Sanskrit]], with the ''[[Rigveda]]'' as the earliest surviving text. A more standardized form (with certain simplifications) called [[Classical Sanskrit]] emerged in mid-1st millennium BCE with the ''Aṣṭādhyāyī'' treatise of [[Pāṇini]].<ref name=britsanskrit>{{cite book|title=Sanskrit Language| author=George Cardona| year=2012|publisher= Encyclopaedia Britannica|url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sanskrit-language}}</ref> Sanskrit, though not necessarily Classical Sanskrit, is the root language of many Prakrit languages.<ref name="Woolner1986p3">{{cite book|author=Alfred C. Woolner|title=Introduction to Prakrit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IwE16UFBfdEC|year=1986|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0189-9|pages=3–4}}, Quote:"If in 'Sanskrit' we include the Vedic language and all dialects of the Old Indian period, then it is true to say that all the Prakrits are derived from Sanskrit. If on the other hand 'Sanskrit' is used more strictly of the Panini-Patanjali language or 'Classical Sanskrit,' then it is untrue to say that any Prakrit is derived from Sanskrit, except that Sauraseni, the Midland Prakrit, is derived from the Old Indian dialect of the Madhyadesa on which Classical Sanskrit was mainly based."</ref> Examples include numerous modern daughter Northern Indian subcontinental languages such as Hindi, Marathi, Bengali, Punjabi and Nepali.<ref name="Bright2014p16">{{cite book|author=William Bright|title=American Indian Linguistics and Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TVa1BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16|year=2014|publisher=Walter De Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-086311-6|pages=16–17}}</ref><ref name="Groff2017">{{cite book|author=Cynthia Groff|title=The Ecology of Language in Multilingual India: Voices of Women and Educators in the Himalayan Foothills|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLc7DwAAQBAJ |year=2017|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-1-137-51961-0|pages=183–185}}</ref><ref name="Pandey2015p86">{{cite book|author=Iswari P. Pandey|title=South Asian in the Mid-South: Migrations of Literacies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vFnkCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT86 |year=2015|publisher= University of Pittsburgh Press|isbn=978-0-8229-8102-2|pages=85–86}}</ref>

The body of [[Sanskrit literature]] encompasses a rich tradition of [[Hindu philosophy|philosophical]] and [[dharma|religious]] texts, as well as [[poetry]], [[music]], [[Sanskrit drama|drama]], [[Scientific literature|scientific]], technical and [[Hindu texts|other texts]]. In the ancient era, Sanskrit compositions were [[Oral tradition|orally transmitted]] by methods of memorisation of exceptional complexity, rigour and fidelity.{{sfn|Staal| 1986}}{{sfn|Filliozat|2004|pp=360–375}} The earliest known inscriptions in Sanskrit are from the 1st-century BCE, such as the few discovered in [[Ayodhya]] and [[Hathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions|Ghosundi-Hathibada (Chittorgarh)]].{{Sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=86-87}}{{refn|group=note|More numerous inscribed Sanskrit records in Brahmi have been found near [[Mathura]] and elsewhere, but these are from the 1st century CE onwards.{{Sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=87-89}} Indian texts in Sanskrit were already in China by 402 CE, carried by the influential Buddhist pilgrim [[Faxian]] who translated them into Chinese by 418 CE.<ref>{{cite book|title=Faxian: Chinese Buddhist Monk|author=Henri Arvon|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Robert E. Buswell Jr.|author2=Donald S. Lopez Jr.|title=The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA504|date= 2013|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-4805-8|pages=504 }}</ref>}} Sanskrit texts dated to the 1st millennium CE were written in the [[Brahmi script]], the [[Nāgarī script]], the historic South Indian scripts and their derivative scripts.<ref name="Grünendahl2001xiii">{{cite book|author=Reinhold Grünendahl|title=South Indian Scripts in Sanskrit Manuscripts and Prints: Grantha Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu, Kannada, Nandinagari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ApAn2YZIz6wC |year=2001|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-04504-9|pages=xiii–xxii}}</ref><ref name="JainCardona2007p51">{{cite book|author1=Dhanesh Jain|author2=George Cardona|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ |year=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-79711-9|pages=51–52}}</ref><ref>[http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-ADD-01049-00001/9 Pārameśvaratantra (MS Add.1049.1) with images] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308183704/http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-ADD-01049-00001/9 |date=2016-03-08 }}, Puṣkarapārameśvaratantra, University of Cambridge (2015), Quote: "One of the oldest known dated Sanskrit manuscripts from South Asia, this specimen transmits a substantial portion of the Pārameśvaratantra, a scripture of the Śaiva Siddhānta, one of the Tantric theological schools that taught the worship of Śiva as "Supreme Lord" (the literal meaning of Parameśvara). [...] According to the colophon, it was copied in the year 252, which some scholars judge to be of the era established by the Nepalese king Aṃśuvarman (also known as Mānadeva), therefore corresponding to 828 CE." - a Palm Leaf manuscript at the Cambridge University Library in Late Gupta in black ink, MS Add.1049.1</ref> Sanskrit is one of the 22 languages listed in the [[Languages with official status in India#Eighth Schedule to the Constitution|Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India]]. It continues to be widely used as a ceremonial and ritual language in Hinduism and some Buddhist practices such as [[stotra|hymns]] and [[mantra|chants]].

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==Etymology and nomenclature==
{{multiple image
| align = right
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| image1 = Sanskrit Manuscript Wellcome L0070805.jpg
| image2 = Text of colophon from Sanskrit Manuscript on medicine Wellcome L0015319.jpg
| footer = Historic Sanskrit manuscripts: a religious text (top), and a medical text.
}}
The Sanskrit [[Attributive verb#English|verbal adjective]] ''{{IAST|sáṃskṛta-}}'' is a compound word consisting of ''sams'' (together, good, well, perfected) and ''krta-'' (made, formed, work).<ref name="StevensonWaite2011">{{harvnb|Angus Stevenson|Maurice Waite|2011|p=1275}}</ref>{{sfn|Shlomo Biderman|2008|p=90}} It connotes a work that has been "well prepared, pure and perfect, polished, sacred".{{sfn|Will Durant|1963|p=406}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Sir Monier Monier-Williams|title=A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zUezTfym7CAC |year=2005|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-3105-6|page=1120}}</ref>{{sfn|Louis Renou|Jagbans Kishore Balbir|2004| pp=1-2}} According to Biderman, the perfection contextually being referred to in the etymological origins of the word is its tonal qualities, rather than semantic. Sound and oral transmission were highly valued quality in ancient India, and its sages refined the alphabet, the structure of words and its exacting grammar into a "collection of sounds, a kind of sublime musical mold", states Biderman, as an integral language they called Sanskrit.{{sfn|Shlomo Biderman|2008|p=90}} From late Vedic period onwards, state Annette Wilke and Oliver Moebus, resonating sound and its musical foundations attracted an "exceptionally large amount of linguistic, philosophical and religious literature" in India. The sound was visualized as "pervading all creation", another representation of the world itself, the "mysterious magnum" of the Hindu thought. The search for perfection in thought and of salvation was one of the dimensions of sacred sound, and the common thread to weave all ideas and inspirations became the quest for what the ancient Indians believed to be a perfect language, the "phonocentric episteme" of Sanskrit.<ref name="WilkeMoebus2011p62">{{cite book|author1=Annette Wilke|author2=Oliver Moebus|title=Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9wmYz_OtZ_gC |year=2011|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-024003-0|pages=62–66 with footnotes}}</ref>{{sfn|Guy L. Beck|2006|pp=117–123}}

Sanskrit as a language competed with numerous less exact vernacular Indian languages called Prakritic languages (''{{IAST|[[Prakrit|prākṛta]]-}}''). The term ''prakrta'' literally means "original, natural, normal, artless", states Franklin Southworth.<ref name="Southworth2004">{{citation|last=Southworth|first=Franklin|title=Linguistic Archaeology of South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hTwuFUW5aEgC&pg=PA45|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-31777-6|page=45}}</ref> The relationship between Prakrit and Sanskrit is found in the Indian texts dated to the 1st millennium CE. Patanjali acknowledged that Prakrit is the first language, one instinctively adopted by every child with all its imperfections and later leads to the problems of interpretation and misunderstanding. The purifying structure of the Sanskrit language removes these imperfections. The early Sanskrit grammarian Dandin states, for example, that much in the Prakrit languages is etymologically rooted in Sanskrit but involve "loss of sounds" and corruptions that result from a "disregard of the grammar". Dandin acknowledged that there are words and confusing structures in Prakrit that thrive independent of Sanskrit. This view is found in the writing of Bharata Muni, the author of the ancient ''[[Natyasastra]]'' text. The early Jain scholar Namisadhu acknowledged the difference, but disagreed that the Prakrit language was a corruption of Sanskrit. Namisadhu stated that the Prakrit language was the ''purvam'' (came before, origin) and they came naturally to women and children, that Sanskrit was a refinement of the Prakrit through a "purification by grammar".<ref name="KleinJoseph2017p318">{{cite book|author1=Jared Klein|author2=Brian Joseph|author3=Matthias Fritz|title=Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cQA2DwAAQBAJ |year=2017|publisher=Walter De Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-026128-8|pages=318–320}}</ref>


== Порекло ==
== Порекло ==
Ред 121: Ред 141:
* [[Пали]]
* [[Пали]]
* [[:Категорија:Санскритски изрази|Санскритски изрази]]
* [[:Категорија:Санскритски изрази|Санскритски изрази]]

== Напомене ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}


== Референце ==
== Референце ==
Ред 126: Ред 149:


== Литература ==
== Литература ==
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{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book | ref = harv |last=Reinöhl|first=Uta|title=Grammaticalization and the Rise of Configurationality in Indo-Aryan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nR_4CwAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-873666-0|pages=xiv, 1–16}}
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Ред 136: Ред 158:
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* {{cite journal | last=Whitney | first=W. D. | title=The Roots of the Sanskrit Language | journal=Transactions of the American Philological Association (1869-1896) | publisher=JSTOR | volume=16 | year=1885 | issn=0271-4442 | doi=10.2307/2935779 | ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last1=Witzel|first1=M|title=Inside the texts, beyond the texts: New approaches to the study of the Vedas|date=1997|publisher=Harvard University Press.|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/intro.pdf|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|ref= harv|last= Jamison|first = Stephanie| editor=Roger D. Woodard|title=The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=UQpAuNIP4oIC |year= 2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-68494-1}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


Верзија на датум 14. октобар 2018. у 05:20

санскрт
[संस्कृतम् [saṃskṛtam]] грешка: {{lang}}: текст има искошену назнаку (помоћ)
Реч санскрт на санскртском језику писмом деванагари
Изговор/ˈsanskrt/
Говори се уИндија
Број говорника
Индија: 14.135 Индијаца се изјаснило да је санскрит њихов матерњи језик у попису из 2001.[1]
Непал: 1,669 Непалаца по попису из 2011. користи санскрит као свој матерњи језик.[2] (недостаје датум)
Деванагари[3] Исто тако се пише у разним Брахмијским писмима.[4]
Званични статус
Службени језик у
Индија Утараханд
Језички кодови
ISO 639-1sa
ISO 639-2san
ISO 639-3san
Санскртски рукопис на палминим листовима, Бихар или Непал, 11. век

Санскрт или санскрит (संस्कृतम [saṃskṛtam] — састављен, справљен; од речи sam — са, и kṛta — прављен) класични је језик Индије и Непала[5] са документованом историјом од око 3.500 година.[6][7][8] Он је литургијски језик у хиндуизму, будизму и џаинизму. Као резултат преношења хиндуистичке и будистичке културе у југоисточну Азију и делове централне Азије, он је исто тако био и језик високе културе у неким од ових региона у раном средњовековном добу.[9][10] Овај језик је био у свакодневној употребу у периоду од 2. миленијума п. н. е. до 600. п. н. е. (Ведијски санскриt[11]), након чега су из њега настали средње индо-аријски језици. Санскрит је класични језик индијске књижевности. У Азији има статус сличан латинском и грчком језику у Европи. Свети списи хиндуизма, као и махајана и вађрајана будизма састављени су на санскриту.[12]

Санскрит је прилично сличан палију, језику теравада будизма. У време Буде (5. век п. н. е.), санскритом се говорило само на дворовима и међу свештенством, док је пали био народни говор.[12] Пали, језик теравада канона, био је један од оних дијалеката којим се говорило у Аванти провинцији, али не и језик на којем је Буда подучавао.[13] Због тога се употреби пали терминологије не даје приоритет у односу на будистички санскрит, врсту санскрита која садржи много пракртских речи (пракрит, народни језик, за разлику од санскрита).[13] У Индији санскрит данас представља један од службених језика. Иако га многи сматрају мртвим језиком, још увек се учи и користи као свакодневни говор у неким индијским заједницама.

Sanskrit is an Old Indo-Aryan language.[6] As one of the oldest documented members of the Indo-European family of languages,[14][note 1][note 2] Sanskrit holds a prominent position in Indo-European studies.[17] It is related to Greek and Latin,[6] as well as Hittite, Luwian, Old Avestan and many other extinct languages with historical significance to Europe, West Asia and Central Asia. It traces its linguistic ancestry to the Proto-Indo-Aryan language, Proto-Indo-Iranian and the Proto-Indo-European languages.[18]

Sanskrit is traceable to the 2nd millennium BCE in a form known as the Vedic Sanskrit, with the Rigveda as the earliest surviving text. A more standardized form (with certain simplifications) called Classical Sanskrit emerged in mid-1st millennium BCE with the Aṣṭādhyāyī treatise of Pāṇini.[6] Sanskrit, though not necessarily Classical Sanskrit, is the root language of many Prakrit languages.[19] Examples include numerous modern daughter Northern Indian subcontinental languages such as Hindi, Marathi, Bengali, Punjabi and Nepali.[20][21][22]

The body of Sanskrit literature encompasses a rich tradition of philosophical and religious texts, as well as poetry, music, drama, scientific, technical and other texts. In the ancient era, Sanskrit compositions were orally transmitted by methods of memorisation of exceptional complexity, rigour and fidelity.[23][24] The earliest known inscriptions in Sanskrit are from the 1st-century BCE, such as the few discovered in Ayodhya and Ghosundi-Hathibada (Chittorgarh).[25][note 3] Sanskrit texts dated to the 1st millennium CE were written in the Brahmi script, the Nāgarī script, the historic South Indian scripts and their derivative scripts.[29][30][31] Sanskrit is one of the 22 languages listed in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India. It continues to be widely used as a ceremonial and ritual language in Hinduism and some Buddhist practices such as hymns and chants.

Etymology and nomenclature

Historic Sanskrit manuscripts: a religious text (top), and a medical text.

The Sanskrit verbal adjective sáṃskṛta- is a compound word consisting of sams (together, good, well, perfected) and krta- (made, formed, work).[32][33] It connotes a work that has been "well prepared, pure and perfect, polished, sacred".[34][35][36] According to Biderman, the perfection contextually being referred to in the etymological origins of the word is its tonal qualities, rather than semantic. Sound and oral transmission were highly valued quality in ancient India, and its sages refined the alphabet, the structure of words and its exacting grammar into a "collection of sounds, a kind of sublime musical mold", states Biderman, as an integral language they called Sanskrit.[33] From late Vedic period onwards, state Annette Wilke and Oliver Moebus, resonating sound and its musical foundations attracted an "exceptionally large amount of linguistic, philosophical and religious literature" in India. The sound was visualized as "pervading all creation", another representation of the world itself, the "mysterious magnum" of the Hindu thought. The search for perfection in thought and of salvation was one of the dimensions of sacred sound, and the common thread to weave all ideas and inspirations became the quest for what the ancient Indians believed to be a perfect language, the "phonocentric episteme" of Sanskrit.[37][38]

Sanskrit as a language competed with numerous less exact vernacular Indian languages called Prakritic languages (prākṛta-). The term prakrta literally means "original, natural, normal, artless", states Franklin Southworth.[39] The relationship between Prakrit and Sanskrit is found in the Indian texts dated to the 1st millennium CE. Patanjali acknowledged that Prakrit is the first language, one instinctively adopted by every child with all its imperfections and later leads to the problems of interpretation and misunderstanding. The purifying structure of the Sanskrit language removes these imperfections. The early Sanskrit grammarian Dandin states, for example, that much in the Prakrit languages is etymologically rooted in Sanskrit but involve "loss of sounds" and corruptions that result from a "disregard of the grammar". Dandin acknowledged that there are words and confusing structures in Prakrit that thrive independent of Sanskrit. This view is found in the writing of Bharata Muni, the author of the ancient Natyasastra text. The early Jain scholar Namisadhu acknowledged the difference, but disagreed that the Prakrit language was a corruption of Sanskrit. Namisadhu stated that the Prakrit language was the purvam (came before, origin) and they came naturally to women and children, that Sanskrit was a refinement of the Prakrit through a "purification by grammar".[40]

Порекло

Претпоставља се да је овај језик стигао је Индију са северозапада потконтинента нешто пре 1500. године п. н. е., заједно са експанзијом номадског народа у историји познатог као Аријци.[41] О њиховој прапостојбини, језику и етничким карактеристикама у науци се воде полемике, но, вероватно потичу из широке области која је обухватала данашњу источну Турску, јужну Русију и северни Иран и да су се у једном тренутку поделили у две велике миграционе групе. Једна је кренула на запад, ка Европи, а друга на исток, ка индијском потконтиненту. Источна група говорила је индо-иранским језиком, од којег су се касније развили ведски и санскрит, као књижевни језици, и разни народни језици Индије. Његов каснији изданак је и пали, језик будистичког канона.[41]

Фонологија

Класични санскрт има 48 гласова. Не рачунајући алофоне, санскрт има 35 фонема.

Санскрит је развио и сопствено писмо, деванагари.[12]

Примери сличности

Санскритски илустровани спис са Непала

Примери сличности санскрта са српским језиком:

српски санскрт енглески латински
сто śatá hundred centum
мати mā́tṛ mother mater
брат bhrā́tṛ brother frater
бити/јесте √bhū/ásti be/is fui/est
два dvá two duo
вишњи (највиши) viṣṇu highest summus
огањ agní fire ignis
бела bhāla white —
дете √dhe child —
див div giant —
дан diná day dies
дом dáma home domus
роса раса dew ???

Треба знати да "viṣṇu" и "agní" спадају у врховна божанства у хиндуизму.

Види још

Напомене

  1. ^ The Old Hittite language and Mycenaean Greek, along with the Sanskrit language, are the oldest documented IE languages; of these, Old Hittite is dated to be the oldest.[15][16]
  2. ^ The oldest documented South Asian language is not Sanskrit however. It is the language evidenced by the undeciphered Harrapan script from the 3rd millennium BCE.[15]
  3. ^ More numerous inscribed Sanskrit records in Brahmi have been found near Mathura and elsewhere, but these are from the 1st century CE onwards.[26] Indian texts in Sanskrit were already in China by 402 CE, carried by the influential Buddhist pilgrim Faxian who translated them into Chinese by 418 CE.[27][28]

Референце

  1. ^ „Comparative speaker's strength of scheduled languages − 1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001”. Census of India, 2001. Office of the Registrar and Census Commissioner, India. Архивирано из оригинала 11. 4. 2009. г. Приступљено 31. 12. 2009. 
  2. ^ „Population Monograph of Nepal” (PDF). 
  3. ^ Rosenhouse & Kowner 2013, стр. 210
  4. ^ Thompson, Irene (23. 12. 2016). „Sanskrit”. 
  5. ^ Keown, Damien; Prebish, Charles S. (2013). Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Taylor & Francis. стр. 15. ISBN 978-1-136-98595-9. ; Quote: "Sanskrit served as the lingua franca of ancient India, just as Latin did in medieval Europe"
  6. ^ а б в г George Cardona (2012). Sanskrit Language. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 
  7. ^ Tim Murray 2007, стр. v–vi, 1–18, 31–32, 115–116.
  8. ^ Harold G. Coward 1990, стр. 3–12, 36–47, 111–112, Note: Sanskrit was both a literary and spoken language in ancient India..
  9. ^ Howard, Michael C. (2012). Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross-Border Trade and Travel. McFarland. стр. 21. ISBN 978-0-7864-9033-2. , Quote: "Sanskrit was another important lingua franca in the ancient world that was widely used in South Asia and in the context of Hindu and Buddhist religions in neighboring areas as well. (...) The spread of South Asian cultural influence to Southeast Asia, Central Asia and East Asia meant that Sanskrit was also used in these areas, especially in a religious context and political elites."
  10. ^ Pollock, Sheldon (2006). The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India. University of California Press. стр. 14. ISBN 978-0-520-24500-6. , Quote: "Once Sanskrit emerged from the sacerdotal environment ... it became the sole medium by which ruling elites expressed their power ... Sanskrit probably never functioned as an everyday medium of communication anywhere in the cosmopolis—not in South Asia itself, let alone Southeast Asia ... The work Sanskrit did do ... was directed above all toward articulating a form of ... politics ... as celebration of aesthetic power."
  11. ^ Reinöhl, Uta (2016). Grammaticalization and the Rise of Configurationality in Indo-Aryan. Oxford University Press. стр. xiv, 1—16. ISBN 978-0-19-873666-0. 
  12. ^ а б в Budizam od A do Ž
  13. ^ а б Елијаде 1996, стр. 40–59.
  14. ^ Philipp Strazny 2013, стр. 500.
  15. ^ а б Roger D. Woodard (2008). The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas. Cambridge University Press. стр. 1—2. ISBN 978-0-521-68494-1. , Quote: "The earliest form of this 'oldest' language, Sanskrit, is the one found in the ancient Brahmanic text called the Rigveda, composed c. 1500 BC. The date makes Sanskrit one of the three earliest of the well-documented languages of the Indo-European family - the other two being Old Hittite and Myceanaean Greek - and, in keeping with its early appearance, Sanskrit has been a cornerstone in the reconstruction of the parent language of the Indo-European family - Proto-Indo-European."
  16. ^ Arne Hult (1991). On the Development of the Present Active Participle in Bulgarian. Institutum Slavicum Universitatis Gothoburgensis. стр. 26. ISBN 978-91-86094-11-9. 
  17. ^ Benware 1974, стр. 25–27.
  18. ^ Thomas Burrow 2001, стр. v & ch. 1.
  19. ^ Alfred C. Woolner (1986). Introduction to Prakrit. Motilal Banarsidass. стр. 3—4. ISBN 978-81-208-0189-9. , Quote:"If in 'Sanskrit' we include the Vedic language and all dialects of the Old Indian period, then it is true to say that all the Prakrits are derived from Sanskrit. If on the other hand 'Sanskrit' is used more strictly of the Panini-Patanjali language or 'Classical Sanskrit,' then it is untrue to say that any Prakrit is derived from Sanskrit, except that Sauraseni, the Midland Prakrit, is derived from the Old Indian dialect of the Madhyadesa on which Classical Sanskrit was mainly based."
  20. ^ William Bright (2014). American Indian Linguistics and Literature. Walter De Gruyter. стр. 16—17. ISBN 978-3-11-086311-6. 
  21. ^ Cynthia Groff (2017). The Ecology of Language in Multilingual India: Voices of Women and Educators in the Himalayan Foothills. Palgrave Macmillan UK. стр. 183—185. ISBN 978-1-137-51961-0. 
  22. ^ Iswari P. Pandey (2015). South Asian in the Mid-South: Migrations of Literacies. University of Pittsburgh Press. стр. 85—86. ISBN 978-0-8229-8102-2. 
  23. ^ Staal 1986.
  24. ^ Filliozat 2004, стр. 360–375.
  25. ^ Salomon 1998, стр. 86–87. sfn грешка: више циљева (3×): CITEREFSalomon1998 (help)
  26. ^ Salomon 1998, стр. 87–89. sfn грешка: више циљева (3×): CITEREFSalomon1998 (help)
  27. ^ Henri Arvon. Faxian: Chinese Buddhist Monk. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 
  28. ^ Robert E. Buswell Jr.; Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013). The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton University Press. стр. 504. ISBN 978-1-4008-4805-8. 
  29. ^ Reinhold Grünendahl (2001). South Indian Scripts in Sanskrit Manuscripts and Prints: Grantha Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu, Kannada, Nandinagari. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. стр. xiii—xxii. ISBN 978-3-447-04504-9. 
  30. ^ Dhanesh Jain; George Cardona (2007). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. стр. 51—52. ISBN 978-1-135-79711-9. 
  31. ^ Pārameśvaratantra (MS Add.1049.1) with images Архивирано 2016-03-08 на сајту Wayback Machine, Puṣkarapārameśvaratantra, University of Cambridge (2015), Quote: "One of the oldest known dated Sanskrit manuscripts from South Asia, this specimen transmits a substantial portion of the Pārameśvaratantra, a scripture of the Śaiva Siddhānta, one of the Tantric theological schools that taught the worship of Śiva as "Supreme Lord" (the literal meaning of Parameśvara). [...] According to the colophon, it was copied in the year 252, which some scholars judge to be of the era established by the Nepalese king Aṃśuvarman (also known as Mānadeva), therefore corresponding to 828 CE." - a Palm Leaf manuscript at the Cambridge University Library in Late Gupta in black ink, MS Add.1049.1
  32. ^ Angus Stevenson & Maurice Waite 2011, стр. 1275
  33. ^ а б Shlomo Biderman 2008, стр. 90.
  34. ^ Will Durant 1963, стр. 406.
  35. ^ Sir Monier Monier-Williams (2005). A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages. Motilal Banarsidass. стр. 1120. ISBN 978-81-208-3105-6. 
  36. ^ Louis Renou & Jagbans Kishore Balbir 2004, стр. 1–2.
  37. ^ Annette Wilke; Oliver Moebus (2011). Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism. Walter de Gruyter. стр. 62—66 with footnotes. ISBN 978-3-11-024003-0. 
  38. ^ Guy L. Beck 2006, стр. 117–123.
  39. ^ Southworth, Franklin (2004), Linguistic Archaeology of South Asia, Routledge, стр. 45, ISBN 978-1-134-31777-6 
  40. ^ Jared Klein; Brian Joseph; Matthias Fritz (2017). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook. Walter De Gruyter. стр. 318—320. ISBN 978-3-11-026128-8. 
  41. ^ а б Kovačević 2014, стр. 10.

Литература

Спољашње везе

Санскрт на Викимедијиној остави.
Санскрт (језик) на Википедији.
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